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In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid‐state triple fluorescence switching through "Pump–Trigger" multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA‐SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for "pump" and "trigger" photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between "pump" and "trigger" light is useful for three‐color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual‐fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two‐color super‐resolution imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid‐state triple fluorescence switching through "Pump–Trigger" multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA‐SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for "pump" and "trigger" photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between "pump" and "trigger" light is useful for three‐color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual‐fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two‐color super‐resolution imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is common and difficult to treat and its pathogenesis is closely related to gut microbiota. However, differences in gut microbiota of patients in different regions make it more difficult to elucidate the mechanism of IBS. We performed an analysis of gut microbiota composition and functional prediction in Chinese patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D).Methods: Fecal samples were obtained from 30 IBS-D patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs) in Nanchang, China. Using 16S gene sequence profiles, we analyzed the abundance of dominant microbiota at different taxonomy levels. Based on 16S information, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was used to predicting the function of gut microbiota.Results: Compared to HCs, gut microbiota richness but not diversity was decreased in IBS-D patients. The abundant phyla Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased significantly, and Proteobacteria increased significantly in IBS-D patients. PICRUSt indicated that function expression of gut microbiota in IBS-D patients was up-regulated in metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and down-regulated in environmental adaptation, cell growth and death.Conclusions: Compared with the normal population in China, IBS-D patients are characterized by complex and unstable gut microbiota, which may influence inflammation and metabolism of the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury could cause the enhanced cell apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, which is one of key contributors for the development of ischemic heart disease. Recent studies emphasized the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The study planned to elucidate the molecular actions of miR‐885 on mediating human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms. The present data revealed that H/R stimulation inhibited HCM viability and potentiated HCM apoptosis, and more importantly, the expression of miR‐885 in HCMs was markedly repressed after H/R stimulation. Further experimental examinations demonstrated that overexpression of miR‐885 attenuated H/R‐induced increased in HCM apoptotic rates, while miR‐885 knockdown impaired HCM viability and increased HCM apoptotic rates. Moreover, the mechanistic studies showed that miR‐885 inversely regulated the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and BCL2 like 11 (BCL2L11) in HCMs, and enforced expression of PTEN and BCL2L11 partially antagonized the protective actions of miR‐885 overexpression on H/R‐induced HCM injury. Moreover, H/R suppressed AKT/mTOR signaling, which was attenuated by miR‐885 overexpression in HCMs. In conclusion, the present study for the first time showed the downregulation of miR‐885 induced by H/R in HCMs, and provided the evidence that miR‐885 attenuated H/R‐induced cell apoptosis via inhibiting PTEN and BLC2L11 and modulation of AKT/mTOR signaling in HCMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are theorized to play key roles in the development of heart diseases. However, the role of lncRNAs in cardiomyocyte apoptosis is largely unknown. The present study examined the role of lncRNA SNHG1 in the human cardiomyocytes (HCMs) apoptosis and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: SNHG1, miR-195 and mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR; protein level was determined by western blot; cell viability was detected by MTT assay; cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay; the interaction between SNHG1 and miR195 was examined by using luciferase reporter assay. Results: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment significantly suppressed cell viability and increased cell apoptotic rate and caspase-3 activity in HCMs. Overexpression of SNHG1 attenuated the effects of H2O2 on HCMs viability and apoptosis; while SNHG1 exerted the opposite effects. SNHG1 was found to sponge miR-195 and suppress the expression of miR-195 in HCMs. Overexpression of miR-195 suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis in HCMs, and miR-195 was found to negatively regulate the expression of BCL-2 like protein 2 (BCL2L2) via targeting its 3' untranslated region. Overexpression of BCL2L2 partially reversed the effects of miR-195 overexpression on cell viability and cell apoptosis of HCMs. MiR-195 overexpression or BCL2L2 knockdown attenuated the effects of SNHG1 overexpression on cell viability, cell apoptosis and protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and Bax in H2O2-treated HCMs. Conclusion: Our results suggest a novel SNHG1/miR-195/BCL2L2 axis in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Modulation of SNHG1 may represent a novel strategy to treat cardiomyocyte apoptosis-related heart diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many composite workflow services utilize non-imperative XML technologies such as WSDL, XPath, XML schema, and XML messages. Regression testing should assure the services against regression faults that appear in both the workflows and these artifacts. In this paper, we propose a refinement-oriented level-exploration strategy and a multilevel coverage model that captures progressively the coverage of different types of artifacts by the test cases. We show that by using them, the test case prioritization techniques initialized on top of existing greedy-based test case prioritization strategy form a subsumption hierarchy such that a technique can produce more test suite permutations than a technique that subsumes it. Our experimental study of a model instance shows that a technique generally achieves a higher fault detection rate than a subsumed technique, which validates that the proposed hierarchy and model have the potential to improve the cost-effectiveness of test case prioritization techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An external web service may evolve without prior notification. In the course of the regression testing of a workflow-based web service, existing test case prioritization techniques may only verify the latest service composition using the not-yet-executed test cases, overlooking high-priority test cases that have already been applied to the service composition before the evolution. In this paper, we propose Preemptive Regression Testing (PRT), an adaptive testing approach to addressing this challenge. Whenever a change in the coverage of any service artifact is detected, PRT recursively preempts the current session of regression test and creates a sub-session of the current test session to assure such lately identified changes in coverage by adjusting the execution priority of the test cases in the test suite. Then, the sub-session will resume the execution from the suspended position. PRT terminates only when each test case in the test suite has been executed at least once without any preemption activated in between any test case executions. The experimental result confirms that testing workflow-based web service in the face of such changes is very challenging; and one of the PRT-enriched techniques shows its potential to overcome the challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]