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The urial (OOR‐ee‐əl; Ovis vignei), also known as the arkars or shapo, is a wild sheep native to Central and South Asia. It is listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Considering the importance of this breed in the world and its extinction, there is a need to determine the anatomy of the head area or any other disease such as fractures, dental, and infectious diseases. Five adult healthy male urial sheep were used, which were mature in terms of age. After preparation, the fresh alive sheep were immediately examined using a helical computed tomography scanner. The morphometry of the skull of this sheep was studied using RadiAnt application. The volume calculation was performed automatically using the software available on the CT scan system (Syngo MMWP VE40A software). The sinuses observed in the skull of this breed included frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoidal sinuses. The height, length, and width of the skull were measured as 15.32 ± 0.05, 23.89 ± 0.08, and 12.57 ± 0.05 cm, respectively. According to the results obtained from the volume of different parts of the head in urial sheep, the nasal cavity and the oral cavity constitute 7% and 6% of the head volume, respectively. This ratio was calculated as 0.5% in the case of the inner and middle ears. Determining the anatomical structures and morphometric and volumetric characteristics of Urial sheep, which is one of the endangered Asian breeds, was of particular importance in order to prepare the head and skull atlas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akabane virus is a teratogenic pathogen transmitted by Culicoides spp. to ruminants. The virus induces anomalies in the central nervous system in the developing fetus, resulting in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly (A-H) syndrome. During three outbreaks of the disease (2002, 2013, and 2020), 77 calves were born in Varamin, Iran, with A-H syndrome. The presenting neurologic signs were categorized into three main groups, as common, less common, and uncommon signs. The common signs were unawareness of the surroundings, blindness, deep depression, partial failure of suckling, and unintelligent behavior. The less commonly noted signs were hyperexcitability, regurgitation, head pressing, compulsive walking, and kicking, while the uncommon signs comprised protrusion of the tongue, making sounds resembling barking, carnivore-like milk drinking, and deafness. Arthrogryposis, dome-shaped skull, kyphosis, torticollis, lordosis, scoliosis, and spina bifida were the diagnosed skeletal defects. Upon necropsy, hydranencephaly, hydrocephaly, and microencephaly were seen in the calves presenting neurologic signs, while astrocytosis, astrogliosis, focal gliosis, perivascular, perineuronal, and submeningeal edema, perivascular cuffing, non-suppurative meningitis, non-suppurative encephalitis and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and perivascular and parenchymal hemorrhage were seen in samples obtained from the brains. RT-PCR detected Akabane virus in the brain tissues of the affected calves. This is the first clinical study of Akabane disease in calves in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the special anatomical structures in sturgeons is the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC), which has not been studied much. Considering that the presence and absence of this channel and its morphometry have not been investigated in this type of fish, this study was conducted. Objective: The purpose of present study was to obtain a complete understanding about anatomical features and ultrasonography of PPC in the heart of immature beluga species in order to provide standard approaches for performing sonography and echocardiography on this sturgeon species. Methods: Ten immature belugas (Huso huso) were used to perform ultrasonography with Sonosite MicroMaxx ultrasonography machine of ventral approach between two pectoral fins. After performing the steps of ultrasonographic study, gross anatomical studies were also performed, and the morphometric measurement of the canal was also performed. Results: A small PPC was observed, which communicated between the pericardial cavity, and the peritoneal (coelomic) cavity. The cranial part of this channel, which was located immediately after the transverse septum, was on the midline of the body and was seen in midsagittal ultrasonograms. On average, the length of this canal was 3.23 ± 0.05 cm, and its diameter (cranial part) was 0.24 ± 0.04 cm. Conclusions: In the present study on immature beluga, it was observed that the canal is located behind the sinus venosus and is caudoventral to it, though behind the transverse septum. It has been mentioned that this PPC establishes a connection between the pericardial cavity and the peritoneal cavity, so this connection is between the peritoneal cavity and the space between the two layers of the pericardium and has no connection with the pericardial sac (the space where the heart is located). In this study, the anatomical structure and morphometry of the PPC in immature beluga were investigated, and some approaches were presented to observe the canal in ultrasonography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the prevalence of echogenic foci floating in the urinary bladder seen in ultrasonography in dogs, surprisingly little has been written on its significance, including its potential association with urinalysis. The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic value of the echogenic foci floating in urinary