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Allura red (E129), which is in the azo dye class, is one of the synthetic dyes used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Given its growing industrial use and potential health risks, it’s important to determine its concentration at the lowest possible level. Therefore, in this study, experiments were conducted on the development of a platform for the electrochemical detection of AR with thin film layers of ZnO NPs deposited using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method on soda-lime glass substrates using the amperometric method based on the detection of resistance change. Undoped and Na+ ions (2% and 4%)-doped ZnO thin films were grown on soda-lime glass substrates at 400 °C using ultrasonic sputtering (USP). The characterization of the produced Na+@ZnO thin films was performed using various analysis methods, including XRD, FESEM, and EDS. The results showed that ZnO was homogeneously dispersed on the glass surface and positively affected the detection of azo dyes at low concentrations. The amperometric method determined the amount of AR azo dye in water. This research demonstrates that a well-designed hierarchical structure in the new Na+@ZnO electrocatalyst can successfully detect azo dye at concentrations as low as 0.01 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to achieve an enhanced epoxy by reinforcing with nanoparticles obtained from waste materials with the concept of waste management. Firstly, Ce2O3 and SrO nanoparticles were synthesized by the green synthesis method using walnut (Juglans Regia L.) husk extract. Epoxy composites were prepared by reinforcing Cerium (III) oxide (Ce2O3) and Strontium oxide (SrO) nanoparticles produced by the green synthesis method at the reinforcement ratios of 0.3, 0.6 and 1% by weight, and it was aimed to determine the flexural strength properties. The chemical and structural compositions of the composites prepared by reinforcing Ce2O3 and SrO nanoparticles were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the thermal stability of nanocomposites was determined using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that a 21% increase occurred in the flexural strength of 0.3%wt SrO composites compared to the neat specimens. The thermal properties of nanocomposites produced by reinforcing the nanoparticles at different ratios compared to the neat specimens have improved. In TGA analyses, the highest residual mass of 0.1%wt Ce2O3 composites was observed as 16.13%, while it was determined as 14.53% in 0.6%wt SrO composites. Thus, it has been observed that nanocomposites obtained with food wastes are suitable for use in the composite industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative case. As the disease progresses, the response time to doses of levodopa (L-Dopa) becomes shorter and the effects of the drug are severely limited by some undesirable side effects such as the 'on–off' phenomenon. In several diseases, including Parkinson's, nanoparticles can deliver antioxidant compounds that reduce oxidative stress. This study evaluates and compares the neuroprotective effects of L-Dopa-modified zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model. For this purpose, the synthesis of NPs was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer were used for characterization. The rats were randomized into 9 experimental groups: control, lesion group (6-OHDA), 6-OHDA + 5 mg/kg L-Dopa, 6-OHDA + 10 mg/kg L-Dopa, 6-OHDA + 20 mg/kg L-Dopa, 6-OHDA + 20 mg/kg ZnNPs, 6-OHDA + 40 mg/kg ZnNPs, 6-OHDA + 30 mg/kg ZnNPs + L-Dopa, and 6-OHDA + 60 mg/kg ZnNPs + L-Dopa. Behavioral tests were performed on all groups 14 days after treatment. Phosphatase and tensin homolog, Excitatory amino acid transporter 1/2, and Glutamine synthetase gene analyses were performed on brain samples taken immediately after the tests. In addition, histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the general structure and properties of the tissues. We obtained important findings that L-Dopa-modified ZnNPs increased the activity of glutamate transporters. Our experiment showed that glutamate increases neuronal cell vitality and improves behavioral performance. Therefore, L-Dopa-modified ZnNPs can be used to prevent neurotoxicity. According to what we found, results show that L-Dopa-modified ZnNPs will lend to the effective avoidance and therapy of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for the eco-friendly green synthesis of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) using enzymatic mediation which is an environmentally benign alternative to conventional methods, offering control over particle size and shape. Anoxybacillus rupiensis BS1 thermophilic bacterium was isolated from Erzurum's Pasinler hot spring and lignin peroxidase enzyme production conditions (incubation time 96 h, 40 g/L shell amount, pH 8.5, 150 rpm, and 60 °C temperature) were used in the production of peroxidase enzyme using peanut waste which has been optimized. The characterization of the synthesized Cu NPs was performed using various analytical techniques, including UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirming the successful production of stable and well-defined nanoparticles. Furthermore, the biological activities of the synthesized Cu NPs were explored, revealing their potential for antimicrobial applications. The antibacterial efficacy of the Cu NPs against some pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus cereus was examined. It was determined that Cu NPs were effective on all pathogens and had the highest effectiveness against the S. pyogenes pathogen (19.0 mm). This study not only presents an innovative and sustainable approach for the synthesis of Cu NPs but also highlights the multifaceted biological activities of these nanoparticles, opening avenues for diverse applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation. The utilization of peanut shell wastes as a substrate for enzyme production adds value to agricultural by-products, contributing to the development of a circular and sustainable economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effects of adding CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (at levels of 0, 10, and 20 mg of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles in mL rumen fluid) on in vitro gas and methane production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay. Green-synthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) microscopes. The use of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles had significant effects on ruminal protozoa colonization, in vitro gas production, and mitigation of methane emission (P < 0.05). The use of CuO nanoparticles led to a decrease in the protozoa population, thus indirectly decreasing the ruminal fermentation. The CuO nanoparticle is not recommended biologically, but ZnO increased protozoa population and gas production; therefore, this nanoparticle could only exert beneficial effects on rumen fermentation and is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, with an aim to develop novel heterocyclic hybrids as potent enzyme inhibitors, we synthesized a series of 10 novel 2‐(4‐(4‐ethyl‐5‐(2‐(substitutedphenyl)‐2‐oxo‐ethylthio)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)‐phenyl)‐5,6‐dimethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole (5a–5j) derivatives and characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and HRMS. These compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against hCA I and hCA II. All the compounds exhibited good hCA I and hCA II inhibitory activities with IC50 values in range of 1.288 μM–3.122 μM. Among all these compounds, compound 5e, with an IC50 value of 1.288 μM is the most active against carbonic hCA I. Compound 5h with an IC50 value of 1.532 μM is the most active against carbonic hCA‐II. Compounds 5a–5j were also evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on the L929 mouse fibroblast (normal) cell line. The compounds were also analyzed for their antioxidant capacity by TAS, FRAP, and DPPH activity. Enzyme inhibition kinetics showed all compounds 5a–5j to inhibit the enzyme by non‐competitive. The most active compound 5e for hCA I and compound 5h for hCA‐II were subjected to molecular docking, which revealed their binding interactions with the enzyme's active site, confirming the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, eleven new compounds with a series of benzimidazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives structures were synthesized and evaluated for their human (h) carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities against two isoforms hCA I, hCA II, and antioxidant activity. The synthesized compounds were fully characterized by spectral analysis methods such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. Compared to acetazolamide (IC50 = 2.26 µM) for hCA I, the most potent compound 4a was with the IC50 value of 1.322 µM and compound 4d is the other molecule with a greater IC50 value (IC50 = 1.989 µM) than that of acetazolamide in these series. Among all the compounds, 4a (1.826 µM), 4d (1.502 µM), and 4g (1.886 µM) are the most active hybrids against carbonic hCA II. Considering that compound 4a containing 4-bromophenyl structure is effective on both hCA I and hCA II, it can be considered as a promising structure for the development of effective candidates with potent CA inhibitory activities. TAS assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of synthesized compounds. The synthesized compound was analyzed for their in vitro cytotoxic activity on the L929 cell line by using MTT assay. In the last step of this study, molecular docking studies were performed in order to compare the biological activities of the most active molecules against the enzymes of hCAI and hCA II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal spring areas, which are available globally, are used for recreational purposes or wellness applications because these areas have mineral-rich materials of thermal water and thermal muds. At the same time, thermal spring areas are one of the best habitats for algae among aquatic habitats. If algae formed on the surface of the thermal water in these areas, they create an ugly appearance and disrupt the aesthetics of the water because of their uncontrolled growth. The algae removal applications are the most effective methods for solution of these adversities in the thermal spring areas. In this work, experimental study was carried out to investigate the removal of algae from thermal water and thermal mud pools in the Delicermic-Koprukoy (Erzurum, NE Turkey) thermal spring area. For this purpose, some chemical materials were used for the removal of algae. The results of the experimental studies showed that the Al2SO3+CaO solution is a good material that provides 100% removal of algae from thermal water and thermal mud pools at pH 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remediation of methylene blue from wastewater using chitosan-sunflower-nano-iron (CSN) beds was examined in this study with the Fenton process. Nano-iron is synthesized using the green synthesis process. Then, biopolymer beds obtained nano-iron, sunflower tray waste, and chitosan. These beds used the Fenton process for removing Methylene blue (MB) from water. Beds synthesis and dye removing are characterized using SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. For the method optimization, the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, H2O2, and amount of biocatalyst were studied. The result of the wavelength scan was found 660 nm for methylene blue dye. Using CSN, catalyst was very effective in color removal for MB under optimal conditions. The highest removal rate 98% was obtained at pH 6 for 270 min. The optimum conditions for the MB dye are as follows; dye concentration: 25 mg/L, amount of absorbent: 2.5 mg/mL, temperature: 60 °C, H2O2 amount: 20 mg/L (600 µL, 30%). When the experiment is studied in optimum conditions, max. dye removal was calculated to be 98%. From SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR results, the change in the surface of the biocatalyst could be clearly observed. It is understood that the biocatalyst synthesized from the results we obtained easily removed a large amount of dye (MB). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium sulfide nanoparticles (MgS NPs) is a nanomaterial that has an important place in diagnosis, treatment, diagnosis, and drug delivery systems. Neuroblastoma, a type of brain cancer, is an extremely difficult cancer to treat with today's treatment options. This study was carried out to determine the cytotoxic, oxidant, and antioxidant effects on the neuroblastoma cancer line (SH-SY5Y cell line) along with the green synthesis and characterization of MgS NPs structures. MgS NPs were synthesized by green synthesis using Na2S and Punica granatum, a cleaner method for toxic effects, and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction methods. In cell culture, SH-SY5Y cells were grown in a suitable nutrient medium under favorable conditions. Five different doses of MgS NPs (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/mL) were applied to the cell line for 24 h. The analysis of the MgS NPs applications was performed with MTT cytotoxicity test and total oxidant and total antioxidant tests. According to the data obtained, 75 μg/mL MgS NPs application decreased cancer cell viability up to 48.54%. MgS NPs exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the SH-SY5Y cell line. Also, it was determined that MgS NPs increased oxidant activity in neuroblastoma cells, which was compatible with the cytotoxicity test. As a result, MgS NPs exhibited an effective activity on the neuroblastoma cell line. It was clearly seen that NPs obtained by green synthesis prevented the related cancer line from proliferating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroblastoma is one of the most widely seen under the age of 15 tumors that occur in the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia. Cisplatin, an antineoplastic drug, is a Platinum-based compound and is known to inhibit the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. Effective applications of nanoparticles in biomedical areas such as biomolecular, antimicrobial detection and diagnosis, tissue engineering, theranostics, biomarking, drug delivery, and anti-cancer have been investigated in many studies. This study aims to prepare the bioconjugates of CoS (cobalt sulfide) nanoparticles (NPs) with cisplatin combination groups and to evaluate their effects on the neuroblastoma cell line. Nanoparticle synthesis was done using the green synthesis technique using Punica granatum plant extract. The size and shape of CoS NPs were characterized by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Zeta potential was confirmed by the DLS study. For this purpose, the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line was cultured in a suitable cell culture medium. Cisplatin 5 µg and different concentrations (Cisplatin + CoS NPs bioconjugates (5, 10, 25, 50, 75 μg) doses were applied to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines for 24 h. TAC, TOS and MTT tests were performed 24 h after the application. According to the MTT test results, cisplatin and CoS NP combinations reduced the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells by 78 to 57% compared to the cisplatin control. From the findings obtained; the most effective Bio-conjugate group was Cisplatin 5 μg/mL + CoS 75 μg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus outbreak described as COVID-19 is an insidious and enormous biohazard which began to be noticed in November 2019. When the virus was determined to cause serious upper respiratory tract infections resulting in death, pandemics were declared in the world. As of today, the number of cases exceeded 221 thousand people in Turkey, the number of patients who died had reached 5526. In more than 200 countries around the world, 15.1 million people fight the disease, while the number of people recovered is over 9.134 million, and the number of deaths has exceeded 620 thousand. The top 5 countries in the world are USA, Brazil, Russia, India and Spain. The countries with the highest number of cases after America (approximately 4 million 28 thousand) are Brazil (approximately 2 million 166 thousand), India (about 1 million 195 thousand), Russia (approximately 789 thousand), South Africa (approximately 382 thousand). In addition, the number of deaths and cases caused by Covid 19 continues to increase day by day. In this review, it was aimed to discuss that Covidien-19 against antiviral drugs used in the struggle across the globe and plasma treatment options about the current state of knowledge and Turkey algorithm by comparing the therapeutic treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important component of the pectinase enzyme complex is pectin lyase (polymethylgalacturonate lyase; EC 4.2.2.10). In this study, extracellular pectin lyase enzyme was produced from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus bacteria. Pectin lyase was then purified using three-phase precipitation (TPP) technique with 25.5% yield. The pectin lyase was immobilized covalently via the L-glutaraldehyde spacer to the carboxymethyl cellulose. The immobilized pectin lyase was magnetized using Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Purified pectin lyase was connected to magnetized support material after 90 min at the rate of 80%. The most appropriate immobilization conditions were determined as pH 8 and 30°C. By characterizing the free and immobilized enzyme, KM, Vmax, and optimum pH and optimum temperature values were determined. It was optimum pH 8 and temperature 50°C for both free and immobilized pectin lyase. The structural characterization of the immobilized pectin lyase modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles was carried out by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD chromatographic analyses. At the end of the study, free and immobilized enzymes were used for purification of some fruit juices and results were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health risk assessment of nanomaterials is a new and important area emerging; obtaining nanoparticles by green synthesis method and performing cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antimicrobial testing is an important endpoint. In vitro studies for nanoparticles (NPs) obtained by the non-toxic method offer many advantages, such as the study of the bioavailability of nanomaterials to sensitive target cells. It will be useful for investigating the toxic and genotoxic risks associated with nanoparticle exposure. In this study; silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by green synthesis using grape vinegar prepared by ourselves. The resulting Ag NPs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods and for different AgNPs concentrations in the range of 5-60 nm. The genotoxic effects of AgNPs were investigated using the Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test and Micronucleus (MN) tests. Furthermore, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compound were tested against some pathogenic bacteria which are causative agents of the disease. As a result; it was found that the synthesized compound showed different degrees of inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogen strains compared to standard antibiotics. The findings are thought to provide clinically useful information in the treatment of many diseases using AgNPs at optimum concentrations (non-genotoxic concentrations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of