Search

In this present study, phytotoxicity of high strength distillery industry discharge wastewater and methyl orange dye in aqueous solution that treated by chemically modified fungal biomass Penicillium on Arachis hypogaea was investigated. The biomass of Penicillium strain was subjected to a simple eco-friendly acid treatment which brought about highly stable, structurally modified fungal biomass (CMFBM). CMFBM thus obtained was evaluated for wastewater treatment efficacy of high strength distillery industry discharge wastewater by determination of various pollutants level. Results of this study revealed that CMFBM treatment exhibited notable removal of pollutants. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to demonstrate the adsorption efficacy of methyl orange dye in an aqueous solution. Studies reveal that CMFCB exhibited high adsorption efficacy, and the rate of adsorption was affected by dosage and time. Phytotoxicity studies reveal that the CMFBM-treated industry wastewater discharge and dye in aqueous solution was not shown any phytotoxic effect on groundnut. No impact on seedlings emergence, growth parameters like shoot length, new branches emerged, total foliage density, total chlorophyll content, and enzymatic antioxidants profile clearly demonstrate the non-target effect of CMFBM-treated industry discharged wastewater and methyl orange dye in aqueous solution. The present investigation would propose the possible utilization of CMFBM in wastewater treatment process and irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulation of biocontrol agents including bioinoculants and biopesticides is a critical factor which determines crop growth and yield that are cultivated by organic agriculture practices. Trichoderma viride is the most commonly used biocontrol agent against diverse plant pathogens associated with various crops. In the present study, the effect of formulation like gel matrix prepared from natural products and water in oil emulsion of Trichoderma viride on the post treatment persistence adapting dilution method and soil dilution method was studied. The maximum frequency of occurrence was recorded in all the formulation over the control, and high frequency of occurrence was recorded in water in oil formulation and followed by biogel formulation. The effect of metallic nanoparticles on the formulation efficacy was also studied which reveals all the formulation could retain the viability. The effect of formulation on the biocontrol efficacy of Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata adapting soil dilution method reveals all the formulation retarded the tested pathogenic fungal colonies, and the biogel formulation of Trichoderma viride with nanoparticles treatment showed the best compatibility on decomposition of organic wastes. The study is highly recommended because of the high rate of persistence of compatibility resistant to nanoparticle treatment and best biocontrol efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, great prominence is moved towards reusing or recycling organic waste into various products with noteworthy applications. In this study, mixed vegetable wastes were decomposed by a microbial consortium composed of bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri, Bacillus polymyxa, Lactococcus lactis, actinomycetes Streptomyces albus, filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger and yeast strain Candida utilis into high nutrient content humous material. Compost thus obtained was formulated into a liquid growth medium and checked for the mass multiplication of well-known fungal biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae. Decomposition brought about the production of high nutrient content compost, which revealed high nitrogen (212.3 mg/kg), phosphorous (465.13 mg/kg), potassium (1871.13 mg/kg) and total organic carbon (122.03 mg/kg) content. Liquid medium formulated from the compost recorded maximum biomass, spore production with high germination index of M. anisopliae. Viable spores produced in CBM exhibited noteworthy pesticide activity against the larval instar of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera. Formulated medium supported the production of metabolites which inhibited the growth of the human pathogens. These findings demonstrated the noteworthy bioconversion of organic wastes via microbial consortium composting into high growth-promoting, economical, low-cost medium for the mass multiplication of versatile fungal biopesticides and the source of bioactive metabolite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, the enhanced cytotoxic impact of gold nanoparticle–loaded camptothecin—a bioactive metabolite produced by a soil isolate of Aspergillus niger against breast cancer cell line (MCF 7)—was studied. Camptothecin (CPT) was isolated from Aspergillus niger biomass followed by loading with chemogenic gold nanoparticles, and the synthesized nano-drug conjugate was characterized by suitable techniques. Anticancer activity against MCF 7 cell line was studied by determination of cell viability and morphometric changes