bladders in dogs. Results: - Cystosonography was performed on 45 dogs. Bladder contents were examined and divided into positive (containing echogenic particles) and negative (absent echogenic particles) groups according to the presence and absence of floating echogenic particles. Five mL of urine was collected via cystocentesis. Urine analysis and culture were done and the relationship between ultrasound evaluation and urinalysis results was investigated. In dogs with bladder echogenic particles in ultrasonography, the prevalence of hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, and lipiduria were 88.9%, 92.6%, 29.6%, and 70.3%, respectively. However, in dogs in which echogenic particles were not observed in their bladders, the prevalence of hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, and lipiduria was 77%, 50%, 5.5%, and 77%, respectively. There was a significant association between bladder debris and positive urine culture, with an odds ratio of 7.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.81–63.28) compared with matched controls. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the presence of floating echogenic particles with pyuria, and urine color (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present results showed the detection of bladder debris on ultrasound can be a predictor for pyuria and positive urine culture in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of aphonia, vomiting, regurgitation, chronic purulent nasal discharge, and recurrent signs of respiratory infection. Radiographic examination revealed alveolar lung pattern and generalized megaesophagus at the thoracic and caudal cervical region. Additional examinations by computed tomography and virtual tracheoscopy revealed a large mass on the nasopharyngeal area that occupied about 90% of the tracheal lumen. With the aid of tracheostomy, the mass was removed with traction and sharp excision. According to histopathological findings the mass was diagnosed as nasopharyngeal polyp. A recheck examination performed a week later and the clinical manifestations of the megaesophagus were resolved and also three years later during a phone call, his owner reported he was doing well. To the best of the knowledge of the authors, megaesophagus following nasopharyngeal polyp is only reported in three other cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the main pathogens involved in the pulmonary disorders, clinical signs, radiography, and pathological findings of imported sheep and goats. In the summer of 2019 during repeated visits to the livestock farms, digital radiographs were taken from the thoracic region of the animals that were clinically suspected of pneumonia complications. Afterward, samples were taken following necropsy from 40 cases that died owing to pneumonia, and eventually, lung samples were examined for microbiology and histopathology to isolate causative pathogens and diagnose the type of complication. Radiographically, increased thoracic opacity was evident in all studied animals. The visible pulmonary patterns were mainly the interstitial pattern and to a lesser extent the alveolar and bronchial patterns. The isolated bacteria in sheep were Pasteurella multocida (28.57%), Mannheimia haemolytica (21.43%), Mycoplasma genus (17.86%), Escherichia coli (14.29%), Corynebacterium ovis (7.14%), Arcanobacterium (7.14%), and Bacillus licheniformis (3.57%), and in goats were Mycoplasma genus (42.31%), Pasteurella multocida (19.23%), Mannheimia haemolytica (11.54%), Corynebacterium ovis (11.54%), Escherichia coli (7.70%), Arcanobacterium (3.84%), and Bacillus licheniformis (3.84%), respectively. Based on the histopathologic findings, pulmonary lesions of sheep and goats consisted of 37.5% fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia, 27.5% fibrinous bronchopneumonia, 25.0% purulent bronchopneumonia, and 10.0% interstitial pneumonia. Based on the evaluated parameters, in thoracic radiographs, the interstitial pattern was the dominant pulmonary pattern. Also, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma genus were the most common pathogens isolated in the sheep and goats respectively and fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia was the most prevalent pulmonary complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zooarchaeology shares close ties with Comparative Anatomy of Veterinary Medicine. This scientific discipline involves the study of the bones of various animals, using anatomical information to explore the place and role of these animal species in life and human survival, thereby enriching our knowledge about the interaction of humans and their ecosystems. Objectives: Using available anatomical information, this study investigated the typology of bone remains and animal teeth in the area of Qareh Tepe, Segzabad (Qazvin Province, Iran). Another goal was to detect the abnormal effects created by humans or animals in bones, such as cuts, burns, or chewing effects by carnivorous animals. By extracting this information, it is possible to analyze the livelihood economy of that historical site correctly. Methods: A total of 1110 bone and teeth samples excavated in 2017 were analyzed. The samples were transferred to the Osteology Lab of the Anatomy Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran City, Iran. Anatomical studies were conducted in several stages based on the excavated samples. Results: Among the detected animal samples, the highest percentage (30.09%) was related to sheep samples, and then the samples of small ruminants (26.94%) (which could not be separated). The percentages of