Search

Non-adherence to immunosuppressive medication among transplant patients is associated with poor clinical outcomes and higher economic costs. Barriers to immunosuppressives are a proximal determinant of non-adherence. So far, international variability of barriers to adherence in transplantation has not been studied. As part of the cross-sectional multi-country and multi-center BRIGHT study, barriers to adherence were measured in 1,382 adult heart transplant recipients of 11 countries using the 28-item self-report questionnaire "Identifying Medication Adherence Barriers" (IMAB). Barriers were ranked by their frequency of occurrence for the total sample and by country. Countries were also ranked the by recipients' total number of barriers. Intra-class correlations were calculated at country and center level. The five most frequently mentioned barriers were sleepiness (27.1%), being away from home (25.2%), forgetfulness (24.5%), interruptions to daily routine (23.6%) and being busy (22.8%), fairly consistently across countries. The participants reported on average three barriers, ranging from zero up to 22 barriers. The majority of the variability among reported barriers frequency was situated at the recipient level (94.8%). We found limited international variability in primarily person-level barriers in our study. Understanding of barriers in variable contexts guides intervention development to support adherence to the immunosuppressive regimen in real-world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective medication adherence is vital for managing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and enhancing patient well-being. This study aimed to evaluate medication adherence levels and associated factors among AMI patients using standardized assessment tools. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional descriptive design, the study involved 210 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction. Participants completed the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and provided socio-demographic details. Results: The study revealed partial adherence to medications among AMI patients, with mean scores of 24.89 (± 3.64) out of 33. Notably, good adherence was observed in non-adherence due to patient behavior (mean ± SD = 11.8 ± 2.3 out of 15) and additional disease burden (mean ± SD = 8.65 ± 2.21 out of 12), while partial adherence was noted in non-adherence due to financial constraints (mean ± SD = 4.44 ± 1.34 out of 6). Patients reported mild anxiety (mean ± SD = 8.38 ± 2.81) and no depressive symptoms (mean ± SD = 7.43 ± 2.42). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that employed status, younger age, shorter duration of MI, lower anxiety, and depression levels were associated with higher medication adherence. However, factors such as monthly income, gender, educational level, and marital status did not predict medication adherence. Conclusion: The study highlights the significance of addressing anxiety and depression levels and considering socio-demographic factors when designing interventions to enhance medication adherence among AMI patients. Further research is needed to explore additional determinants of medication adherence and develop tailored interventions to improve patient outcomes post-AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypertension is a global public health issue.Hypertensive heart disease is one of the top ten leading causes of death in the world.Hypertension is also a major contributor to the global disease burden of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.Poor adherence to medications is one of the major public health issue and challenge. Only one-third of the population reported successful control of blood pressure.Despite of the availability for effective treatment, over half of the patients being treated for hypertension drop out of care entirely within a year of diagnosis.Recent research suggests that poor adherence and poor compliance to antihypertensive medication (AHM) is a major hurdle in the management of hypertension and is usually associated with bad outcome of the disease and wastage of limited health care resources.Adherence to antihypertensive medication is a very effective step for controlling blood pressure and preventing complications.To prevent some of the complications of hypertension regular intake of the prescribed treatment in the form of medicines (pills) is very essential and important.The current study aimed to assess the level of compliance of hypertensive patients to their anti-hypertensive medications and to determine the socio-demographic correlates of compliance. Methods: A total of 512 patients were enrolled from the Department of Internal Medicine at King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow according to the American Heart Association ( AHA ) guidelines. Both male and female patients of age between 35-75 years on anti – hypertensive medications, providing written consent were included in the study.An institutional-based descriptive crosssectional study was conducted among hypertensive patients.A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants from the study population. Sociodemographic data, medication adherence, factors affecting adherence were collected using a structured questionnaire and an 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale questionnaire was used to assess the level of adherence. The questionnaire had 8 questions and a score of 7 or 8 was classified as good adherence, 6 as moderate, and less than 6 as non adherence. On each visit at the OPD the questionnaire was provided to the patients. Results: A total of 62 patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in 450 patients out of 512 having hypertension further completed the study.The mean (±SD) age of the study participants was 54.5 (±10.6) years.Medication adherence was good among 115 (25.6%) patients and moderate among 165 (36.7%); 170 (37.8%) patients were nonadherent. Most patients (72.7%) had uncontrolled hypertension. Nearly half (49.6%) were unable to afford monthly medication.In bivariate analysis, nonadherence was associated with female sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; P = .003) and long waiting times in the health care facility (OR, 2.93; P = .005); the presence of comorbidities (OR, 0.62; P = .01) was associated with good adherence. In multivariate analysis, nonadherence was associated with unaffordability of treatment (OR, 2.25; P = .002) and uncontrolled hypertension (OR, 3.16; P < .001). Good adherence determinants included adequate counseling (OR, 0.29; P < .001) and education (OR, 0.61; P = .02).The analysis was done using proportions and Chi-square test . Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine covariates associated with medication adherence. Conclusion: Low level of knowledge regarding hypertension related complications or associated risk factors was also noted.Patient education, family counselling, social support networks and also the use and importance of gadgets should be strengthened in health promotion programs in order to enhance compliance of hypertensive patients with the therapeutic regimen and to improve their quality of life. The level of poor adherence to antihypertensive medications and low level of knowledge on hypertension was a point of concern.The status of blood pressure control was significantly associated with the pattern of adherence.The barriers to adherence were cost of drug and more number of pills per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study was conducted to adapt the Adherence to Asthma Medication Questionnaire (AAMQ-13) into Turkish. Methods: The research was conducted in the pulmonology outpatient clinic of a state hospital in Nigde/Turkey. The sample consisted of 229 volunteers with asthma for at least one year. First, language and content validity were assessed. After evaluating the language validity and content validity of the questionnaire, internal consistency, split-half reliability, and construct validity were examined. Questionnaire and demographic data were analyzed using numbers, percentages, dependent and independent groups t-tests, correlation analysis. Results: The AAMQ-13-TR has a Cronbach's alpha (α) score of 0.90 (p < 0.001). It has a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.86. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) shows that the factor structure of the AAMQ-13-TR agrees well with the two-factor model of the original questionnaire. Conclusions: This study presented sources of evidence of validity of AAMQ-13-TR in Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to create a comprehensive framework for the development and implementation of digital medication adherence technologies (DMATech), focusing on critical stages where engagement of medication users (MU) is considered meaningful, i.e. adds significant value, as agreed upon by participating stakeholders. Methods: Through a literature review and expert consensus, a framework was outlined covering key DMATech development and implementation phases and steps. An in-person workshop with MU representatives and adherence experts, using the Nominal Group Technique, further refined these stages for MU engagement. Results: The DMATech framework included three phases: 'Innovation,' 'Research and Development,' and 'Launch and Implementation,' each encompassing multiple steps. The workshop, attended by five MU representatives and nine adherence experts, identified critical stages for MU input including context analysis, ideation, proof of concept, prototype creation, DMATech's iteration, critical evaluation, healthcare implementation, real-world assessment, and improvement. Nevertheless, there was a divergence of consensus regarding the importance of MUs engagement in regulatory, financial, and marketing aspects. Conclusions: This study provides a holistic framework for DMATech development and implementation and underscores the necessity of MU engagement at various stages. Modes of MU engagement cannot be generalized; a case-by-case evaluation of engagement strategies is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the impact of the HealthPrize RespiPoints™ program on treatment adherence and persistence in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, program participants and nonparticipants receiving tiotropium bromide (TIO) or TIO and olodaterol between 1 January 2015–31 March 2020 were propensity score matched (PSM), from the linked database of the HealthPrize patient list and IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus. Treatment adherence, persistence, healthcare resource utilization, and costs were compared. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the odds of adherence (≥80% proportion of days covered [PDC]), adjusted risk of discontinuation, and adjusted total healthcare costs. Results: Program participants (n = 262) demonstrated a 44% greater adherence during followup than nonparticipants (n = 262) (mean [standard deviation] PDC: 0.72 [0.27] vs 0.50 [0.36], p < 0.0001). Participants had higher odds of adherence vs nonparticipants (adjusted odds ratio: 2.