ZnO, CuO, and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, namely, Kırik and ES-26, were investigated as micro elements in mature embryo culture. In this direction, nanoparticle constructions were tested with both the normal amount (1 ×) and the two (2 ×) and three (3 ×) quantities available in the Murashige and Skoog media. The study was supported by negative and positive controls. Obtained findings suggest that wheat embryos left to develop in applications containing nanoparticles do not actively utilize nanoparticle structures. As a result, the development of nanoparticle-containing applications was less than control. It has been determined that media containing 3 × CuO nanoparticles and media containing 3× ZnO nanoparticles are more successful than controls in terms of callus formation rate among all applications. The most successful group in terms of plant-building ability has been the control group. Plant regeneration did not increase with nanoparticle application compared to control. However, it is thought that this situation is mainly related to the utilization process of the plant by the nanoparticles. However, since the properties of nano-sized elements are variable, it is considered that the obtained data may be related to toxicity. This study is a first in the test of NP structures obtained by green synthesis in mature embryo culture. It is thought that this study contributes to the literature in determining the effects nanoparticle's have on tissue culture development stages of embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of Morus nigra (M. nigra) on carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced hepatic injury in the rat was investigated. A hepatotoxic rat model was developed by the injection of CCI4 dissolved in soybean oil (1 mL/kg/twice a week, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection). Following the formation of hepatic injury, extracts of M. nigra at doses ranging from 150 to 300 mg/kg were administered to rats by i.p. injection for eight weeks. At the end of administration, rat livers were excised by dissection. The activities of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were detected in the serum, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were established in the liver. Histological changes and immunohistochemical localization of caspase-3 and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) were performed by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of liver sections and caspase-3 and 8-OhdG immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the M. nigra extract prevented protein oxidation generated by CCI4. The extracts demonstrated the ability to modulate the activity of SOD and GPx, and also prevented the CCI4-induced increase in AST and GGT levels. These results indicate that M. nigra extracts provided significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury and might also present a novel approach for the treatment of some liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizers in different nitrogen forms (calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN)) and their doses (50, 100, and 150) for beetroot (BT) (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.) and the antioxidant and antiradical activities in the lyophilized water and alcohol extracts of BT were evaluated. In order to evaluate antioxidant and radical removing activities of BT roots, total phenolic compound amount assignment, total flavonoids amount assignment, method of Fe3+-Fe2+ reduction activity using ferric cyanate reduction, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing capacity with CUPRAC method, Fe3+ reducing capacity according to FRAP method, ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activity, superoxide anion radical (O2•-) removing activity, and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical removing activity were determined. In the study, BHA and α-tocopherol were used as standard antioxidants. It was determined that water and alcohol extracts obtained from BT roots indicated reduction activities, effectively. In addition, it was also determined that these reduction activities were indicated in most BT roots grown in fertilizer media at lower percentage and that they had higher antioxidative level than that of standard antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors presented synthesis of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) by the bio-reduction method and their antioxidative activity. Aqueous extract of Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) was used as reducing and stabilising agents. They used aqueous extract of Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) as reducing and stabilising agent. Ultraviolet--visible (UV--vis) absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of ceria NPs. They also addressed the characteristics of the obtained ceria NPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM). The synthesised cerium (III) oxide (Ce2O3) NPs were initially noted through visual colour change from colourless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV) and further confirmed the band at 345 nm employing UV--vis spectroscopy. The average diameter of the prepared NPs was about 8.6-10.5 nm. In addition, the synthesised C2O3 NPs were tested for antioxidant and anti-bacterial activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferrous ions chelating activity, superoxide the anion radical scavenging and 2, 2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazol to-6-sulphonic acid scavenging activity. It could be concluded that Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and anti-bacterial Ce2O3 NPs for commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increased interest in using facultative aerobic bacteria to produce bioethanol from waste materials, including complex hemicellulosic biomass. In this laboratory study, ethanol was produced by different facultative aerobic bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum M24, Lactobacillus sakei LB49, Weissella viridescens LB37 and Pediococcus acidilactici M17) from diverse waste materials (corn, corncob, paper and pine cones). Of these, corn was found to be the best substrate for bioethanol production with L. plantarum M24 the most efficient bacterium for most of the selected waste materials. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the authors presented synthesis of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) by the bio‐reduction method and their antioxidative activity. Aqueous extract of Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) was used as reducing and stabilising agents. They used aqueous extract of Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) as reducing and stabilising agent. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the quantitative formation of ceria NPs. They also addressed the characteristics of the obtained ceria NPs using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmitting electron microscope (TEM). The synthesised cerium (III) oxide (Ce2 O3) NPs were initially noted through visual colour change from colourless pale yellow cerium (III) to light yellow cerium (IV) and further confirmed the band at 345 nm employing UV–vis spectroscopy. The average diameter of the prepared NPs was about 8.6–10.5 nm. In addition, the synthesised Ce2 O3 NPs were tested for antioxidant and anti‐bacterial activities using ferric reducing antioxidant power, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferrous ions chelating activity, superoxide the anion radical scavenging and 2, 2′‐azinobis 3‐ethylbenzothiazol to‐6‐sulphonic acid scavenging activity. It could be concluded that Euphorbia (E. amygdaloides) extract can be used efficiently in the production of potential antioxidant and anti‐bacterial Ce2 O3 NPs for commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is a growing area of research. For example, gold nanoparticles have a wide variety of applications, including optical, electronic, and medical; they are also used as catalysts in biosensor applications and can be used for scanning, carrier, heat source, and sensors. Therefore, nanoparticle synthesis is of great importance to the country's economy and to scientific development. Nanoparticle synthesis involves using chemical methods, physical methods, or both chemical and physical methods. The synthesis is performed at high pressures or high temperatures and severe conditions, both of which have a high cost in terms of energy. In our investigation, we used a green synthesis method, which used quail eggs that required more moderate conditions and less energy. The yolk from quail eggs has a high protein and vitamin content. Using quail egg yolks, the reaction conditions were optimized in terms of pH, temperature, and concentration. The morphological properties of the obtained gold nanoparticles were characterized using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, a scanning electron microscope, and an X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Turkish fermented sausage was bought from a local market in Erzurum and was used for isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria. As the result of 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium was determined as Pediococcus acidilactici (Genbank number KF895384) at a rate of 99 %. The mannanase from P. acidilactici (M17) was purified using the (NH)SO precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange and Sephacryl S200 gel filtration chromatography techniques. The yield and purification fold of mannanase were 10.6 % and 106.1, respectively. The molecular mass of the enzyme (38 kDa) was determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography. In order to identify, the resistance of the purified mannanase to Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Ca was examined, and all the metal ions activated the enzyme at a significant level. The V and K values for locust bean gum were calculated as 78.74 mmol/min mg and 0.592 mM, by Lineweaver-Burk. Purified mannanase was also used to clarify some fruit juices. The studied variables were, the incubation time (from 0 to 60 min), the enzyme concentration (17 EU/L), and the temperature (60 °C). It was observed that the purified mannanase had maximum yield on orange juice with 161.1 %. Also maximal clarification was obtained as 84.65 %, and the clarification for grape juice and sugar reduction was obtained as 19.26 mg/mL for apple juice. Consequently, it was concluded that the P. acidilactici (M17) mannanase could be successfully used in the fruit juice industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using natural and bacteria-modified Erzurum clayey soil with Methylobacterium extorquens as an alternative to high cost commercial adsorbent materials for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. The copper concentrations in the samples of the polluted river water and CuCl2 solutions treated by the natural and bacteria-modified Erzurum clayey soil (ECS) have been determined by spectrophotometric method. Firstly, the surface of ECS was modified with M. extorquens and surface functionality was increased. Then, the adsorption of Cu (II) from solution phases was studied with respect to varying metal concentration, pH, and temperature and agitation time. The maximum adsorption of Cu (II) for natural and bacteria-modified Erzurum clayey soil was observed at pH: 5.0. At different copper concentrations, copper adsorption analysis was performed on 1 g using clay soil or modified clay soil. Maximum adsorption of Cu (II) was obtained as 45.7 and 48.1 mg g-1 at initial concentration (50 mg/50 mL) and optimal conditions by natural and bacteria-modified clay soil, respectively. The copper concentration was decreased in the substantial amount of the leachates solutions of natural and bacteria-modified clay soil. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cu (II) ions. The results showed that modified clay soil had a high level of adsorption capacity for copper ion. The various thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° were analyzed to observe the nature of adsorption. The structural properties of the natural and bacteria-modified-ECS have been characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD techniques. Consequently, it was concluded that the bacteria-modified clay soil could be successfully used for the removal of the copper ions from the aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite (FeO·Fe2O3) nanoparticles immobilized on silica fume modified by treatment with apolaccase were used to decolorize, by way of Fenton and Fenton-like processes, Allura Red AC dye present in industrial wastewater. Surface changes to the silica were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The decolorization system’s operational parameters: 3 ≤ pH ≤ 9; 20°C ≤ Temp. ≤ 80°C; contact time, 0–180 min; initial Allura Red AC concentration, 0–50 mg L−1; and adsorbent concentrations, 0–200 mg L−1were studied to understand their effects on Allura Red AC removal. The optimal parameters values were: pH 5.0; temperature, 30–60°C; decolorization