gazelle, Asian water buffalo, wild boar, and chicken were trivial and less than 1%. In this study, abnormal symptoms were detected in the phalanges of the Caspian horse. Conclusion: One of the remarkable points about the small ruminant samples separated at the species level in this study is that the number of sheep samples detected surpassed that of goats. It seems that the conditions for keeping sheep were more suitable. The number of Perissodactyla, especially horses, shows a significant increase compared to the Neolithic periods and the beginning of the complexity of Iron Age I technology. This finding indicates the use of horses and donkeys in agriculture and transportation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) plays an important role in the locomotion of the horses with flexion of the limbs. In the hind limb, it passes over the calcaneal bone and attaches to medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneous by two bands of connective tissue; while, the medial band is weaker than the lateral one. Occasionally, severe trauma, over-extension or fracture of the calcaneous may cause rupture of the supportive bands leading to tendon luxation. An 11-year-old Thoroughbred jumping gelding with symptoms of lameness in both legs, after examination by an internal specialist veterinarian in equine practice field was referred to the Teaching and Research Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Clinical examination showed lateral luxation of SDFT in the right and left tarsal joints. Radiography revealed no sign of calcaneal involvement, except soft tissue swelling. In the radiography of the tarsal joints, the calcaneus bones did not show significant changes, but among the bones of the central and 3rd tarsal bone (distal intertarsal joint) of the tarsus, osteophyte formation was observed to a mild extent, indicating mild bone spavin in both tarsal joints. In ultrasonography, SDFT thickenings accompanied by hypoechoic regions in tendons were seen, confirming the signs of tendonitis. Moreover, fibrous tissue formation was diagnosed. In the left leg, anechoic fluid in the calcaneous bursa was seen. Evaluation of diagnostic imaging findings enables veterinarians to diagnose the site and extent of the lesions, choosing the appropriate therapeutic approach in addition to clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since there is no complete study of topographic features of thorax structures in guinea pigs, this study strives to define the exact topographic features of thorax structures. Objectives: The aim of this study is to provide comprehensive topographic information about the location of the trachea, bronchi, lungs and heart inside the thoracic cavity in guinea pig, as well as to study the features of these structures, their proximity to other organs and comparative anatomical studies with CT scan images in living samples. Methods: Ten adult male and healthy guinea pigs were selected. CT scan transverse images were taken. The morphometric parameters of the lungs, bronchi, trachea, heart, thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity were measured. Results: In these studies, the position of organs such as the trachea, lungs and heart were monitored, and specified descriptions of CT scan images and anatomical observations were obtained. We realised that the heart in this animal was not inclined to the left, and due to the equal size of the lungs, the heart was almost on the midline. According to the measurements, 20.05% of the ventral cavity volume was thoracic cavity and 79.95% was abdominal cavity. Conclusions: According to studies on guinea pigs, the right and left have the volume, and the heart is located between them on the midline without a tendency to the left. It seems that one of the reasons for the reluctance of the heart to the left and its placement on the midline in the guinea pig is that the volume of the two lungs is equal. In the case of guinea pigs, both numerical parameters are smaller than rabbits', but close to it. One of the most important factors in this study is that none of the animals were euthanised, and all of samples were alive after our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determination of sex in fish without external sexual dimorphism is important. Sex determination of the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) in the culture system and spawn‐producing and fish reproduction system is very important. Currently, there are several methods to determine the sex of fish; however, they are time‐consuming, expensive and sometimes dangerous for the fish. Objective: The purpose of this study was the sex determination of flathead grey mullet by ultrasonography as a safe and accurate method. Methods: In this regard, 30 flathead grey mullets (early in their maturation) from a farm in Gomishan‐Golestan province, Iran were examined using a portable ultrasound machine with a 6–12 MHz waterproof linear transducer. Scanning was performed on the ventral body surface in the sagittal and transverse planes, between ventral and anal fins. Results: Differences in shape, qualitative size, echogenicity and the wall layers of the ovary and testis were evaluated for sex determination. Results of ultrasonography were confirmed immediately at necropsy. Ultrasonographic accuracy for sex determination was 100%. The speed of the procedure was around 30 s per fish. Conclusions: Overall, the sex determination of flathead grey mullet by ultrasonography was high in accuracy and speed, non‐invasive and safe for fish and consumers, and may be considered a priority. Place of the organs in