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.72–3.66, p < 0.0001) and a lower percentage of participants discontinued their index medication (19.85% vs 33.59%, p = 0.0004). Fewer participants were hospitalized during follow-up (13.74% vs 17.56%, p = 0.23); adjusted total medical costs were 24% lower (p = 0.08). Higher pharmacy costs partially offset lower healthcare costs. Conclusions: Program participants showed improved COPD medication adherence and persistence compared to nonparticipants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nonadherence to antiseizure medications (ASMs) is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, health care utilization, and costs. Areas covered: This article reviewed 18 randomized controlled trials published between Jan 2010 and Feb 2024 on Medication Adherence Enhancing Intervention (MAEI) for people with epilepsy. The adequacy of reporting intervention development process was assessed using the GUIDance for the rEporting of intervention Development (GUIDED). The adequacy of the intervention description was assessed using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist. The interventions were categorized as educational (n = 7), behavioral (n = 5), or mixed (n = 6). The impact of MAEIs on adherence is mixed with majority of studies either reporting no difference between intervention and control groups (n = 6) or improvement in the intervention group (n = 7). The shortcomings in the reporting of MAEIs development, MAEIs description, and MAEIs impact measurement were discussed. Expert opinion: Future research needs to accomplish the following tasks: 1) develop and test valid epilepsy-specific self-report measures for assessing adherence; 2) optimize intervention design; and 3) increase transparency in reporting all stages of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Suboptimal medication adherence is common among patients with cardiovascular diseases. We sought evidence on non-pharmacological interventions used to support adherence for patients with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process, ClinicalTrials.gov, EUCTR, and conference proceedings from July 2011 to July 2021 to identify trials evaluating effects of health education, phone reminders, or digital interventions on medication adherence or persistence of adult patients with hypertension and/or dyslipidemia. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool v2. Results: Of 64 studies, 62 used health education approaches (e.g. educational interviews, motivational meetings, advice from physicians, and mobile health content), 16 phone reminders (e.g. text reminders, electronic pill-box linked reminders, bi-directional text messaging), and 10 digital applications as interventions (e.g., various self-management applications). All studies assessed medication adherence; only two persistence. Overall, 30 studies (83%) assessing health education approaches alone and 25 (78%) combined with other strategies, 12 (75%) phone reminders and eight studies (80%) digital applications combined with other strategies reported improved medication adherence. Two studies assessing health education approaches reported improved persistence. Conclusions: Our findings indicate non-pharmacological interventions may positively impact adherence. Therefore, 'beyond the pill' approaches could play a role in preventing cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacological drugs and medications are being widely used for the control of non-communicable diseases like hypertension. Hill-Bone--Compliance to High Blood Pressure Therapy Scale (HB-HBP) is a newly developed specific questionnaire for assessing the anti-hypertensive medication adherence. Hence, this study was done to translate the HB-HBP in Tamil and to assess the construct validity and reliability of the Tamil version. Materials and Methods: Translation of HB-HBP to native language, Tamil was done by experts and piloted with subsample of hypertensive patients from rural Puducherry. Final Tamil-translated HB-HBP was administered among 328 Tamilspeaking hypertensive patients in the selected villages of rural Puducherry (union territory in South India). Construct validity was assessed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) through the principal component method. Based on the minimum average partial and parallel analysis, three-factor model was distinguished. Confirmatory factor analysis was done to obtain the goodness-of-fit. Reliability of questionnaire was assessed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Three factor structures were obtained with eigenvalues of 6.5045, 2.8165, and 1.2261, respectively, which accounted for 75.34% of variance. Three-factor model assessed by the confirmatory factor method found Chi-square value of 1055.048 (P value <0.001). Goodness of fit revealed acceptable comparative fit index (0.773), Tucker-Lewis index (0721), standardized root mean square residual (0.077), and root mean square error of approximation (0.201). The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) for the scale was 0.9020. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the HB-HBP questionnaire is internally valid and consistent with a good reliability coefficient for application in Tamil-speaking patients with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine psychometric properties of the Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) in people with gout. We conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and tested internal consistency (ordinal and Cronbach's alpha coefficients) and agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient (2,1)) in ARMS scores across three timepoints (baseline, 6, and 12 months) in 487 people with gout. The Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman's rank, Kendall's tau-b correlations, and logistic regression were used to examine the criterion-related validity of the ARMS and factors associated with the ARMS. EFA suggested a one-factor structure, explaining 43.2% of total variance. High internal consistency (ordinal alpha = 0.902 at baseline) and moderate agreement in ARMS scores over time (ICCs > 0.5; p < 0.001) were observed. Lower ARMS scores (indicating better adherence) predicted achieving target serum urate (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83–0.95; p < 0.001), but not urate-lowering therapy (ULT) adherence (Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) ≥ 80%) (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81–1.05; p = 0.261). Negative correlations between ARMS and PDC were not statistically significant (Kendall's tau-b, r = − 0.126, p = 0.078; Spearman's rho = − 0.173, p < 0.073). Differences in median ARMS scores (IQR) of 16 (14–20), 13 (12–15), and 17.5 (15–21) in three groups of participants who reported (1) not taking ULT, (2) taking ULT and adherent, and (3) taking ULT but not adherent, respectively, were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Age was the only patient factor independently associated with optimal adherence (ARMS score = 12) (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.50–2.43; p < 0.001). The ARMS is a reliable and valid measure of medication adherence behaviours in people with gout, justifying its use in gout medication adherence research. Key Points • Valid, practical, and efficient methods of measuring adherence to medications are needed in people with gout. • Commonly used medication adherence questionnaires have limited validity or have not been validated in people with gout. • The Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) has been proven valid and practical in many chronic illnesses but has not been validated in people with gout. • We showed the ARMS is valid and reliable for use in people with gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rationale for screening for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is debated as a prevention strategy. However, research shows that when preventive medication is initiated after screening for CVD, mortality rates decrease, especially among men. When implementing screening programmes, facilitating citizens' informed decisions and empowering their autonomy in the decision‐making process are crucial. We therefore aimed to explore citizens' perspectives on and decisions regarding initiating cardiovascular preventive medication for screen‐detected CVD. Methods: We employed an exploratory qualitative design using semi‐structured interviews to investigate participants' perspectives on and decisions regarding initiating cardiovascular preventive medication for screen‐detected CVD. Twelve interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's six‐step approach. Findings: We found one overall theme, Being on a continuum between wellness and illness, with two underlying sub‐themes. Sub‐theme (1) Navigating mixed feelings and pathways reflects participants' perspectives on CVD preventive medication, which were positioned on a continuum with shifting perspectives. The state between wellness and illness was experienced as liminal and characterised by uncertainty and concerns about CVD risk. (2) Navigating medication decisions: a negotiated process. Pivotal medical decisions hinged on trust in authorities or own judgement, influenced by attitudes towards the need for medication, perception of meaningfulness, asymptomatic condition, age, family responsibility and predisposition. Participants' medical decisions were supported and impacted by significant others. Conclusion: We uncovered a continuum of shifting perspectives ranging from feeling improved health to experiencing fear of CVD. For certain citizens, it is like navigating between these contrasting feelings. The perceived necessity and meaningfulness, in particular, shape medical decisions. Providing support for informed decisions is crucial and includes significant others. Shared decision‐making with healthcare professionals as facilitators is needed. Future research is warranted to investigate how to embrace the various perspectives on initiating CVD preventive medication in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Medication nonadherence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) leads to poor clinical outcomes. We developed a clinician-led adherence intervention that involves reviewing real-time pharmacy refill data and using effective communication to address nonadherence. Prior pilot testing showed promising effects on medication adherence. Here, we describe further evaluation of how clinicians implemented the intervention and identify areas for improvement. Methods. We audio recorded encounters of clinicians with patients who were nonadherent (90-day proportion of days covered [PDC] < 80% for SLE medications). We coded recordings for intervention components performed, communication quality, and time spent discussing adherence. We also conducted semistructured