including apoptosis, biochemical, and molecular marker expression pattern. Active principles of CPT were readily extracted with chloroform + methanol extract of A. niger biomass. The maximum yield of CPT was 0.132 g/L. Extracted CPT was loaded onto chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (CPT-AuNp) that brought about a highly stable core shell-like structure with particle sizes ranging from 60 to 70 nm. Prepared nanoformulation recorded noteworthy anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. Cell viability of the cancer cells was highly reduced in CPT-AuNp treatment. The lethal concentration (IC50) was recorded at 50.5 µg, whereas free gold nanoparticles and free camptothecin were at 301 and 295 µg, respectively, which showed the enhanced cytotoxicity of AuNp-CPT against the tested cancer cell line. Most significantly, CPT-AuNp treatment induced apoptosis and characteristic changes in enzymatic antioxidants which includes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione s-transferase (GST). Expression pattern changes of gene-like PARP and Bax genes revealed a marked impact on the molecular markers. From these findings, it is clear that the nanoformulated camptothecin can be used as an effective and safe anticancer agent against life-threatening diverse cancer types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to remove the fluoride from aqueous solution by plant materials through batch experiment. The bio-adsorbents (Manilkara zapota and peels of Solanum tuberosum) were thermally activated and converted into ash. The batch study was performed in a laboratory and optimized by dose and time. The maximum removal of fluoride was observed in 0.8 g/100 ml for 77.6% and in 150 and 180 min for 77.6% in M. zapota and S. tuberosum. In the dosage optimization, the higher fluoride was removed in 77.6% in 0.8 g/100 ml in M. zapota and in 73% removal noticed for 0.8 g/100 ml in S. tuberosum. In IR spectra, M. zapota has showed several active functional groups such as Alkyl Halide, Alkyl, Alkene, Alcohol, Alkane and Amides that were recorded between 549.71 and 3192.19 cm−1. The surface structure of micropores, rough surface, and crystalline clusters was observed in SEM analysis. The water quality parameters of the drinking water after biosorbtion of the biomaterials, maximum purity and good condition of water quality were observed in both, but M. zapota is a better sorbent. The plant materials are to be a suitable low-cost technique for the mass scale removal of fluoride from industrial effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the biosorption of lead (Pb) by marine microalgae D. salina through batch model. The D. salina was isolated and identified by standard method and mass cultured in outdoor condition with optimum condition. The sorbent was prepared and analysed through FT-IR spectroscopy, and observed active functional groups such as alkyl halide (C-I and C–Cl), alcohol (C-O), aromatic (C = C), alkene (C = C), C≡N, alkyl (C-H) and amine (N–H) with different stretching were observed at the wavelength between 501.71 and 2897.19 cm−1. The batch experiment was conducted with several factors such as pH, contact time and sorbent dosage. In the pH experiment, the results were shown pH dependent, and the maximum Pb absorption was noticed for 4.5 mg/L at the pH of 7–8, and the lowest Pb absorption was recorded 1.1 mg/L at the pH of 12. In time duration set, the absorption was noticed time dependent, and maximum of Pb removal by contact time was noticed higher in 120 min of 3.9 mg/L and lower absorption in initial time of 30 min. The influence of sorbent dosage on Pb removal was displayed concentration dependent, the maximum removal of lead 6.1 mg/L was noticed in 10 g L−1, and the lowest removal was observed in initial dosage of 2 g L−1. In conclusion, D. salina has more metal binding functional groups and sites on surface, and also it is a cheap cost additional biosorbent for removal of metal from industrial effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, cow dung, saw dust, and blended soil were taken for (manure) biofertilizer production through vermicomposting (Eisenia fetida) experimental method. This work reports with the results of E. fetida in the mixture of blended soil, cow dung, and saw dust in different ratios for 60-day compost experimental trial. In all the experimental sets, the pH levels were not changed. The nitrogen content was changed in highest levels as 0.025% in B1, B2, B3, B4, and A4 experiments. The maximum phosphorous content was noted as 33.77% in B3 and 29.11% in A4, and the maximum potassium level was noted 33.77% in B3. The total organic carbon (TOC) levels were renowned at premier level, and slight changes of electrical conductivity were noted in all experimental sets. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium contents were recorded high level as 1:3:3 and 1:4:4 ratios of composed agro and cattle waste mixture on the 45th and 60th days. The present study was clearly showed and suggested that the vermicomposting technology is an exchange, renewable, and cheap cost technology for the production of good quality eco-friendly fertilizers for plants if mixed with blended soil, cow dung, and saw dust in the ratio of 1:4:4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is linked to the development of major metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Recent research has focused on the molecular link between obesity and oxidative stress. Obesity impairs antioxidant function, resulting in dramatically increased reactive oxygen levels and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of IW13 peptide on inhibiting lipid accumulation and regulating the antioxidant mechanism to normalize the lipid metabolism in HFD induced zebrafish larvae. Our results showed that co-treatment with IW13 peptide showed a protective effect in HFD zebra fish larvae by increasing the survival and heart rate. However, IW13 peptide co-treatment reduced triglycerides and cholesterol levels while also restoring the SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes. In addition, IW13 co-treatment inhibited the formation of lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion by regulating the glutathione level. Also, the results showed that IW13 specifically downregulated the expression of the lipogenic-specific genes (C/EBP-α, SREBP1, and FAS). The findings exhibited that the IW13 peptide with effective antioxidant and anti-obesity activity could act as a futuristic drug to treat obesity and oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of mass cultured Spirulina platensis and the structural characterization of the methanolic extracts. S. platensis was isolated from estuary and mass cultured in the laboratory, methanol was used for extraction, and the yield was calculated as 16%. The seven phytochemicals were quantified by standard procedure, and the phenol was found maximum 96.7 µg/mg followed by alkaloid 89.5 µg/mg. The antibacterial activity was performed by disc diffusion method, and the maximum activity was noted against Salmonella typhi (19 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12 mm). The antioxidant effect was recorded as concentration-dependent, and in all, the antioxidant effect was recorded in higher concentration level including as standards. In FT-IR spectral analysis, the active functional groups alkyl halide and amine were recorded simultaneously in 1H NMR analysis, 11 chemical shifts were recorded, and it revealed the stretching of alkane, allylic, benzylic, ketone, alkyne and esters. From the results, the present study concluded that S. platensis is an alternate source of pharmaceutical industry due to its phytochemical profile and bioactive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical characteristics such as specific gravity, solidification point, saponification value, iodine, and acid value of liver oil were analyzed, and it has showed good characters similar to fish oil. The heavy metal was found in permissible limit, ash, and moisture was recorded in moderate level, protein, and carbohydrate were found as trace amount; the bad cholesterol was noticed lower and good cholesterol was high than fish oil. Ten fatty acids were recorded, the oleic acid, ω-3, EPA, DHA, and α- linolenic acid were recorded maximum level. The essential and non-essential amino acids were estimated and the fat soluble vitamins (A and E) were noticed higher level. The minerals Zn and Fe were found moderate level. The liver oil has showed antibacterial effect against 7 bacterial strains. The six antioxidant activities of liver oil have showed concentration depended. The Sepioteuthis lessoniana liver oil has showed against A549 cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using natural and synthetic polymers as the components for the core–shell nanocomposite preparation has received recent attention in biomedicine due to their high biocompatibility, high efficacy, and biodegradability. In this present investigation, chitosan-polyvinyl alcohol core–shell gold nanocomposite was synthesised adopting green science principles followed by fabrication with fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin (LE-CS-PVA-AuNC). Core–shell nanocomposite was prepared from biogenic gold nanoparticles, chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol polymer mixture, and levofloxacin under optimum conditions, and the synthesised nanocomposite exhibited a highly stable nanoarchitecture. Enhancement of antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite was evaluated against the clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by determination of growth inhibition, survival rate parameters, and biofilm inhibition rate. Levofloxacin-fabricated core–shell nanocomposite brought about higher growth inhibition than the free levofloxacin, which was confirmed by a notable zone of inhibition, growth inhibition at a lower concentration, rapid biofilm inhibitory rate, and changes in survival growth parameters. In vitro drug release pattern was studied by continuous dialysis, which reveals that the nanocomposite exhibited controlled, sustained release pattern and cumulative