the M. cephalus coelomic cavity and the obtained experience showed that for rapid and easy sex identification, the best place to put the transducer is on the ventral surface of the fish in the caudal part of the coelomic cavity for taking transverse and sagittal ultrasonograms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Computed Tomography (CT) scan imaging technique provides a situation for Clinicians to give the fastest and best diagnosis of many diseases of the skull and body without causing changes in the body. The Ile de France has been bred in France since 1822. The first Ile de France sheep arrived in South Africa in 1903. Ile de France sheep is one of the meat-producing breeds and is especially popular among farmers due to its high twinning. As far as we know morphometric information in the Ile de France sheep has not been previously reported. These data are very important to meet the demands of many surgeons and internal medicine veterinarians about the anatomy of the head in Ile de France sheep. Materials and Methods: The total skull length, height and width were 25.3 ± 1.02, 9.8 ± 0.93, and 12.3 ± 0.91 cm, respectively. Incisor's teeth in this breed were only in the mandible and there were 4 in each half of the jaw and the average measured length was 0.58 ± 0.01cm. The distance between auditory ossicles to external acoustic meatus was 2.16 ± 0.05 cm. Also, the distance between Temporo-Mandibular Joint (TMJ) and auditory ossicles was 2.1 ± 0.12 cm. There were molar and premolars in the upper and lower jaws and 3 premolars and 3 molar teeth were observed in each half of the jaw. However, in one of the male samples, the last molar tooth was not observed. The mandible in the ruminants has the space between the last incisor and the first pre-molar tooth, called interalveolar space or diastema. The average length of the interalveolar space was 3.8 ± 0.32 cm. The mean total skull length of the Ile de France sheep was found to be 25.3 ± 1.02 cm. Results: The total skull length, height and width were 25.3 ± 1.02, 9.8 ± 0.93, and 12.3 ± 0.91 cm, respectively. Incisor's teeth in this breed were only in the mandible and there were 4 in each half of the jaw and the average measured length was 0.58 ± 0.01cm. The distance between auditory ossicles to external acoustic meatus was 2.16 ± 0.05 cm. Also, the distance between TMJ and auditory ossicles was 2.1 ± 0.12 cm. There were molar and premolars in the upper and lower jaws and 3 premolars and 3 molar teeth were observed in each half of the jaw. However, in one of the male samples, the last molar tooth was not observed. The mandible in the ruminants has the space between the last incisor and the first pre-molar tooth, called interalveolar space or diastema. The average length of the interalveolar space was 3.8 ± 0.32 cm. The mean total skull length of the Ile de France sheep was found to be 25.3 ± 1.02 cm. Conclusion: The skull length of Saanen goat reported 22.67±0.93 cm, West African Dwarf goat 6.99 ± 1.59 cm, Markhor goat 18.67 ± 0.66 cm, and Alborz wild sheep 25.28 ± 0.99 cm. Also morphometric results shows that all bones of hyoid apparatus in Ile de France sheep are smaller than Alborz wild sheep. Considering the prominent role and high production capacity of this breed in the meat production industry, knowing the anatomical structures of the head area is of particular importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common diagnosed cardiovascular disease in dogs. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) tests are used to diagnose congestive heart failure, but there are conflicting reports about their value in diagnosing the subclinical stages of MMVD in dogs. Moreover, the diagnostic value of blood lipoproteins in dogs with MMVD is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the serum concentrations of ANP, BNP and lipoproteins of dogs with MMVD and to evaluate the correlation of the levels of ANP and BNP with lipoproteins. Results: This study was performed on 24 dogs with MMVD and 10 healthy dogs. Dogs with MMVD were classified in to stages B1 (n = 11), B2 (n = 6), C (n = 4) and D (n = 3) groups according to the classification suggested by American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines. Our results showed that the mean serum BNP levels were significantly increased for all MMVD groups compared to control dogs. The mean serum ANP levels for the stage B2, C and D groups were significantly higher than the control group, while the mean serum ANP concentrations did not differ significantly between the stage B1 and control groups. An increase in BNP level was observed in 87.5% of patients. Although BNP concentrations were elevated in 100% of dogs with stages C, D and B2, high BNP was observed in 72.72% of dogs with stage B1. Regarding ANP, 58.33% of patients had an increase in ANP. However, elevated ANP levels were found in only 27.27% of patients in stage B1, while increased ANP levels were observed in 66.66 and 100% of patients in stage B2 and C/D groups respectively. Also, in all patients with MMVD, the mean serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were approximately 1.7 to 2 times significantly lower than the control group. Additionally, the mean serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased significantly (1.9-2.7 times) compared to the control group. There was a significant inverse correlation between HDL-C and BNP, and HDL-C and ANP. LDL-C showed a significant positive correlation with BNP, and ANP. Also, LDL-C, but not HDL-C, had a significant positive correlation with LA/AO ratio, LVIDd, LVIDdN and VHS. BNP and ANP