interviews with patients and clinicians on their experiences and suggestions for improving the intervention. We assessed change in 90-day PDC post intervention. Results. We included 25 encounters with patients (median age 39, 100% female, 72% Black) delivered by 6 clinicians. Clinicians performed most intervention components consistently and exhibited excellent communication, as coded by objective coders. Adherence discussions took an average of 3.8 minutes, and 44% of patients had = 20% increase in PDC post intervention. In structured interviews, many patients felt heard and valued and described being more honest about nonadherence and more motivated to take SLE medications. Patients emphasized patient-clinician communication and financial and logistical assistance as areas for improvement. Some clinicians wanted additional resources and training to improve adherence conversations. Conclusion. We provide further evidence to support the feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity of the adherence intervention. Future work will optimize clinician training and evaluate the intervention's effectiveness in a large, randomized trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pilot study explored whether a socially assistive robot (SAR) would have positive effects on Korean American immigrant older adults' health behaviors and emotional well-being and whether the older adults would be receptive to the SAR. A total of 30 participants (age 65+) in a large metropolitan area participated in the study, and each participant was provided a SAR named Hyodol for 4 months and interacted with it in ways that they saw appropriate. We used one-group pre- and post-test design to assess changes between baseline and follow-up in medication adherence, depressive symptoms, loneliness, and disability. Additionally, we employed in-depth qualitative interviews to explore participants' perceptions about the SAR. At post-test, participants showed improved medication adherence, reduced depressive symptoms, and a slightly and statistically nonsignificant decrease in loneliness scores. Qualitative data suggested high adoptability of this particular SAR among the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication adherence (MA) to recommended treatment is a multi-faceted problem and an ongoing challenge for healthcare providers (HCPs) to monitor. This qualitative study with 10 HCPs in Cyprus aims to explore HCPs' perceptions and strategies used on addressing medication non-adherence (MNA) in patients with chronic conditions. Two main themes emerged from the analysis reflecting the ways that HCPs described their reactions to MNA of their patients: (1) "Relying on information provision to improve MA" and (2) "Trying to understand patients' perspective." HCPs reported empathizing with patients and engaging in discussions to understand patients' perspective and reasons for MNA, so as to explore alternative solutions. Simultaneously, some HCPs reflected that the techniques used to improve MA are solely centered around information on medication and side-effects. HCPs experienced an internal conflict between providing patient-centered care versus using directive approaches to improve MA. Findings suggest how HCPs could thoroughly address patients' individual barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is a multifactorial disease state that requires adequate patient monitoring for improved health outcomes. Diabetes knowledge and attitude, and associated factors such as medication adherence, medication discrepancy, health literacy, and glycemic control were evaluated in this study. The selected factors were also compared with diabetes knowledge and attitude. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among ambulatory diabetes patients in three tertiary healthcare facilities in Nigeria. An interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 188 diabetes patients participated in the study; 51 (27.1%) at the Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, 69 (36.7%) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, and 68 (36.2%) at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin. One hundred and twelve (59.6%) female patients participated in the study and patients' average age was 58.69 ± 13.68 years. Medication discrepancy was observed among 101 (53.7%) patients. One hundred and three (54.8%), 47 (25.0%) and 38 (20.2%) had high, medium, and low medication adherence, respectively. Ninety-one (48.4%) had high health literacy. Mean diabetes knowledge score was 14.64 ± 2.55 points out of a maximum obtainable score of 18 points. Mean diabetes attitude of patients was 62.50 ± 6.86 points out of a maximum obtainable score of 70 points. Significant positive association was observed between diabetes knowledge and health literacy (Beta = 0.021, p = 0.029). Diabetes knowledge was higher in patients with higher level of formal education (p = 0.046), higher diabetes attitude (p < 0.001) and high health literacy (p = 0.002). Patients' diabetes attitude was higher in individuals older than 60 years of age (p = 0.029), and those with high health literacy (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The diabetes patients displayed good disease knowledge, attitude and medication adherence. Average levels of health literacy and medication discrepancy was observed among the patients. Significant differences were observed between patients' diabetes knowledge and level of formal education, diabetes attitude, health literacy and age. Patients' health literacy was significantly associated with diabetes knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly individuals face an increased likelihood of developing chronic diseases such as diabetes. Self-care practices and medication adherence play crucial roles in preventing complications and adverse effects of this condition. Therefore, this study aimed to determine self-care behaviors, medication adherence status, and related factors among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 374 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes who visited educational healthcare centers in Qazvin, Iran, during 2023 (March–September). Sampling was performed using the convenience method. Data collection instruments included a demographic characteristics checklist, the summary of diabetes self-care activities questionnaire, and the Morisky medication adherence scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-22 software, employing the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, mean, standard deviation, univariate and multivariate regression analyses. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The mean age of participants was 67.56 ± 5.93 years. In the self-care questionnaire, the highest score pertained to adherence to the diet recommended by the treating physician (3.16 ± 1.87). In contrast, the lowest scores were related to the frequency of checking inside shoes (0.17 ± 0.93) and foot examination (0.31 ± 1.07), respectively. Furthermore, results in self-care behaviors indicated that with increasing education levels, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) significantly decreased (P = 0.048). This variable was considerably higher in rural residents than in urban dwellers (P = 0.016). Additionally, the frequency of blood glucose measurements was significantly higher in urban residents than in rural inhabitants (p = 0.006). Based on the results, the mean score for medication adherence among patients was 5.53 ± 1.65. Based on our findings, the level of self-care in physical activity, SMBG, and foot care among the elderly is below average. Furthermore, medication adherence in these patients is poor. We expect that managers and policymakers take steps to reduce complications and improve these two variables by developing educational programs on self-care and emphasizing the importance of treatment adherence for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication adherence is an essential aspect of healthcare for patients and is important for achieving medical objectives. However, the lack of standard techniques for measuring adherence is a global concern, making it challenging to accurately monitor and measure patient medication regimens. The use of sensor technology for medication adherence monitoring has received much attention lately since it makes it possible to continuously observe patients' medication adherence behavior. Sensor devices or smart wearables utilize state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) methods to analyze intricate data patterns and provide predictions accurately. The key aim of this work is to develop a sensor-based hand gesture recognition model to predict medication activities. In this research, a smart sensor device-based hand gesture prediction model is developed to recognize medication intake activities. The device includes a tri-axial gyroscope, geometric, and accelerometer sensors to sense and gather data from hand gestures. A smartphone application gathers hand gesture data from the sensor device, which is then stored in the cloud database in a.csv format. These data are collected, processed, and classified to recognize the medication intake activity using the proposed novel neural network model called Sea Horse Optimization–Deep Neural Network (SHO-DNN). The SHO technique is implemented to update the biases and weights and the number of hidden layers in the DNN model. By updating these parameters, the DNN model is improved in classifying the samples of hand gestures to identify the medication activities. The research model demonstrates impressive performance, with an accuracy of 98.59%, sensitivity of 97.82%, precision of 98.69%, and an F1 score of 98.48%. Hence, the proposed model outperformed the most available models in all the aforementioned aspects. The results indicate that this model is a promising approach for medication adherence monitoring in healthcare applications, instilling confidence in its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The World Health Organization reports that depression affects more than 280 million people globally. Women are approximately 50% more likely to experience depression compared to men. Depression during pregnancy leads to deterioration of the mother's and the fetus's health. We aim to explore women's perceptions and attitudes toward using antidepressants and to identify the factors that influence decision-making regarding antidepressant use. Method: A cross-sectional survey, employing a convenience sampling method, was conducted on a university campus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The survey was developed by the investigators and validated by health practitioners. Answers were reported using a 5-point Likert scale. The responses were summed up to give a total score for each respondent. Respondents who scored above or equal 75% of the total score was considered positive perception or favorable attitude. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing participants' perception and attitude toward taking antidepressants. Results: A total of 991 subjects were surveyed. The majority of women had negative perceptions and favorable attitudes towards using antidepressants during pregnancy reaching 64%. While women with positive perceptions and favorable attitudes represented about 20% of the study subjects. Participants reported that social stigma, religious beliefs, and fear of addiction significantly influenced their attitudes toward antidepressant use. Conclusions: This study explores women's perceptions of depression and antidepressant use, revealing that a significant proportion of Saudi women have a negative perception. The research emphasizes the need for tailored awareness programs to promote informed decision-making regarding antidepressant usage among Saudi women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older adult patients are particularly vulnerable to medication-related issues during the discharge process. To enhance medication discharge education and patient experience, a written medication reminder, incorporating crucial medication side effects and warning signs, was implemented in medicine wards. This study aimed to examine the influence of this reminder on patient experience and medication-taking behaviors among older adults in public healthcare settings. Methods: Two separate rounds of cross-sectional surveys were conducted before and after the program implementation among different discharged patients in each round. The study enrolled older adult patients aged ≥ 65 or their caregivers discharged from the medical wards of four pilot public hospitals in Hong Kong. A structured questionnaire was administered via telephone within 14 days of the patient's discharge. The survey assessed patients' experience with the provided medication information during discharge, including the clarity, adequacy, and usefulness of the information, as well as their overall experience with inpatient services. The self-reported medication-taken behaviors, including adherence and side-effect encounters, were also measured. Results: A total of 1,265 responses were collected before the implementation of the medication reminder, and 1,426 responses were obtained after the implementation. Pre/post-implementation survey comparison showed significant improvement in patient experience regarding the clarity of the provided medication information (7.93 ± 1.84 vs. 8.18 ± 1.69, P = 0.002), adequacy (7.92 ± 1.93 vs. 8.15 ± 1.76, P = 0.014), and usefulness (8.06 ± 1.80 vs. 8.26 ± 1.70, P = 0.017), significantly positive experience on the overall discharge information (β coefficient, 0.43 [95%CI, 0.30 to 0.56]) and inpatient service (β coefficient, 0.47 [95%CI, 0.32 to 0.61]). In addition, the side effects encounters were significantly lower in the post-implementation survey group (11.6% vs. 9.0%, P = 0.04) and no statistical difference was found in self-reported medication adherence between the two groups. Conclusions: The provision of written medication reminders on key medication risks effectively improved older adult patients' experience and reduced side effects without any unintended negative consequences. The findings can serve as a reference for similar settings seeking to enhance post-discharge care among older adult patients. Future studies could investigate the influence in other specialties and age groups and include clinical outcomes to test the program's effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Nanjing Medical University: Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Nanjing Medicial University (NMU) Medical Publications Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims Although many studies have examined the predictors of medication adherence (MA), further empirical research is required to clarify the best model for predicting MA for older adults with heart failure (HF). Thus, we hypothesized a model in which information (knowledge), motivation (social support and depressive symptoms), and behavioural skills (barriers to self-efficacy) would be associated with MA in patients with HF. Methods and results Using a cross-sectional survey, 153 adults aged ≥ 65 years taking medication for HF were recruited from a university hospital in Korea. Data were collected based on the information–motivation–behavioural skills (IMB) model constructs and MA. In the hypothesized path model, self-efficacy was directly related to MA (β = −0.335, P = 0.006), whereas social support was indirectly related to MA through self-efficacy (β = −0.078, P = 0.027). Depressive symptoms were directly related to MA (β = 0.359, P = 0.004) and indirectly related to MA through self-efficacy (β = 0.141, P = 0.004). The hypothesized MA model showed a good fit for the data. Knowledge, social support, and depressive symptoms accounted for 44.3% of the variance in self-efficacy (P = 0.004). Left ventricular ejection fraction, knowledge, social support, depressive symptoms, and self-efficacy explained 64.4% of the variance in MA (P = 0.004). Conclusion These results confirmed the IMB model's suitability for predicting MA in older adults with HF. These findings may guide and inform intervention programmes designed to alleviate depressive symptoms in older adults with HF and enhance their HF knowledge, social support, and self-efficacy, with the ultimate goal of improving their MA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The primary aim of this scoping review was to explore and categorize the medication-related self-care behaviours exhibited by patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who are on oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy. Methods and results A scoping review was performed, and the systematic search of the literature yielded an initial 887 records. After deduplication and screening, 61 studies were included in the analysis, ranging from 2003 to 2023. The studies represented a wide geographical distribution and diverse methodologies. The results identified 16 self-care behaviours: a higher focus of the included literature on self-care monitoring (60.65% of studies), followed by self-care management and self-care maintenance (each 16.39%). These behaviours ranged from regular blood testing to consulting healthcare providers and lifestyle changes. The results also highlighted the relationship between treatment satisfaction, self-efficacy, and adherence. Several studies emphasized the critical role of healthcare providers in influencing medication adherence. Furthermore, patient knowledge, quality of life, and psychological factors were identified as key elements affecting self-care behaviours. Conclusion The review provides a comprehensive landscape of medication-related self-care behaviours among NVAF patients on OAC therapy. It underscores the predominance of self-care monitoring behaviours and the critical roles of healthcare providers, psychological factors, and patient knowledge in influencing these behaviours. The findings also highlight the necessity for an integrated, patient-centred approach to improving self-care and self-management in OAC treatment. Future research should focus on addressing the identified gaps, including the relative lack of studies on lifestyle modification, emotional well-being, and technology-assisted interventions. Registration This review is part of a broader project and is documented at ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT05820854. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Medicare supplement insurance, or Medigap, covers 21% of Medicare beneficiaries. Despite offsetting some out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses, remaining OOP costs may pose a barrier to medication adherence. This study aims to evaluate how OOP costs and insurance plan types influence medication adherence among beneficiaries covered by Medicare supplement plans. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of the Merative MarketScan Medicare Supplement Database (2017–2019) in Medigap enrollees (≥65 years) with hypertension. The proportion of days covered (PDC) was a continuous measure of medication adherence and was also dichotomized (PDC ≥0.8) to quantify adequate adherence. Beta-binomial and logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between these outcomes and insurance plan type and log-transformed OOP costs, adjusting for patient characteristics. RESULTS Among 27,407 patients with hypertension, the average PDC was 0.68 ± 0.31; 47.5% achieved adequate adherence. A mean $1 higher in 30-day OOP costs were associated with a 0.06 (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: −0.09 to −0.03) lower probability of adequate adherence, or a 5% (95% CI: 4%–7%) decrease in PDC. Compared with comprehensive plan enrollees, the odds of adequate adherence were lower among those with point-of-service plans (odds ratio [OR]: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.62–0.77), but higher among those with preferred provider organization (PPO) plans (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01–1.15). Moreover, the association between OOP costs and PDC was significantly greater for PPO enrollees. CONCLUSIONS While Medicare supplement insurance alleviates some OOP costs, different insurance plans and remaining OOP costs influence medication adherence. Reducing patient cost-sharing may improve medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To propose a paradigm change for the validation procedures of medication adherence questionnaires. Methods: A total of 121 validation procedures of unique questionnaires for medication adherence were analyzed. Results: "Construct validity" and "internal consistency" were most often assessed, and test results varied largely. A more in-depth analysis indicated that the assessment of medication non-adherence included distinct but related constructs, such as the extent to which doses are missed, and the attempt to identify different facets of medication-taking behavior. Consequently, each construct requires a different measurement approach with different psychometric tests for establishing its validity and reliability. Conclusion: Results show that assessing the validity and reliability of adherence questionnaires with standard procedures including statistical tests is inconclusive. Refinement of the constructs of non-adherence is needed in pharmacy and medical practice. We suggest a distinction between the (i) extent of missed doses over the past 2 weeks, (ii) modifiable reasons for non-adherence behavior, and (iii) unmodifiable factors of non-adherence. Validation procedures and corresponding statistical methods should be selected according to the specific single constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: This systematic review examines the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) on medication adherence for preventing recurrent stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception to 12 June 2023. Randomized controlled trials comparing MI with usual care or interventions without MI in participants with any stroke type were identified and summarized descriptively. Primary outcome was medication adherence. Secondary outcomes were quality of life (QoL) and different clinical outcomes. We assessed risk of bias with RoB 2 (revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool) and intervention complexity with the iCAT_SR (intervention Complexity Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews). Results: We screened 691 records for eligibility and included four studies published in five articles. The studies included a total of 2751 participants, and three were multicentric. Three studies had a high risk of bias, and interventions varied in complexity. Two studies found significantly improved medication adherence, one at 9 (96.9% vs. 88.2%, risk ratio = 1.098, 95% confidence interval = 1.03–1.17) and one at 12 months (97.0% vs. 95.0%, p = 0.026), but not at other time points, whereas two other studies reported no significant changes. No significant differences were found in QoL or clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Evidence on MI appears inconclusive for improving medication adherence for recurrent stroke and TIA prevention, with no benefits on QoL and clinical outcomes. There is a need for robustly designed studies and process evaluations of MI as a complex intervention for people with stroke. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42023433284). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: In glaucoma patients, it is observed that intraocular pressure (IOP) in non-surgical eyes decreases during hospitalization, but detailed data have not been reported. This study aimed to examine changes in IOP in the non-surgical eyes of patients admitted for glaucoma surgery. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included 487 patients (254 males, 233 females). Statistical analysis was performed separately for groups that were and were not under medication treatment. (3) Results: In non-surgical eyes, the difference in IOP between admission and discharge was −1.6 ± 4.8 mmHg (95% confidence interval (CI), −2.1 to −1.2; p < 0.0001) with a significant decrease in the medication group (n = 414), while it was −0.6 ± 4.8 mmHg with no significant change observed (95% confidence interval (CI), −1.7 to 0.57; p = 0.33) in the non-medication group (n = 73). Multiple regression analysis of the medication group showed that IOP at admission (p < 0.0001) and older age (p = 0.03) were associated with the reduction or the rate of reduction in IOP. (4) Conclusions: IOP in the non-surgical eyes of patients admitted for glaucoma surgery with medication decreased during hospitalization. The reduction was more pronounced in individuals with higher IOP at admission and in older patients. It is possible that improved medication adherence contributes to the lowering of IOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the availability of various tools for measuring medication adherence, efficiently identifying non-adherence levels and reasons at the point of care remains challenging. Existing tools often lack the ease of use needed for practical clinical application. This study aimed to develop and validate a user-friendly tool to provide healthcare professionals with a concise yet comprehensive means of identifying adherence behaviors. The methodology consisted of two phases: tool items were first developed using the nominal group technique with healthcare professionals, followed by a cross-sectional pilot study involving community-dwelling adults in Croatia. Validation analysis indicated acceptable face and content validity and satisfactory criterion validity, with Attitudes towards meDication adHErence self-Reported questionnairE (ADHERE-7) scores correlating with both the self-reported five-item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5 tool) (ρ = 0.765; p < 0.001) and an objective measure of the proportion of days covered (PDC) from pharmacy prescription claims data (G = 0.586; p = 0.015). Construct validity revealed three factors: Aversion, Comfort, and Practical Non-Adherence, with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.617 for Aversion and 0.714 for Comfort Non-Adherence. The mean total score for ADHERE-7 was 26.27 ± 2.41 (range 17 to 28). This robust validation process confirms the ADHERE-7 tool as a reliable instrument for assessing medication adherence, addressing aversion, comfort, practical issues, and both intentional and unintentional nonadherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This research aims to provide an overview of the consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence (noninitiation, suboptimal implementation, nonpersistence) in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Methods: This research was conducted by combining a literature review and qualitative semistructured interviews with key opinion leaders. Based on this groundwork, the consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence in RCTs were summarized and reported in a figure. This study focused on phases II, III and post‐marketing in ambulatory settings across a variety of therapeutic areas and indications. Results: Various consequences of nonadherence in RCTs were investigated. In phase II, drug efficacy may be underestimated, variability in the outcomes may be high and a distorted picture of side effects could be reported, resulting in an uncertain impression of the investigational product's profile and complicating decision‐making. The sponsor may need to increase the sample size of the upcoming phase III study to improve its power, representing additional costs, or even terminate the study. In phase III, similar phenomena may be observed, making demonstration of efficacy to the regulatory bodies more difficult. Lastly, after commercialization, a distortion in pharmacometrics may occur: the drug may underperform, prescriptions may be refilled less often than expected or extra expenses may be incurred by the payers. This can result in post‐marketing dose reduction, new competitors coming into the market and, eventually, product withdrawal. Conclusions: This research highlighted the many potential adverse consequences of undiagnosed nonadherence in RCTs, including additional costs. Collecting accurate data appeared to be crucial for decision‐making throughout the drug development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral liquid prednisolone medications have poor acceptance among paediatric patients due to ineffective masking of the bitterness taste of prednisolone. This study aimed to develop a child-friendly prednisolone tablet using a patented chewable chocolate-based delivery system (CDS) previously applied successfully to mask the bitterness tastes of midazolam and tramadol. Prednisolone sodium phosphate (PSP) and prednisolone base (PB) CDS tablets were prepared, and the manufacturing process was optimised using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. Stability was assessed by quantifying residual drug content via a validated HPLC assay. A pilot randomised crossover taste study involving 25 young adult volunteers evaluated taste-masking effectiveness against Redipred™, a commercial oral PSP liquid medicine. The results showed that the PSP CDS tablet was chemically stable following storage for three months at ambient temperature, while the PB CDS tablet was unstable. The optimised PSP CDS tablet, manufactured at 50 °C with a stirring time of 26 h, was found to release over 80% of its drug load within 20 min in 0.1 M HCl and had a significantly better mean taste score compared to Redipred™ (7.08 ± 2.40 vs. 5.60 ± 2.33, p = 0.03). Fifty six percent of the participants preferred the PSP CDS tablet. In conclusion, compared to Redipred™, the CDS technology provided a more effective taste masking of PSP, potentially offering a child-friendly prednisolone formulation with improved compliance, dosing accuracy, and storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medication use in older adults is increasing, therefore, reducing the risk of suboptimal medicine use is imperative in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. Research suggests that factors such as personal beliefs and beliefs about medicines may be associated with non-adherence and inappropriate medicine use. Aim: To systematically review and identify quantitative research on the influence of beliefs about medicines and the relationship with suboptimal medicine use in older adults. Method: Searches were conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO for quantitative studies (inception to March 2023). Inclusion criteria: (1) exposure: participants' beliefs (personal, cultural, and medication-related), (2) outcomes: polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medicines use, or non-adherence, and (3) participants: community-dwelling adults 65 years or above. Study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal (Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist) were completed independently by two investigators. Data were combined in a narrative synthesis and presented in a summary of findings table. Results: Nineteen articles were included: 15 cross-sectional and four cohort studies. Outcomes of included papers were as follows; adherence (n = 18) and potentially inappropriate medicine use (n = 1). Ten studies found stronger beliefs in the necessity of medicines and/or fewer concerns led to better adherence, with one paper contradicting these findings. Three studies did not find associations between adherence and beliefs. One study confirmed an association between unnecessary drug use and a lack of belief in a "powerful other" (e.g. doctor). Conclusion: Further investigation is necessary to (1) ascertain the importance of necessity or concern beliefs in fostering adherence and, (2) examine the influence of beliefs on polypharmacy and inappropriate medicine use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary medication non-adherence describes the situation when a first prescription for a new medication is never filled. Primary non-adherence is an important, yet understudied aspect of reduced effectiveness of pharmacotherapy. This review summarizes the frequency, impact, reasons, predictors, and interventions regarding primary non-adherence to cardiovascular/cardiometabolic drugs. The current literature reveals a high prevalence of primary non-adherence. The individual risk of primary non-adherence is determined on multiple factors, e.g., primary non-adherence of lipid-lowering drugs is higher compared to antihypertensive medications. However, the overall rate of primary non-adherence is > 10%. Additionally, this review identifies specific areas for research to better understand why patients forgo evidence-based beneficial pharmacotherapy and to explore targeted interventions. At the same time, measures to reduce primary non-adherence—once proven to be effective—may represent an important new opportunity to reduce cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PositiveLinks (PL) is a mHealth platform to support care engagement by people with HIV (PWH). Daily reminders prompt the user to report medication adherence, mood, and daily stress. Higher response rate to PL check-ins has been associated with better suppression of viral load over 6–18 months. We conducted a retrospective chart review for a three-year period collecting demographic information, average mood and stress scores, and all viral loads obtained in usual patient care. We performed multivariable logistic regression modeling to identify factors associated with loss of viral load suppression and a time-to-event survival analysis until first unsuppressed viral load stratified by PL usage. Of the 513 PWH included, 103 had at least one episode of viral non-suppression. Low users of PL were more likely to have an unsuppressed viral load with an adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) of 5.8 (95% CI 3.0-11.5, p < 0.001). Protective factors included older age (aOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.93–0.98, p = 0.003) and income above the federal poverty level (FPL) (aOR 0.996; 95% CI 0.995–0.998, p < 0.001). High PL use was also associated with better viral load suppression (VLS) over time (p < 0.0001 ((aHR) of 0.437 (95% CI 0.290–0.658, p < 0.001)) after adjusting for age and FPL. High stress scores were related to subsequent loss of viral suppression in an exploratory analysis. High check-in response rate on the PL app, older age, and higher income are associated with sustained VLS over time. Conversely, lack of response to check-ins or increased reported stress may signal a need for additional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Little is known about health literacy in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) and how health literacy relates to medication adherence and psychosocial outcomes in this high-risk population. The objective of this study was to evaluate health literacy in adolescents and young adults with cSLE and its association with medication adherence and quality of life. Methods: Youth 10–24 years with cSLE (n = 48) completed the Brief Healthy Literacy Screen (BHLS) and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) to assess health literacy. Participants also completed validated measures of medication adherence and quality of life. Descriptive analyses were used to determine levels of health literacy. Bivariate correlations were used to evaluate associations between measures of health literacy with adherence and quality of life. A multivariable regression analyses was used to determine if health literacy was a significant predictor of adherence or quality of life, after adjusting for age, sex, race, and household income. Results: Inadequate health literacy was common in this population, with 67% of youth categorized as having inadequate health literacy by the BHLS and 42% by the NVS. Higher medication adherence was associated with a higher BHLS score (r=.36, p =.017). BHLS was also significantly associated with better quality of life (r = 0.31, p =.034). Conclusion: Inadequate health literacy is prevalent among youth with cSLE. Higher health literacy is associated with higher medication adherence and better quality of life, suggesting that attention to health literacy could improve outcomes for this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Millions of people living with HIV (PLWH) take oral antiretroviral therapy (ART), which requires a lifetime of consistent medication adherence. The relationship between adherence and poor HIV outcomes is well documented. Newer ART regimens that include dolutegravir (DTG) could be more forgiving, but empirical evidence on the relationship between adherence and viral suppression under DTG is only emerging. Methods: In this observational cohort study (secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial), we used data from 313 ART clients from a large HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Over the 4‐year study period (January 2018–January 2022), 91% switched from non‐DTG regimens to DTG regimens. We measured adherence using Medication Event Monitoring Systems‐caps and extracted prescription information and viral load measures from electronic health records. We estimated unadjusted linear regressions and adjusted models that included individual and time fixed‐effects. Results: Under non‐DTG regimens, 96% of participants were virally suppressed (defined as viral load < 200 copies/ml) when adherence was 90% or higher in the 3 months before viral load measurement. Viral suppression was 32 percentage points lower when adherence was between 0% and 49% (95% CI −0.44, −0.20, p < 0.01), 12 percentage points lower when adherence was between 50% and 79% (95% CI −0.23, −0.02, p < 0.01), and not significantly different when adherence was between 80% and 89% (effect of 0.00, 95% CI −0.06, 0.07, p = 0.81). In contrast, for participants taking DTG, there was no statistically significant difference in viral suppression among any of the four adherence levels; more than 95% were virally suppressed at each adherence level. On average, switching to DTG increased viral suppression by 6 percentage points in our adjusted models (95% CI 0.00, 0.13, p = 0.03). Conclusions: There was no significant association between adherence levels and viral suppression among PLWH taking DTG regimens, suggesting a high degree of forgiveness for missed doses. The use of DTG should be prioritized over older regimens, particularly for those with low adherence. Clinical Trial Number: NCT03494777. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between exposure to community violence and HIV care engagement among 107 Black gay or bisexual men living with HIV in Chicago. Measures assessed the importance of demographic covariates (age, annual income, health insurance status, and years living with HIV), community violence exposures, mental health, social support, in explaining variations in missed doses of antiretroviral therapy (ART) medication and missed HIV care appointments. Results showed that participants who reported higher rates of exposure to community violence were two times more likely to have missed ART doses and HIV care appointments. Participants who reported depression scores were two times more likely to have greater non-ART adherence. Finally, older participants were more likely to report fewer missed ART doses. More research is needed to clarify the mechanisms between age or depression and ART adherence given community violence exposure. Health care providers should screen for depression when attempting to promote better ART adherence and keeping HIV care appointments for Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV. Younger Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV may be more vulnerable than older men for missed ART doses and may require additional screening and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/Aims: Sodium phenylbutyrate–taurursodiol (PB‐TURSO) was recently approved for treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Third‐party payors' coverage policies are evolving, and adverse events are just being fully assessed. The goals of this study were to evaluate patients' experiences in obtaining and continuing PB‐TURSO and assess adverse events and medication adherence. Methods: Medical records of 109 ALS patients who were considered PB‐TURSO candidates by the treating physician at a tertiary ALS clinic from October 2022 to May 2023 were reviewed. Data was recorded for demographics, clinical, and insurance information. A survey was e‐mailed to patients asking about out‐of‐pocket expenses for PB‐TURSO, financial assistance, medication start and (if applicable) stop dates, and reasons for discontinuation. Results: Insurance information was available for 91 patients [57 males (62%); mean age 64.8 years (range 25.7–88)]. Of 79 who applied for insurance approval, 71 (90%) were approved; however, 19 required 1–3 appeals. Among 73 patients with available data about medication status, 54 started PB‐TURSO and 19 did not, most commonly due to personal choice or out‐of‐pocket expenses. About 44% of patients (24/54) stopped taking PB‐TURSO, primarily due to adverse events. Monthly out‐of‐pocket expenses varied from $0 to $3500 and 36 patients qualified for financial assistance. Administrative and nursing staff devoted 7.2 hours/week to the insurance authorization process. Discussion: Most patients received insurance approval for PB‐TURSO, but one‐fourth required appeals. Some out‐of‐pocket costs were very high. Investment of staff time was substantial. These findings have implications for insurance coverage of, and adherence to, future ALS treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, about 18 million people died from cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in 2019, over three-quarters in developing countries. Non-adherence to medication in CVD patients causes hospitalization, worsened symptoms, higher healthcare costs, and more emergency visits. Hence, this study aimed to assess treatment satisfaction and medication adherence and predictors in heart failure (HF) patients attending Debre Berhan Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (DBCSH), Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was undertaken at the medical referral clinic of DBCSH. A total of 344 ambulatory HF patients who visited the medical care of the DBCSH medical referral clinic during the study period were included. Treatment satisfaction was assessed using a self-administered Medicine Questionnaire (SATMED-Q). Relationships between predictor variables and treatment satisfaction were determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an independent t-test. Medication adherence was determined using the Morisky Green Levin Medication Adherence Scale (MGLS). Results: Participants with drug-drug interactions (DDIs) were approximately 38% less likely to adhere to medication compared to their counterparts (AOR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.54–0.71). Additionally, participants who had taken five or more drugs were approximately 68% less likely to adhere to medication compared to those who had taken only one drug (AOR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.2–0.51). The correlation between medication adherence and drug-drug interactions remains a possible pseudo-correlation via the number of medications taken. There was a noteworthy positive correlation (rs = 0.34, p = 0.027) between participants’ treatment adherence and treatment satisfaction. Conclusion: The rate of treatment satisfaction and treatment adherence among HF patients was 67.6% and 60.9%, respectively. The presence of DDI and the number of drugs were identified as predictors to medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in China, with medication non-adherence being a significant contributor to uncontrolled T2DM. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) has shown effectiveness in chronic disease management, but few studies have applied it in online interventions for T2DM medication adherence. Aim: The study aimed to develop and investigate the effects of a TTM-based online health education program on promoting positive stage of change (SOC) movement, improving self-efficacy and medication adherence, as well as reducing HbA1c levels in newly diagnosed patients with T2DM. Methods: This sequential mixed-method study was conducted from April 2023 to March 2024. Using the TTM framework, the study initially explored 32 participants' experiences with hypoglycemic medications, health information acquisition, and perspectives on online programs. Then, a quasi-experimental study design was conducted. Two communities were randomly assigned as the intervention (n = 91) and comparison (n = 98) groups, with 189 newly diagnosed middle-aged T2DM patients from various SOC. The intervention group received short videos health education and participated in WeChat group discussions, compared with usual care in the comparison group. Data were collected at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups. Results: The intervention group was more likely to achieve positive SOC movement (P <.001, Adj OR = 13.69 95% CI = 6.76-27.71) compared to the comparison group. The intervention group also had significantly higher mean CDMSS-11 and MMAS-8 scores at 6 months (P =.03 and <.001, respectively) and more likely to achieve clinically significant glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) change at 3 months (P <.001, Adj OR = 3.91, 95% CI = 1.77-8.63) and at 6 months (P <.001, Adj OR = 5.62, 95% CI = 2.70-11.69) compared to the comparison group. Conclusion: These findings support that applying the TTM to develop an online program could promote behavior change, improve self-efficacy and medication adherence, and could lead to better glycemic control in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Usually, old age brings a poor quality of life due to illness and frailty. To prolong their lives and ensure their survival, all elderly patients with chronic diseases must adhere to their medications. In our study, we investigate medication adherence for elderly patients and its impact on the general health of the patient. Methods: We implemented a cross-sectional survey‐based study with four sections in April 2022 in Saudi Arabia. Data about the participants' demographic characteristics, the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, Patient Activation Measure (PAM) 13, and EQ-5D-5 L. Results: A total of 421 patients participated in this study, their mean age was 60.4 years, and most of them were males. Most of our population is living independently 87.9%. The vast majority of people have a low adherence record in the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (8-MMAS) classes (score = < 6). Moreover, the average PAM13 score is 51.93 (Level2) indicating a low level of confidence and sufficient knowledge to take action. Our analysis showed a significant correlation between socioeconomic status and medication adherence. Also, there was an association between housing status and medication adherence. On the other hand, we found no correlation between medication adherence and quality of life (QOL) by EQ-5D-5 L. Conclusion: Medication adherence is directly affected by living arrangements, as patients who live with a caretaker who can remind them to take their medications at the appropriate times have better medication adherence than those who live alone. Medication adherence was also significantly influenced by socioeconomic status, perhaps as a result of psychological effects and the belief of the lower-salaried population that they would be unable to afford the additional money required to cure any comorbidities that arose as a result of the disease. On the other hand, we did not find any correlation between medication adherence and quality of life. Finally, awareness of the necessity of adherence to medication for the elderly is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with significant multimorbidity and other factors that make healthcare challenging to access and coordinate are at high risk for poor health outcomes. Although most (93%) of Veterans' Health Administration (VHA) patients at high risk for hospitalization or death ("high-risk Veterans") are primarily managed by primary care teams, few of these teams have implemented evidence-based practices (EBPs) known to improve outcomes for the high-risk patient population's complex healthcare issues. Effective implementation strategies could increase adoption of these EBPs in primary care; however, the most effective implementation strategies to increase evidence-based care for high-risk patients are unknown. The high-RIsk VETerans (RIVET) Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (QUERI) will compare two variants of Evidence-Based Quality Improvement (EBQI) strategies to implement two distinct EBPs for high-risk Veterans: individual coaching (EBQI-IC; tailored training with individual implementation sites to meet site-specific needs) versus learning collaborative (EBQI-LC; implementation sites trained in groups to encourage collaboration among sites). One EBP, Comprehensive Assessment and Care Planning (CACP), guides teams in addressing patients' cognitive, functional, and social needs through a comprehensive care plan. The other EBP, Medication Adherence Assessment (MAA), addresses common challenges to medication adherence using a patient-centered approach. Methods: We will recruit and randomize 16 sites to either EBQI-IC or EBQI-LC to implement one of the EBPs, chosen by the site. Each site will have a site champion (front-line staff) who will participate in 18 months of EBQI facilitation. Analysis: We will use a mixed-methods type 3 hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation trial to test EBQI-IC versus EBQI-LC versus usual care using a Concurrent Stepped Wedge design. We will use the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM) framework to compare and evaluate Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and costs. We will then assess the maintenance/sustainment and spread of both EBPs in primary care after the 18-month implementation period. Our primary outcome will be Reach, measured by the percentage of eligible high-risk patients who received the EBP. Discussion: Our study will identify which implementation strategy is most effective overall, and under various contexts, accounting for unique barriers, facilitators, EBP characteristics, and adaptations. Ultimately this study will identify ways for primary care clinics and teams to choose implementation strategies that can improve care and outcomes for patients with complex healthcare needs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05050643. Registered September 9th, 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05050643 Protocol version: This protocol is Version 1.0 which was created on 6/3/2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the factors that influence health literacy (HL) among Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and furnish theoretical underpinnings for the development of intervention strategies aimed at enhancing patients' quality of life Methods: From May 2022 to December 2022, a comprehensive survey was conducted among both outpatients and inpatients diagnosed with (RA) in a tertiary hospital in China. The survey utilized various instruments, including a general information questionnaire, a chronic disease patient health literacy scale, the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI), the Chinesetranslated Rheumatoid Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, the Chinese-translated Rheumatoid Arthritis Stigma Scale, and the Chinese-translated Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology Treatments. Results: The average scores of HL, self-efficacy, medication adherence, and disability index were 83.54 ± 17.43, 84.91 ± 14.37, 70.16 ± 11.24, and 0.26 ± 0.44, respectively. HL in Chinese RA patients was negatively correlated with age, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), number of tender joints, number of swollen joints, and disease activity, while positively correlated with self-efficacy and medication adherence. Age, disease activity, disability index, self-efficacy, and medication adherence are predictive factors of HL, and a predictive model has been initially constructed. Conclusion: In the management of RA, healthcare professionals should develop and implement effective intervention measures by focusing on improving medication adherence, enhancing patients' self-efficacy, improving patients' physical function, and reducing disease activity. This will help enhance the health literacy and promote clinical outcomes in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and at present, India has the highest burden of acute coronary syndrome and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI). A key reason for poor outcomes is non-adherence to medication. Methods: The intervention is a 2 × 2 factorial design trial applying two interventions individually and in combination with 1:1 allocation ratio: (i) ASHA-led medication adherence initiative comprising of home visits and (ii) m-health intervention using reminders and self-reporting of medication use. This design will lead to four potential experimental conditions: (i) ASHA-led intervention, (ii) m-health intervention, (iii) ASHA and m-health intervention combination, (iv) standard of care. The cluster randomized trial has been chosen as it randomizes communities instead of individuals, avoiding contamination between participants. Subcenters are a natural subset of the health system, and they will be considered as the cluster/unit. The factorial cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) will also incorporate a nested health economic evaluation to assess the cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of the interventions on medication adherence among patients with CVDs. The sample size has been calculated to be 393 individuals per arm with 4–5 subcenters in each arm. A process evaluation to understand the effect of the intervention in terms of acceptability, adoption (uptake), appropriateness, costs, feasibility, fidelity, penetration (integration of a practice within a specific setting), and sustainability will be done. Discussion: The effect of different types of intervention alone and in combination will be assessed using a cluster randomized design involving 18 subcenter areas. The trial will explore local knowledge and perceptions and empower people by shifting the onus onto themselves for their medication adherence. The proposal is aligned to the WHO-NCD aims of improving the availability of the affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, training the health workforce and strengthening the capacity of at the primary care level, to address the control of NCDs. The proposal also helps expand the use of digital technologies to increase health service access and efficacy for NCD treatment and may help reduce cost of treatment. Trial registration: The trial has been registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI), reference number CTRI/2023/10/059095. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the critical importance of medication adherence in HIV/AIDS treatment, this study aims to compare medication adherence measured by self-report (SR) and indirect measurement among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients, exploring the differences of adherence results measured by different tools. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify all relevant literature published up to November 22, 2023, without language restrictions, reporting adherence to ART measured by both SR and indirect measurement methods, while also analyzing individual and group adherence separately. Discrepancies between SR and indirect measurement results were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with correlations evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Following one-to-one comparisons, meta-epidemiological one-step analysis was conducted, and network meta-analysis techniques were applied to compare results obtained through specific adherence assessment tools reported in the identified articles. Results: The analysis encompassed 65 original studies involving 13,667 HIV/AIDS patients, leading to 112 one-to-one comparisons between SR and indirect measurement tools. Statistically significant differences were observed between SR and indirect measurement tools regarding both individual and group adherence (P < 0.05), with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.843 for individual adherence and 0.684 for group adherence. During meta-epidemiological one-step analysis, SR-measured adherence was determined to be 3.94% (95% CI: -4.48–13.44%) higher for individual adherence and 16.14% (95% CI: 0.81–18.84%) higher for group adherence compared to indirectly measured results. Subgroup analysis indicated that factors such as the year of reporting and geographic region appeared to influence the discrepancies between SR and indirect measurements. Furthermore, network meta-analysis revealed that for both individual and group adherence, the results obtained from most SR and indirect measurement tools were higher than those from electronic monitoring devices, with some demonstrating statistical significance (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings underscored the complexity of accurately measuring medication adherence among ART patients. Significant variability was observed across studies, with self-report methods showing a significant tendency towards overestimation. Year of reporting, geographic region, and adherence measurement tools appeared to influence the differences between SR and indirect measurements. Future research should focus on developing and validating integrated adherence measurements that can combine SR data with indirect measures to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of adherence behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition characterized by significant impairment of the cardiovascular system, leading to a decline in health-related quality of life, recurrent hospitalizations, and increased mortality risk. It poses a substantial challenge for modern medicine, particularly when patients fail to adhere to therapeutic recommendations. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the level of adherence to therapeutic guidelines among patients with HF and identify factors influencing adherence levels. Methods: The study comprised 105 HF patients admitted to the cardiology department. A diagnostic survey approach was utilized, employing the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS) along with a self-developed questionnaire. Results: The findings revealed that 39.05% of participants exhibited a moderate level of adherence to therapeutic recommendations, while 34.29% reported high adherence and 26.67% displayed low adherence. Most of the patients (n = 66) had a rather good level of knowledge. Factors such as higher education (p < 0.001), engagement in mental work (p = 0.001), favorable socioeconomic status (p < 0.001), being in a stable relationship (p < 0.001), and residing with family (p < 0.001) were associated with increased adherence levels. The multivariable linear regression model indicated significant (p < 0.05) independent predictors that positively influenced the ACDS score, including being in a relationship, widowhood, and average or poor financial situation. Conversely, factors such as obesity and respiratory diseases were associated with a decrease in the ACDS score (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study underscores the moderate adherence level to therapeutic recommendations among HF patients. Sociodemographic factors including education level, relationship status, occupation, financial stability, and living arrangements significantly impact adherence. Conversely, patients with obesity, respiratory conditions, or frequent HF-related hospitalizations demonstrate lower adherence. Patient education emerges as a pivotal factor influencing adherence. Tailored interventions targeting these factors could enhance adherence and optimize HF management outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Amidst rising cardiovascular disease rates globally, hypercholesterolemia emerges as a critical factor, especially in rapidly urbanizing nations like India. This study determines the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among older adults in India, and ascertains its sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical determinants. We also ascertained the adherence to cholesterol lowering therapies and their determinants among previously diagnosed patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI Wave 1: 2017–2018) involving 66606 participants aged ≥45 years including 2310 participants with high cholesterol. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyze determinants of high cholesterol and medication adherence, which was assessed by whether participants selfreported taking regularly cholesterol-lowering medication. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of (self-reported) high cholesterol was 2.28% (95% CI: 2.07–2.51). On adjusted analysis, participants of a higher socio-economic status (AOR=2.02; 95% CI: 1.40–2.92), urban residence (AOR=1.80; 95% CI: 1.46–2.22), obese (AOR=4.94; 95% CI: 2.80–8.70), with comorbidities such as diabetes (AOR=2.41; 95% CI: 1.52–3.83) and hypertension (AOR=3.41; 95% CI: 2.18–5.32), had significantly higher odds of having high cholesterol. Medication adherence among those with high cholesterol was suboptimal, with nearly 40% not taking medications regularly. The factors associated with higher odds of nonadherence included being underweight (AOR=3.66; 95% CI: 1.49–9.01), tobacco use (AOR=1.59; 95% CI: 1.01–2.50), and the absence of diabetes or hypertension comorbidity (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.08–2.17). CONCLUSIONS Only six in ten patients in India take medications regularly for high cholesterol, indicative of non-adherence in a substantial proportion of previously diagnosed patients. Tailored interventions are needed for raising awareness, early screening and managing high cholesterol, with healthcare providers focusing on lipid management and comprehensive care, regardless of comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The WHO declared COVID-19 to be a public health emergency which has affected every sphere of life including mental health and is expected to affect the patients of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) adversely. This study aimed to study phenomenology and treatment adherence in patients with the OCD during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 96 old and new patients of OCD between the age of 18 and 60 years, with the Yale--Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) ≥16 and onset of illness prior to COVID-19 (March 2020). Diagnosis was made as per ICD-10-DCR, the likelihood of treatment adherence was assessed using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale, and the severity of OCD was assessed on Y-BOCS. The current and past phenomenologies as per D-YBOCS were compared. Among the patients adherent to treatment, subjective response on the current severity of symptoms as compared to before the onset of COVID-19 was recorded. Results: The likelihood of treatment adherence was high (according to the Medication Adherence Scale) in 59.2% of cases. Pandemic reasons were reported by 69% of patients with low likelihood of treatment adherence. Few patients developed new symptoms, but no statistically significant change was found when compared to the pre-COVID-19 phenomenology. Conclusions: Majority of the treatment adherent patients experienced a decrease or no change in their symptom severity as compared to the before COVID-19 severity, suggesting that no worsening of OCD symptoms during the pandemic was observed if the patients were adherent to medications. However, there is a need for long-term considerations and plan interventions accordingly to minimize this deleterious effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adalimumab has evolved to one of the more affordable first-line biologics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), since its patent expired. However, poor adherence to adalimumab is a concern and may limit its effectiveness. It is plausible that good adherence improves treatment outcomes in IBD patients, but evidence is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess whether high refill-adherence (medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥ 80%) to adalimumab is associated with less active disease in IBD patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, the MPR was used to assess refill-adherence of IBD patients using adalimumab. Disease activity was defined as a composite endpoint determined by endoscopy findings, laboratory results, validated questionnaires and clinical assessment by a gastroenterologist. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between high refill-adherence (MPR ≥ 80%) and disease activity. Results: IBD was in remission in 72 of the 113 included patients and 41 had active disease at the time of the most recent prescription. Out of the patients who were in remission, 86.1% were adherent vs. 75.6% in patients with active disease. High refill-adherence was significantly associated with lower odds of active disease after adjustment for confounders: adjusted odds ratio 0.297, 95% confidence interval 0.099–0.892. Conclusion: High refill-adherence to adalimumab therapy was associated with less active disease in IBD patients. Our results confirm the relevance of good adherence to adalimumab for achieving optimal treatment results, which may limit the need for switching to more expensive biologics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]