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Microfluidic devices began to be used to facilitate sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing in the mid-2010s. Since then, numerous prototypes involving microfluidics have been developed in different form factors for sensing biomarkers found in these fluids under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (on-body) settings. These devices transport and manipulate biofluids using microfluidic channels composed of silicone, polymer, paper, or fiber. Fluid flow transport and sample management can be achieved by controlling the flow rate, surface morphology of the channel, and rate of fluid evaporation. Although many devices have been developed for estimating sweat rate, electrolyte, and metabolite levels, only a handful have been able to proceed beyond laboratory testing and reach the stage of clinical trials and commercialization. To further this technology, this review reports on the utilization of microfluidics towards sweat and ISF management and transport. The review is distinguished from other recent reviews by focusing on microfluidic principles of sweat and ISF generation, transport, extraction, and management. Challenges and prospects are highlighted, with a discussion on how to transition such prototypes towards personalized healthcare monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Granulite Terrane of Southern India is a collage of Mesoarchean–Neoproterozoic crustal blocks that underwent high‐grade metamorphism associated with the final assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent during late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian. Here, we investigate the charnockites and associated sapphirine‐bearing semipelitic granulites from the eastern part of the Madurai Block (MB). We present new petrographic, mineral chemistry, and geochronological data to constrain the P–T–t evolution of the block and unravel the timescale and source of heat for the ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism. Both the rock types contain coarse‐grained porphyroblastic garnet and orthopyroxene, yielding peak P–T conditions of 950 ± 30°C at 10.5 ± 0.8 kbar and 970 ± 40°C at 10 ± 0.5 kbar for semipelite and charnockite, respectively, using conventional thermobarometry. Peak ultrahigh temperatures are further supported by high Al content in the orthopyroxene (8.78 wt% Al2O3) coexisting with garnet (XMg: up to 0.57) and feldspar thermometry of the mesoperthites and antiperthites in the semipelite, yielding 950–980°C at 10 kbar. Subsequent decompression has led to the formation of coronal orthopyroxene3 + plagioclase3 in the charnockite and symplectic orthopyroxene3 + cordierite ± sapphirine ± plagioclase3 in the semipelite, yielding P–T range of 950–850°C and 9.5–6.8 kbar for semipelites and 950–820°C and 8–6.5 kbar for charnockite. Based on the obtained P–T estimates, preserved reaction textures, and phase equilibria modelling in the MnNCKFMASHTO system, a clockwise P–T evolution with isothermal decompression followed by cooling is inferred for both the rock types. Texturally constrained in situ monazite dating and rare earth element (REE) patterns show that the core of matrix monazite having low‐Th, Y, and extreme heavy rare earth element (HREE) depletion, yielding weighted mean ages of 582 ± 12 and 590 ± 22 Ma for semipelite and charnockite, respectively, dates the prograde evolution. The mantle of the matrix monazite in semipelite and comparable rim in charnockite, having relative Th‐enrichment compared to the core, yielding weighted mean ages of 552 ± 9 and 557 ± 13 Ma, respectively, dates extensive dissolution–reprecipitation from the melt at the peak stage. The relatively Th‐ and Y‐rich and moderately HREE‐depleted rim of matrix monazite in the semipelite, yielding weighted age of 516 ± 6 Ma, date initial garnet breakdown during post‐peak melt crystallization. By contrast, compositionally homogenous HREE + Y‐enriched monazite in the symplectite and retrograde monazites yielding weighted mean ages of 487 ± 47 Ma for semipelites and 508 ± 19 Ma for charnockites dates extensive garnet breakdown during final stages of melt crystallization and subsequent cooling. Our findings point to collision initiation at ~590 Ma, with the peak conditions attained at ~550 Ma followed by extensional collapse at ~510–490 Ma, resulting in rapid exhumation of lower crustal rocks to mid‐crustal levels under sustained ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) conditions, followed by cooling to reach a stable geotherm. Our results suggest a long‐lived hot orogeny in the MB, where the UHT conditions were sustained for at least 40 MYr. The UHT conditions were most likely attained in the core of a long‐lived hot orogen by the combined effect of conductive heating through radioactive decay and mantle heat supply, with the former being the primary driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Madurai block, the largest crustal block in the Precambrian Southern Granulite Terrane of south India, preserves rare assemblages of high- to ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic rocks. These rocks bear exclusive evidence for the high thermal regime prevalent during their formation and can be constrained from accessory phases such as zircon, monazite and garnet. Here, we present the P-T-t evolutionary history of garnet-cordierite-spinel granulites from different localities in the Madurai block. Combined petrography, mineral reaction, geothermobarometry and pseudosection modelling of the samples record HT to near-UHT metamorphic conditions with clockwise P-T trajectories. LA-(MC)-ICPMS U-Pb/Hf isotopic studies on zircons point to Paleoproterozoic high-grade metamorphism in the area with juvenile magmatic signatures. LA-ICPMS/EPMA monazite dating constrains the timing of HT to near-UHT metamorphism at ~580 and ~550 Ma. The heat source required for the Paleoproterozoic high-T event is correlated with the synchronous igneous emplacements reported in the region, whereas the heat source responsible for the Neoproterozoic HT to near-UHT event can be related to the processes associated with crustal thickening and synchronous mafic emplacement. The clockwise P-T trajectories of these granulites are interpreted as the signature of collisional orogeny prevalent in the region during the final stages of Gondwana assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient safety is significant to improve the quality care in health-care organisations; hence, assessment of patient safety culture is the paramount need of the h. However, in middle- and low-income countries, the burden of patient safety is vital as the healthcare-related injuries and deaths are increasing, this is global health concern. The awareness of measuring patient safety culture needs to be improved in low- and middle-income countries and this can help in evaluating the culture and formulating interventions and also achieving the accreditation standards. National Accreditation Board for Hospitals (NABH) with a focus of patient safety has contributed largely in the quality of health care in Indian hospitals and witnessed progress and improvement. However, the challenges in a country like India are large and complex and need to be addressed systematically beyond the meeting accreditation standards. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level of perception among the healthcare providers at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted using The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety culture (HSOPSC v−1) tool to assess the level of perception of patient safety culture among healthcare providers. The survey was conducted among 400 respondents of tertiary care hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka (India) through a structured, open- and close-ended questionnaire. Participants were selected through nonprobability random sampling. Collected data were analyzed through composite scores, Chi-square, and Man–Whitney U-test for test. Results: The present study showed a highest positive response in teamwork within the units and the least in nonpunitive response to error. The domain hands off and transitions which requires cooperation from other departments also showed low positive responses in many studies including the present study (41.13%). For the data analyzed above regarding the perception of patient safety culture dimensions among the healthcare professionals, it was seen that there was a statistically significant association (0.0026) between the two variables that perception and safety culture existing in the hospital. Conclusion: After comparing between experience and level of perception among healthcare providers, it was concluded that the Chi-square value is 0.04 which is statistically significant and there is a significant association between positions and level of perception. Therefore, our study indicates that there is a high need to develop strategies related to certain safety domains that urgently need improvement in this hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major and trace element analyses of monazite by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) are routinely carried out for several decades. U–Th–total Pb method of monazite dating is currently considered as a reliable and acceptable tool to decipher the time of geological events. The purpose of the present study is to establish the quantification conditions of monazite chronology using SXFive tactis EPMA, recently installed at the National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Consistency in the chemical-chronological data of the monazites starting from the chronologically well-constrained Maocyr monazite data followed by the analysis of monazite from the garnet-cordierite gneiss of the Kerala Khondalite Belt confirms the reliability of the NCESS-EPMA facility for the U–Th–total Pb chemical age dating of monazite. By applying the same analytical setup of chemical dating, the monazites from metapelites of Madurai Block of Southern Granulite Terrain, India yield two peak ages in probability density diagram of ca. 505 Ma and ca. 590 Ma (23 spots) which is similar to the 206Pb/238U age (ca. 506 Ma and ca. 585 Ma; 34 spots) obtained by LA-ICPMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemical and zircon U–Pb age data on granites of the Chitrial area, situated at the NE part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, are presented to elucidate their petrogenesis, time(s) of emplacement, and role in crust formation. Based on field and geochemical characters, these granites are classified as alkali feldspar/monzo‐granite. Whole‐rock data of selected samples show evolved calc‐alkaline and peraluminous characters with high SiO2, K2O, large‐ion lithophile element, and light rare earth elements (LREE), depleted heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and strongly negative Eu anomaly. One sample shows slightly different character with low SiO2, enriched light rare earth elements, and depleted heavy rare earth elements without Eu anomaly. Geochemical analyses suggest that the rocks are S‐type granite with syn‐collisional and volcanic arc signatures. These granites define a coherent trend favouring low pressure crystallization of the magma. U–Pb zircon data show that the crystallization ages of the granites vary within 2514 ± 10 to 2525 ± 24 Ma. The geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Dharwar Craton is discussed wherein subduction and deep burial of sediment is envisaged to cause partial melting and granite genesis in the craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the comparative study on the faunal components of two different Sacred Groves in Kolkata, viz. St. Paul's Cathedral Church and Park Street Cemetery. The study is based on six months observation as collection data. Out of 724 examples, 8 orders of class Insecta were identified of these, Orthoptera, Dictyoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Odonata have been noticed from these two places. Species Richness is maximum at St. Paul's Cathedral Church than Park St. Cemetery. The diversity index shows that the diversity is at it's peak in the month of April and least in January. During the months of November, December, February and March species diversity is moderate. The most abundant species is Hymenoptera and least abundant species is Odonata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactate is an essential biomarker for determining the health of the muscles and oxidative stress levels in the human body. However, most of the currently available sweat lactate monitoring devices require external power, cannot measure lactate under low sweat rates (such as in humans at rest), and do not provide adequate information about the relationship between sweat and blood lactate levels. Here, we discuss the on-skin operation of our recently developed wearable sweat sampling patch. The patch combines osmosis (using hydrogel discs) and capillary action (using paper microfluidic channel) for long-term sweat withdrawal and management. When subjects are at rest, the hydrogel disc can withdraw fluid from the skin via osmosis and deliver it to the paper. The lactate amount in the fluid is determined using a colorimetric assay. During active sweating (e.g., exercise), the paper can harvest sweat even in the absence of the hydrogel patch. The captured fluid contains lactate, which we quantify using a colorimetric assay. The measurements show the that the total number of moles of lactate in sweat is correlated to sweat rate. Lactate concentrations in sweat and blood correlate well only during high-intensity exercise. Hence, sweat appears to be a suitable biofluid for lactate quantification. Overall, this wearable patch holds the potential of providing a comprehensive analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]