showed a significant positive correlation with LA/AO, LVIDd, LVIDdN and VHS. Conclusions: Serum BNP has a greater diagnostic value than serum ANP in dogs with MMVD. In addition, serum BNP can be used to determine the subclinical stages of B1 and B2 MMVD. This study also suggests that dogs with subclinical MMVD, showed an increase in BNP along with a decrease in HDL-C and an increase in LDL-C, which are known to be risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in human. However, it seems that high LDL-C is more involved in the pathogenesis of MMVD than low HDL-C. Therefore, periodic testing of serum lipoproteins is recommended in high-risk patients, even if total cholesterol levels are normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover caption: The cover image is based on the Article Anatomical study of pericardioperitoneal canal in immature beluga (Huso huso) with ultrasonography by Omid Zehtabvar et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1563 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: CT scan images provide accurate anatomical data from different areas of the body that can be used to diagnose diseases. Objectives: The present work aimed to describe the normal anatomical structures of the Ile de France sheep head and its morphometric and volumetric properties using computed tomography (CT) and stereological methods. Methods: Five adult Ile de France sheep heads, which were of mature age (above 10 months), were included in this study. The different cavities of the head, including the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbital cavity and vestibulocochlear system, were evaluated using CT scans, cross, sagittal and coronal sections. Results: The mean length, height and width of the skull were 25.3 ± 1.02, 9.8 ± 0.93 and 12.3 ± 0.91 cm, respectively. The results showed that the nasal cavity is divided into three regions. Vestibular, respiratory and olfactory regions. The paranasal sinuses are composed of maxillary, frontal, palatine, sphenoid, lacrimal and ethmoidal that were identified and named in the CT scan images and their corresponding anatomical cross‐sections. The total volume of the head, nasal cavity and oral cavity was estimated to be 2998 ± 202.00, 303 ± 31.33 and 229.3 ± 10.61 cm3, respectively. Conclusions: The frontal sinus in the Ile de France sheep was limited to the frontal bone without extending into the parietal, temporal, or occipital bones, similar to Saanen goat. This study provided a comprehensive atlas of Ile de France sheep anatomy to internal medicine veterinarians and surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The scleral ring in birds consists of ossicles that are fixed as small plates by cartilage joints and have no articulation to other parts of the skeleton. Objective: Due to inadequate examination of the scleral ring anatomy and its specific form in owls, this study aimed to investigate the exact structure of the scleral ring and some morphometric characteristics of the eyeball in a long‐eared owl (Asio otus). Methods: The eyes of 20 alive and 10 dead male and female owls were examined. In addition to common anatomical methods, computed tomography scans and radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging techniques were used in this study. Results: The structure consisted of 15 ossicles. In the ventral part of the ring, these tubercles were observed in the scleral rings of all owls; in each ring, there were four bones with these tubercles. Additionally, there was no significant difference between the left and right eye parameters. Most ocular parameters in female owls were larger than those in males, but in the case of some parameters, such as optic nerve length and optic nerve sheath diameter, this difference was not observed. Conclusions: According to this study, the scleral ring in the Asio otus has anterior and posterior parts, and the lens is in the immediate vicinity of the anterior part. The right and left scleral rings and eyeballs are bilaterally symmetrical in terms of the shape, size, and number of ossicles that form the ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echocardiography illustrates a convenient and noninvasive tool for measuring cardiac output (CO) changes after administration of sedative drugs, but it is unknown in camelids practice. The aim of present study was to investigate echocardiographic effects of intravenous (IV) injection of medetomidine and xylazine in camel calves. Twenty apparently healthy immature male one-humped camel calves (Camelus dromedarious) were divided into four groups (five animals in each treatment). Medetomidine and xylazine were injected into the left jugular vein at two different doses of 10.00 and 20.00 µg kg-1 and 0.20 and 0.40 mg kg-1, respectively. Effects on some selected echocardiographic parameters were recorded at different intervals, before drug administrations (baseline) and after 3, 60 and 120 min. Data were analyzed by repeated measure, ANOVA test, then relevance and significance were taken as p ≤ 0.05. Significant decrease in fractional shortening percentage (FS%), ejection fraction percentage (EF%), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR) and subsequent CO were noticeable 3 min after drug administration in medetomidine high dose (MH), medetomidine low dose (ML) and xylazine high dose (XH) groups (p = 0.05), furthermore at this time significant decrease in left ventricular mass (LVmass) and left ventricular systolic time intervals were seen in these groups, however, in xylazine low dose (XL) group, the lowest level of most echocardiographic parameters were