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Vary composition of carrier in fabricated polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) were applied for extraction of basic dye, methylene blue (MB) to achieve the optimal extraction efficiency (E%) among the fabricated membranes. The PIM is composed of poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) as the base polymer, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) as an extractanting agent and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as the plasticizer. The fabricated PIMs were characterized by membrane porosity, contact angle (CA) and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Kinetic modelling was conducted to study the dye extraction process by using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order. It was found that the kinetic model shows highly significant of model fit with the kinetic data using pseudo-second-order. The addition of 30% B2EHP imparted the greatest enhancement on the features of PIMs and also accomplished great performance for extraction of methylene blue (> 99% of extraction). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) is one of the selective and effective methods that can be used for heavy metal ion removal. This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of fabricated PIMs by varying composition of liquid extracting agent, bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (B2EHP) carrier to amplify the zinc (II) ions removal from aqueous solution. The fabricated PIMs were characterized with respect to their surface morphology, surface chemistry, hydrophilicity and ion exchange capacity (IEC) using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and goniometer, respectively. The performance of the fabricated PIMs was evaluated based on the Zn (II) ions removal efficiency at different composition of B2EHP carrier content. The experimental results show that the R5 membrane, which contains 30 percent carrier, had the highest IEC value of 0.746 mq/g with a contact angle of 50.4o, and thus had an outstanding removal efficiency of zinc (II) ion, which was greater than 99 percent. This study demonstrated that the B2EHP carrier improved the microstructure of the produced PIMs and served as an excellent ion carrier for the removal of Zn (II) ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to other costly treatment methods, the effectiveness of adsorption process as the wastewater treatment for the removal of dye has made it as an ideal alternative method. Batch adsorption studies were conducted for the adsorption of Congo red dye using eggshells by varying the adsorption process parameters such as pH (2-8), adsorbent dose (0.2–0.8 g) and contact time (5–20 minutes). Central composite design (CCD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the interactions effects of adsorption process parameters as well as for optimization of congo red removal using eggshells as adsorbent. The significant of independent variables and their interactions were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA indicated that a second-order polynomial regression equation was the most appropriate model for fitting the experimental data. Results revealed that coefficient of correlation (R2) for the quadratic model are 0.9060. The optimum conditions for congo red adsorption by eggshells were found to be at pH 8, 0.8 g and 20 minutes, respectively and the removal efficiency was found to be 97.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kenaf is a precious fibre plant of the Hibiscus cannabinus family that has many uses in the agricultural industry. Kenaf core fibre, a by-product of agriculture, may be utilised as an adsorbent to remove pollutants from wastewater. The primary objective of this study is to determine the adsorption capacity of raw kenaf core fibre for the removal of Metanil yellow dye from aqueous solution. To determine the adsorbent's potential, factors such as dose, particle size, initial concentration at various contact times, and dye solution pH were investigated. The results showed that 3 g of 0.125 mm adsorbent in 100 mg/L of Metanil yellow dye concentration for 24 hours at pH 2 produced the highest percentage of dye removal. Additionally, the findings indicated that the equilibrium values were best described by a Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficients, R2=0.9957 and an adsorption capacity of 0.0179 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New detergents approach such as pre-dosed liquid and powder as pre-treatment to enhance cleaning efficiency has received great interest among consumer and is becoming a trend in laundry industry. Formulation of detergents is continuously developed to improve cleaning efficiency and to adapt and fulfill market demands. In this study, three liquid stain remover formulations containing thermostable alkaline protease 50a as additive were developed. The developed stain remover formulations were specifically designed to remove proteinaceous stains on fabrics. Azo-casein assay was performed to evaluate the stability of the thermostable alkaline protease 50a in each formulation. Wash performance analysis was also carried out to determine the stain removal efficiency of the developed formulations on selected fabrics namely satin, crepe and koshibo. The results obtained shows that the thermostable alkaline protease 50a lost more than 89% of its activity after one week of incubation in these three formulations. The developed stain remover formulation exhibited good stain removal efficiency (84.8-96.46%) in comparison to tap water (74.6-86.28%) and commercial stain remover (88.85-95.44%). The outcomes of this study could provide additional insights on the effect of detergent ingredients on the thermostable alkaline protease 50a activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focus on the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye using sugarcane bagasse biochar as adsorbent. Agricultural waste of sugarcane bagasse turned into low cost and eco-friendly biochar adsorbent was studied. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to analyse the effect of operating conditions which include contact time (10 to 45 minutes), adsorbent dosage (0.01 to 0.05 g) and initial concentration (10 to 40 mg/L) on the percentage of MG removal. Optimisation studies were conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) by employing central composite design (CCD). The correlation coefficient, R² for MG removal was found to be at 0.9878. Three dimensional (3D) surface graph and contour plot were used to analyse the interaction effect between parameters. The optimum conditions for MG removal which predicted by RSM were found to be at contact time of 42.26 minutes, adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g and initial concentration of 39 mg/L which resulted in MG removal of 99.47% at desirability of 1.000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]