time, 30 min; initial Allura Red AC concentration, 50 mg L−1; and adsorbent concentration: 1 g/L. Under these conditions, immobilized magnetite nanoparticles and their apolaccase-modified counterparts showed decolorization efficiencies of 83.11 and 85.60%, respectively, for the removal of Allura Red AC from industrial wastewater by way of Fenton and Fenton-like processes. These experiments also showed the adsorbent to be reusable, cheap, biocompatible, easy to prepare, non-toxic (magnetite nanoparticles, H2O2, and silica fume), and capable of generating Fenton reaction conditions with or without additional treatment with apolaccase. The adsorbent was shown to be useful in the decolorization of toxic dyes from industrial wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation and characterization study of lactic acid bacteria was performed with a sample of fermented sausage, which was collected from a local market in Erzurum. As a result of sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA, this bacterium is found to be similar to Weissella viridescens (GenBank No: KM365459) at a ratio of 99 %. β-Mannanase was purified 188.07 times from W. viridescens by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and then employing gel filtration chromatography techniques. The purified enzyme has shown only a protein band at a level of 36.25 kDa with SDS-PAGE. The mannanase obtained after these purification steps has shown maximum activity at pH 5 and 40 °C, and the enzyme was determined to be quite stable within the range of pH 2-11 when temperature is higher than 50 °C. The activator or inhibitor effects of ions such as Cu, Fe, Ca, Mg and Zn on activity of mannanase were also researched, and all metal ions except Ca significantly affected enzyme activity in a positive direction. V and K values of mannanase for locust bean gum were 82.5 mg mannan/mL and 0.0178 mM. In addition, considering the biotechnological aspect, clarification of fruit juice was investigated. The purified enzyme was determined to be the most effective enzyme that can be used in clarifying the kiwi juice with a ratio of 117.21 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Silver nanoparticles are used an increased attention for various biomedical and medical applications. In this study, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was made with simple method by using peroxidase enzyme partially purified from Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) plant. Optimum pH, temperature and time period were determined to obtain silver nanoparticles using the peroxidase enzyme. The result shows that higher silver nanoparticle was synthesized for 4 hours and at 20°C and pH 8. Also, optimal concentration of metal ions was found as 0.5 mM. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV spectrum, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was measured against some microorganisms such as Serratia marcescens, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. Synthesized silver nanoparticles have wide spectrum antibacterial activity in low concentration and may be a good alternative therapeutic approach in medicine and pharmaceutical fields in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermo alkaline mannanase was purified from the bacteria of Bacillus pumilus (M27) using the techniques of ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S200 gel filtration chromatography with 111-fold and 36 % yield. It was determined that the enzyme had 2 sub-units including 35 kDa and 55 kDa in gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis systems. The optimum pH and temperature was determined as 8 and 60 °C, respectively. It was also noticed that the enzyme did not lose its activity at a wide interval such as pH 3-11 and at high temperatures such as 90 °C. Additionally, the effects of some metal ions on the mannanase enzyme activity. Moreover, the clarifying efficiency of purified mannanase enzyme with some fruit juices such as orange, apricot, grape and apple was also investigated. Enzymatic treatment was carried out with 1 mL L of purified mannanase for 1 h at 60 °C. It was determined that the highest pure enzyme was efficient upon clarifying the apple juice at 154 % rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Mannanase was purified 2619.05-fold from the Lactobacillus plantarum (M24) bacterium by ammonium sulphate precipitation and ion exchange chromatography ( DEAE-Sephadex). The purified enzyme gave two protein bands at a level of approximately 36.4 and 55.3 kDa in the SDS- PAGE. The purified mannanase enzyme has shown its maximum activity at 50 °C and pH 8, and it has been also determined that the enzyme was stable at 5-11 pH range and over 50 °C. The Vmax and Km values have been identified as 82 mg mannan mL−1 and 0.178 m m, respectively. The effects of some metal ions such as Fe2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ on the mannanase enzyme have been also investigated, and it has been determined that all metal ions had significant effects on the activation of the mannanase enzyme. In addition, the effectiveness of the purified mannanase enzyme on the clarification of some fruit juices such as orange, apricot, grape and apple has been investigated. During the clarification processes, the enzyme was more effective than crude extracts on the clarification of the peach juice with a ratio of 223.1% at most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-[[5-(2,4-Difluoro/dichlorophenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]thio] acetophenone derivatives ( 3a--s) were designed as human carbonic anhydrase isozymes (hCA-I and hCA-II) inhibitors and synthesized. hCA-I and hCA-II were purified from erythrocyte cells by the affinity chromatography. The inhibitory effects of 18 newly synthesized acetophenones on hydratase activity of these isoenzymes were studied in vitro. The average IC50 values of the new compounds for hydratase activity ranged from 0.033 to 0.14 μM for hCA-I and from 0.030 to 0.11 μM for hCA-II. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 2-[[5-(2,4-dichlorophenylamino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]thio]-4′-bromoacetophenone (3n) can be considered as a promising hCA-II inhibitor owing to its selective and potent inhibitory effect on hCA-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chitin is the main structural component of cell walls of fungi, exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods and shells of crustaceans. Chitinase enzyme is capable of degrading chitin, and this enzyme can be used as a biological fungicide against phytopathogenic fungi, as well as an insecticide against insect pests. Methods In this study, 158 isolates, which were derived from bacteria cultures isolated from leaves and root rhizospheres of certain plants in Turkey, were selected after confirming that they are not phytopathogenic based on the hypersensitivity test performed on tobacco; and antifungal activity test was performed against Fusarium culmorum, which is a pathogenic fungi that cause decomposition of roots of vegetables. Accordingly, chitinase enzyme activity assay was performed on 31 isolates that have an antifungal activity, and among them the isolate of Bacillus subtilis TV-125 was selected, which has demonstrated the highest activity. Results Chitinase enzyme was purified by using ammonium sulphate and DEAE-sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of chitinase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis TV-125 isolate was performed at maximum range of 0-20%, and 28.4-fold purification was obtained with a 13.4% of yield. Optimum activity of the purified enzyme was observed at pH 4.0 and at 50°C of temperature. In addition, it was identified that Bacillus subtilis TV-125A isolate retains 42% of its activity at 80°C temperature. Conclusion In the last phase of the study, chitinase enzyme purified from Bacillus subtilis TV-125A was tested on four fungal agents, although all the results were positive, it was particularly effective on F. culmorum according to the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alkaline pectin lyase (PNL) (EC 4.2.2.10) secreted by Brevibacillus borstelensis P35 (GenBank Number: FJ417406) was purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-150. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were found to be 8.0 and 60 °C. The enzyme does not loose activity up to 60 °C if exposed for 1 h. The values of K and V of the enzyme were 0.625 mg/mL and 126.32 s, respectively. The molecular weight was found to be 36 ± 01 kDa. The presence of 10 mM concentration of Ca, Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, Hg, Fe and EDTA, l-cystein, ascorbic acid significantly enhanced the PNL of the purified enzyme. In the course of the laboratory trials, it was demonstrated that PNL from B. borstelensis (P35) could be successfully applied to the production and clarification of fruit juice and oil extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of some of the hydroxy phenyl derivatives such as 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (2), 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2- enoic acid (Sinapic acid) (3), 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (4), 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (Caffeic acid) (5) and 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (6), which are naturally present in fruits and vegetables, were investigated. Methods: The following analysis were conducted: The total antioxidant activity via the ferric thiocyanate method; 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazole-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity; superoxide anion radical (O2*-) scavenging activity; the total reduction power through potassium ferricyanide reduction method; Cupric ions (Cu2+) reduction capacity through Cuprac method; hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and chelating activity of ferrous ions (Fe2+). Furthermore, α-tocopherol, butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) and quercetin were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. Results: In the comparison of initial states and the products, it's observed that at the 50th hour the linoleic acid emulsion at 30 µg/mL concentration inhibited the lipid peroxidation by 85%, 60.7%, 69%, 45.4%, 80.4% and 31%, respectively. On the other hand, it's observed that the linoleic acid emulsion of α-tocopherol, (BHA) and quercetin inhibited the lipid peroxidation by 62.65%, 35.84% and 34.82% respectively, at the same concentration. Conclusions: It's found as a result of our studies that some of the phenolic compounds such as 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (2), 3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoic acid (3), 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (4), 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid (5) and 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol (6) which are naturally present in foods. They have higher total antioxidant activity, radical scavenging and metal chelating activities than the widely used powerful antioxidant compounds such as BHA, Quercetin and α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Florfenicol is a broad-spectrum, primarily bacteriostatic, antibiotic with a range of activity including many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. This study was carried out to determine the in vivo effect of florfenicol on the paraoxonase (PON), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities on Morkaraman normal and lactating sheep. For these studies, three normal and three lactating sheep groups (55–60kg) were selected for each of intramuscular administration for 24h of florfenicol (30mg/kg). Three normal and three lactating sheep groups were included in the study for a control group, which were not subjected to drug administration. For florfenicol, the mean of the hemolysate paraoxonase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and milk paraoxonase, catalase, lactoperoxidase, superoxide dismutase activity was determined and compared to the control group. According to the research results, while PON1 and CAT enzymes were activated, SOD and GPX enzymes were inhibited by florfenicol in both normal and lactating Morkaraman sheep. While florfenicol did not change milk PON1 and SOD activities, it significantly inhibited milk CAT and LPO enzyme activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this research, a protease from the compositae ( Scorzonera hispanica L.) was extracted and purified through (NH)SO precipitation, CM-Sephadex and Sephacryl S200. At the end of purification by gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-200 column, 87.11-fold purification was achieved. It was shown that purified enzyme was homogeneous in terms of SDS-PAGE with molecular mass estimate of 30 kDa. The enzyme named compositain depicted an optimal pH of 8.0 and was stable at pH 7.0-9.0, and its optimal temperature was at 50 °C. While Tween 80 (0.2 %) was activated to the purified protease enzyme, it was partially inhibited by 5 mM concentration of some metal salts and EDTA, PMSF, dithiothreitol, HO