detectable after 60 min. High dose IV injection of medetomidine was associated with significant decrease in most echocardiographic parameters without echocardiographic arrhythmia. Although, ML and XH groups had the same effects on echocardiographic indices but the intensity and duration were less than MH group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory diseases such as pneumonia are one of the main concerns in the livestock industry. Economic losses owing to pneumonia are prevalent in small ruminants and pathogenic organisms such as Pasteurella and Mannheimia are the principal bacterial agents involved in pneumonic pasteurellosis. Two adult Alpine female goats with signs of respiratory involvement were referred. Clinical examinations of these animals showed fever, anorexia, dyspnea with head and neck strain and open mouth breathing, unilateral serous nasal discharge, abdominal breathing with harsh, and crackles lung sound upon auscultation. Radiography of the thoracic region was performed and severe generalized pulmonary involvement was detected in the goats. Due to the severity of the conflict, both cases were lost despite treatment. At necropsy, consistent findings included non-collapsing lungs with varying degrees of consolidation covered by fibrin and cranioventral consolidation with red-grey discoloration and firm, meaty consistency. Histopathologically, fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in both cases. Finally, following microbiological findings, Pasteurella multocida was isolated from lung lesions of both animals, and pasteurellosis was confirmed. Overall, pasteurellosis is one of the most important pulmonary diseases in goats, and the best way to deal with it is to prevent the disease through vaccination and control stressful behaviors in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Evaluation of pelvic diaphragm muscles in dogs merits clinical attention because of the anatomical importance and their involvement in perineal hernia. This study aimed to evaluate the normal pelvic diaphragm muscles (levator ani and coccygeus muscles) using the computed tomography (CT) scan. For this purpose, 10 male and 10 female clinically normal, adult intact mixed-breed dogs weighing 15.00 to 20.00 kg were selected randomly. All animals underwent CT examination under general anesthesia and positioned in sternal recumbency. All the CT images were taken and reconstructed with a same protocol. The measurements of the pelvic diaphragm muscles were performed based on the presented guideline to the observer. The results were presented descriptively. The mean lengths of the coccygeus muscle in CT images were evaluated 4.60 cm for males and 4.30 cm for females. The mean lengths of levator ani muscle in CT images were measured 4.90 cm in males and 4.50 cm in females. In conclusion, the results of the present study can be beneficial to clinicians and researchers for further evaluation of the supporting muscles in pelvic cavity and underlying anatomical changes in perineal hernia in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Teratogenic viral infections may proceed to hydranencephaly in cattle. Post‐mortem and antemortem diagnosis can be achieved by necropsy or ultrasonography, CT‐scan and MRI techniques. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine how effective ultrasonography approach is in detecting hydranencephaly in calves. Methods: In this study, ultrasonography images were obtained from brains of nine Holstein claves, of the same age, with neurological signs (due to Akabane virus infection), approaching from the caudal part of the temporal bone. To confirm the obtained images, the same approach was used to obtain images from a normal calf of the same age. The thickness of the temporal bone was measured and compared in seven affected and the healthy calves, using CT‐scan images. Results: In ultrasonographic images, temporal bone (as a hyperechoic structure) and temporal cortical mantle (as an echogenic structure) were noted in the right and left side of the skull. The medial part of the image showed presence of fluid in an anechoic region, instead of brain parenchyma. Falx cerebri was also seen as a floating hyperechoic line in the middle part in all patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the thickness of temporal bone in normal and affected calves (p = 0.502). All findings were confirmed by necropsy. Conclusions: Transtemporal approach is a novel and easy approach to study the brain in calves. This is the first study on the hydranencephalic brains of claves, using ultrasonography by transtemporal approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac problems are highly fetal diseases among exotic animals, not only in the rabbit which is prone to such diseases but also in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). In rodents, imaging studies such as thoracic radiography are more practical and easier to perform than echocardiography. Cardiac size is primarily evaluated using vertebral heart size (VHS) as reported in ferrets and rabbits. We therefore attempted to determine standard cardiac dimensions in the guinea pig by thoracic radiography using VHS. The purpose of this research was getting an indicator of the normal range of male and female, mature and apparently healthy guinea pigs heart. Standard radiographs of the thorax in lateral and ventro-dorsal (VD) views were taken and interpreted. In our study to determine VHS in VD view conventional method was used. In addition to conventional VHS method, two other measurement methods were performed in lateral view. Statistical analyses