release reached almost 98.0% at 72 h. Biocompatibility was studied with human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line), which was studied by measuring cell viability, oxidative stress marker protein, and genotoxicity. The tested nanocomposite was not inducing any sign of toxicity which was confirmed by no marked impact on cell viability, intracellular reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. In addition, the nanocomposite has not shown any toxic effect on DNA, and all findings indicate that the synthesised nanocomposite was compatible with human keratinocytes. LE-CS-PVA-AuNC synthesised in the present system adopting green science principles can be used in modern biomedicine as an effective and safe antimicrobial agent due to its high antimicrobial action against wound infection pathogens and its best compatibility with human keratinocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thorough summary of recent findings on neuroprotective tactics for spinal cord injury (SCI) can be found in the paper "An Updated Systematic Review of Neuroprotective Agents in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury". This review highlights the diverse neuroprotective drugs' mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and translational potential. It also emphasizes the necessity of carefully planned clinical studies to close the gap between preclinical data and clinical applications. The authors provide priceless ideas for improving SCI treatment by carefully examining the most recent clinical and preclinical research. For doctors and researchers committed to enhancing the therapeutic results for people with spinal cord injuries, this review is a vital resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to investigate the nutritional composition, chemical components and anti-inflammatory activity of C. vulgaris. The isolated microalga was mass cultured in laboratory by selective media with optimum conditions. Protein content was found to be higher for 45.23% followed by carbohydrate (23.43%) and total lipid (18.12%). Minerals components was recorded by the following order: Magnesium > Calcium > Iron > Manganese > Zinc > Copper. Seven vitamins were estimated, vitamin B3 was recorded higher (13.3 mg/100 g) and B12 has shown lesser amount (0.21 mg/100 g). The pigments chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were found to be 4.7 mg/g, 4.2 mg/g and 6.11 mg/g respectively. Secondary metabolite was extracted by methanol and chloroform and further screened for the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of albumin denaturation, antiproteinase, hypotonicity-induced haemolysis and anti-lipoxygenase assays and results have been recorded by concentration dependent. From the results, the anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract were found higher than the chloroform extract at 500 µg/ml. The functional groups of the potent methanolic extract were studied by FT-IR analysis which revealed the presence of alkane, nitro and carboxyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ash, moisture, protein and carbohydrate content of the extracted oil were estimated as 4, 7, 4 and 1% respectively. The Vitamins A and E was found to be 59.14 and 17.4 mg/100 g. Nine fatty acids were found and the Linoleic acid, DHA and EPA were recorded as higher. The specific gravity, solidification point, refractive index, saponification value, iodine value and acid value were also calculated and found as 1.056, 1.2 °C, 1.465 µ, 50.5, 20.4 mg and 0.075 mg KOH/g. The antioxidant activity that includes total antioxidant activity, DPPH & Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity of liver oil was studied by following standard methods and results of all the assays was found increasing with increase in concentration. Further purification of liver oil and studying its antioxidant property in animal model shall form the basis for its use as a potent alternate natural antioxidant and nutrition supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to evaluate the nutritional fact and anticancer effect of liver oil extracted from the squid Loligo duvauceli. The ash and moisture content was noted as 3.21 and 2.13% whereas the total protein, lipid and carbohydrate, recorded 23.44, 21.23 and 2.13% respectively. The water and fat soluble vitamins and minerals were found in good level. The lipid profile was noted similarly to cod liver oil at the same time the good cholesterol was found in high level. Ten fatty acids were found especially DHA, EPA, omega-3 in high level. The essential amino acids were recorded at high level whereas Non-essential amino acids, moderate level. The anticancer ability of oil against lung cancer cell line (A549) showed better activity, up to 70% inhibition was noted at 960 µg/ml with the CTC50 of 260 µg/ml. In addition to this, there cytotoxicity effect was seen in Vero (normal) cell lines. The present study concludes that the L. duvauceli liver oil is a good source of nutrition and provides good health benefits to human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]