and β-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme activity was stable even in the presence of detergents and organic solvents. In addition, it was investigated whether the purified and characterized protease enzyme would cause to congeal milk. As a result, it was determined that the compositain could congeal milk and it would be used for cheese production. The compositain had potential application in food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silica fume is a fine-grain, thin and very high surface area silica. Although the silica fume is a waste material of industrial applications, it has become the most valuable by-product among the pozzolanic materials due to its very active and high pozzolanic property. In this study, the potential use of silica fume in the remediation of polluted heavy metal water to remove nickel ions is presented. For studying metal adsorption, 1 g of silica fume has been taken as adsorbent and then it has been suspended in 50 ml of 3 mmol dm-3 NiCl2, at pH between 3 and 9 and contacted batchwise in a thermostatic (t = 25°C ± 0.1°C) water-bath agitator for 1 h to enable equilibration of the sorbent and solution phases. The nickel concentrations in the samples taken from the silica fume treated aqueous solutions of polluted river water with/without apocarbonic anhydrase (apoCA) and NiCl2 solution have been determined by spectrophotometric method using dithizone. The nickel concentration in the samples of silica fume treated leachates solutions decreased. It was determined that the adsorption of nickel ions increased with the addition of apoCA as compared with those of without apoCA. The experimental investigation results show that activated silica fume has a high level of adsorption capacity for nickel ion. Consequently, it is concluded that the silica fume can be successfully used for the removal of the nickel ions from the aqueous solutions with heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular pectin lyase (PL) (EC 4.2.2.10) was produced by Geobacillus stearothermophilus Ah22 in solid state fermentation. The PL enzyme was purified 40.8-fold by DEAE-cellulose anion exchange column chromatography and characterized. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as 36 kDa by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration chromatography. Purification of the enzyme was verified by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were determined as pH 6.0 and 60°C, respectively. The PL was mostly stable at 40°C. Its activity deceased by 50% after 2 h at 60°C and by 60% after 6 h at 50°C. The V and K were calculated as 0.47 mg/mL and 355.3 μmol/L·min, respectively. The presence of 10 mM Ca, Cu, Mn, Mg, Zn, Hg, Fe and EDTA, l-cysteine and ascorbic acid significantly enhanced enzyme activity. The purified PL enzyme was used in the production of fruit juices; yields of fruits juice improved significantly compared with controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) was purified from four different cell localisation (outer peripheral, cytosolic, inner peripheral and integral) in bovine stomach using affinity chromatography with Sepharose-4B- l -tyrosine sulphanilamide. During the purification steps, the activity of the enzyme was measured using p -nitrophenyl acetate at pH 7.4. Optimum pH and optimum temperature values for all CA samples were determined, and their K m and V max values for the same substrate by Lineweaver-Burk graphics. The extent of purification for all CA localizations was controlled by SDS-PAGE. The K m values at optimum pH and 20°C were 0.625 mM, 0.541 mM, 0.785 mM and 0.862 mM with p -nitro phenyl acetate, for all CA localizations. The respective V max values at optimum pH and 20°C were 0.875 μmol/L min, 0.186 μmol/L min, 0.214 μmol/L min and 0.253 μmol/L min with the same substrate. The K i and I 50 values for the inhibitors sulphanilamide, KSCN, NaN 3 and acetazolamide were determined for all the CA localizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which was taken from the bones of an animal, was purified and characterized for the first time. For this, the bones of a young cow were used. The purification treatment was completed in three steps. Three different isoenzymes, such as peripheral, cystolic, and integral from the bone-cell cytozolic isoenzyme were purified and characterized. In purification of the three isoenzymes, the technique of affinity chromatography, which utilized Sepharose-4B-L-Tyrosine-Sulphanylamide, was used. In measuring the activities of enzymes, two different methods were applied. These are the esterase methods that utilize hydratase and p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate. The measurement of proteins was done with the methods of Bradford and Coomassie Brillant Blue. The optimum pH and temperature of each enzyme were measured and molecular weights were measured by gel-filtration. Its purity was examined by SDS-PAGE (3-10% alternating) electrophoresis and the inferior unit was defined. The inhibition effects of some chemicals were tested for each of the three isoenzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectinases are an important class of enzymes distributed in many higher plants and microorganisms. One of these enzymes is pectin lyase which has an important role in industrial applications such as clarification of fruit juices. Pectin lyase was purified with 73% yield from Pseudomonas putida bacteria and was 220.7-fold using three phase precipitation technique. Molecular weight of purified pectin lyase was determined as 32.88 kDa with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pectin lyase was immobilized covalently via the L-glutaraldehyde spacer to the cellulosic structures of lily flowers (Lilium candidum L.). The immobilized enzyme was then magnetized by modifying with γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles and determined the most appropriate immobilization conditions as pH 6 and 30 °C. Purified pectin lyase was connected to magnetized support material after 60 min at the rate of 86.4%. The optimum pH and temperatures for the free and immobilized pectin lyase was found to be 6.0 and 40 °C. pH and thermal stabilities of the free and immobilized pectin lyase enzyme have been preserved at high-low temperatures and pH. The structural characterization of the immobilized pectin lyase was performed by SEM, FT-IR, and XRD chromatographic analyses and it was observed that the support materials structure was appropriated to immobilization with pectin lyase and to modify with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]