1. Importance of Demand Side Flexibility and Management for Large-Scale Variable PV Integration in Urban Environment.
- Author
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Salpakari, Jyri, Mikkola, Jani, and Lund, Peter D.
- Subjects
PHOTOVOLTAIC power generation ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,SOLAR energy ,RENEWABLE natural resources ,ELECTRIC resistance ,ELECTRICAL resistivity ,ELECTRIC resistors - Abstract
Photovoltaics (PV) is well suited for clean, renewable energy provision in urban areas, which also offer demand side management possibilities to mitigate PV variability. This paper investigates the importance of electricity-to-thermal (E2T) strategies and electric load shifting for large-scale PV integration in an urban environment, with Helsinki, Finland as the case city. The study was conducted as an hourly simulation with detailed input data. An increase of 26-99% in PV self-use limit was obtained with the considered measures, with E2T measures more effective than load shifting. E2T with electric resistance heaters was the single most effective of the studied measures: it could increase the PV self-use limit to 1000 MWp, or by 81% compared to the reference case with no flexibility, with a corresponding increase in PV share of electricity from 10.1% to 17.4%. Spatial analysis was also conducted to identify possible network bottlenecks during the hours when all electricity in the city is produced by PV. With a scheme combining distributed and central E2T with electric resistance heaters, the full city-level self-use limit of 1000 MWp could be integrated without network congestion problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015