were performed with a SPSS Software and Mann-Whitney U test to compare results. Mean and standard deviation were also calculated. According to the results, the total average of VHS in lateral view by the first method was 7.80 ± 0.12, by the second method was 7.80 ± 0.16, by the third method was 7.60 ± 0.15 and the total of average of VHS in VD view was 9.20 ± 0.23. According to present research findings, gender had no meaningful effect on the measuring of the heart size. More researches on the same age and the same species guinea pigs are needed for more accurate evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echocardiography is a non-invasive method of cardiac evaluation in most species. Echocardiographic reference parameters are poorly documented in sheep and not documented in Ghezel sheep. The purpose of this study was to determine reference ranges of normal echocardiographic parameters using two-dimensional and M-mode techniques in Ghezel sheep. In 15 healthy female Ghezel sheep aged between 15 and 18 months, echocardiography was performed in standing position from left and right parasternal approach focused at 3rd - 5th intercostal spaces using a 2.50 - 5.00 MHz phased array transducer. The following parameters were measured in two-dimensional echocardiography: left atrial diameter (LAD), mitral valve annulus (MVA), aortic sinus (AoS), aortic valve (AoV), pulmonary sinus (PuS), and pulmonary valve (PuV); and in Mmode echocardiography: interventricular septum (IVS), left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular free wall (LVFW), right ventricle free wall (RVFW), right ventricle internal diameter (RVID). Calculated variables included the ratios LAD/Ao and Pu/AoS, and the fractional shortening (FS), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) of the left ventricle. In conclusion, echocardiographic parameters could be reliably assessed in Ghezel sheep and our study provided some normal echocardiographic reference ranges that might be useful in proper identification, visualization, and measurements of cardiac structures. Such findings could be useful to assess and to diagnose the specific heart diseases in sheep practice and also for experimental studies in sheep as an animal model used for research purposes in cardiovascular studies of human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis is a very common cause of lameness in athletic horses inducing long lameness and prolonged recovery. Multiple treatment protocols have been proposed for this injury none of which have been able to solve the problem completely. Therefore, an affordable, widely available, and non-invasive therapeutic protocol is sought in the horse industry. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to compare the use of topical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with a combination of topical DMSO and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). METHODS: The subjects were divided into two groups of five polo ponies. The animals in the control group were treated by topical DMSO and controlled exercise, while the ponies in the experiment group received the same protocol plus PEMF on the injured tendon. RESULTS: The ultrasonographic factors evaluated in the current study were mostly similar between the two groups except for fiber alignment and echogenicity. The latter variables were shown to have a slightly better improvement in the test group indicating the minimal positive effects of PEMF. In clinical evaluation, both groups were almost identical suggesting no impacts for PEMF. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, applying PEMF using different protocols, such as more extended application at different frequencies is deemed necessary to elicit a favorable outcome of PEMF for the treatment of SDF tendonitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, due to widespread usage of anti-pain drugs, more attention is being paid to tramadol, although it has only been recognized rather recently in veterinary medicine. Therefore, evaluation of its effects on various organs is a principal issue. OBJECTIVES: The aim of present study was to investigate cardiac function change following administration of tramadol using electrocardiography and echocardiography. METHODS: Five healthy dogs aged 3-5 years and weighting 20-26 kg were selected for study. To check the health of animals, clinical and laboratory examinations were performed. Then animals were kept for 2 weeks and vaccination and anti parasite therapy were prescribed for them. This study was conducted in 3 stages and ECG and echocardiography were recorded: before tramadol injection, immediately after injection and one hour after that. Parametric data analysis of variance with repeated measure was conducted using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Along evaluated parameters, only left ventricular volume in end-diastole and end-systole, time interval between the Q wave to aortic valve closure, stroke volume and ejection fraction showed significant difference between the three stages. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, tramadol shows remarkable anti-pain effects with low cardiac side-effects in comparison to other opioid drugs. However, more studies are needed due to the importance of this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to investigate the anatomical structures of the Saanen goat head and its volumetric properties using computed tomography (CT) and stereological methods. Eight adult Saanen goat heads were included in this study. The different cavities and structures of the head, including nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, orbital cavity, and cranial cavity were evaluated using CT scans, cross, sagittal, and coronal sections. The volume of head cavities and structures were estimated using the Cavalieri method. The results showed that the dorsal, middle and nasal ventral concha contained the dorsal, middle and ventral conchal sinuses, respectively. The paranasal sinuses constituted maxillary, frontal, lacrimal, and ethmoidal that were recognized and named in the CT scan images and their corresponding anatomical cross sections. The palatine and sphenoidal sinuses were not seen in the Saanen goat. Total volume of the head, nasal cavity and cranial cavity was estimated to be 1958 ± 205, 825.4 ± 62.6 and 423.6 ± 48.2 cm3, respectively. The frontal sinus was the largest paranasal sinus with a volume of 281.8 ± 16.9 cm3 and the lacrimal sinus with a volume 50.2 ± 6 cm3 was the smallest one. The ventral conchal sinus with a volume of 26.6 ± 4.5 cm3 and middle conchal sinus with a volume of 13.4 ± 2.6 cm3 were largest and smallest nasal sinuses, respectively. These results may be used as a basic data to provide a reference set for volume of the examined head structures resulting in better and more precise diagnosis of any pathological volume alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of xylazine and acepromazine on the Doppler and M-mode echocardiography measurements in horses. Ten healthy crossbred horses were included in this study. Baseline echocardiography was performed in all horses. Xylazine (0.5 mg/kg IV) or acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg IV) was injected intravenously with a 4 week wash out period between drugs. Electrocardiogram was recorded simultaneously in the base-apex lead. The results showed that the heart rate in the xylazine group was significantly lower than in the control measurements (p = 0.021). In the xylazine group, there were 2nd degree atrioventricular blocks in two horses. The diameter of the left ventricle at the end of diastole (LVIDd) was decreased (p = 0.029) and the interventricular septum thickness at the end of diastole (IVSd) (p = 0.008) were increased in the xylazine group. Right ventricle internal diameter at the end of systole (RVIDs) were increased in both treatment groups. Our results showed that acepromazine and xylazine have some detectable effects on echocardiographic measurements, but both the nature and the degree of these differences mean that they are unlikely to affect the diagnostic quality of the scan. Acepromazine at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg, used in horses undergoing echocardiographic examination, results in negligible changes in spectral and M-mode measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: One of the important parts of the cardiovascular system is the cardiac vessels. Ultrasonography which is the method of choice for evaluating the heart and vessels in all living animals can also be used in this fish. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to make a full understanding of the anatomic and echocardiographic characteristics of these vessels in beluga and suggest standard methods of ultrasonography for this species. METHODS: In this study, a total of 10 immature belugas were selected. The transducer was placed on the ventral surface of the body, between pectoral fins and transverse and sagittal images were obtained. By moving the anterior and posterior regions the vessels were investigated. After the ultrasound examination, anatomic studies were performed. Length and diameter of the vascular compartment were measured and analyzed by SPSS 16 software and Paired Sample T - method (P>0.05). RESULTS: In ultrasonography, blood flow was visible because of the movement of echoic particles. Two precardiac vessels joining between the liver lobes constituted and common vascular compartment before entering the sinus venosus. In the anatomical study, the ventral aorta was bifurcate near the gills. The right liver adjacent to the vessel was shorter and wider than the left one. Moreover, the common vascular compartment was shorter and wider than the liver adjacent to the vessels. The ventral aorta was longer and wider than the right precardiac vessel and common vascular compartment but was shorter than the left precardiac vessel (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Due to lacing thorough anatomic and ultrasonographic studies concerning the cardiac vessels in this species, this study can be a cornerstone for further researches of this kind. In this study the long left precardiac vessel is named Common cardinal vein and wide right vessel is named Hepatic vein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate gland can be structurally evaluated by computed tomography (CT) with taking advantages of tomographic feature and post-contrast parenchymal changes. The current examination initiated to determine association between computed tomographic and cytological results in evaluation of canine prostate. Thirty mature male dogs were included and under gone by both CT and fine needle sampling of prostate. The cytology and CT examination results showed 18/30 (60.00%) and 15/30 (50.00%) normal prostate, 5/30 (16.66%) and 4/30 (13.33%) prostatitis and 7/30 (23.33%) and 11/30 (36.66%) benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively. Moderate agreement has been found between cytology and final diagnosis based on pre-contrast CT images, however fair agreement was existed between cytological diagnosis and final CT interpretation according to post-contrast and both pre- and post- contrast CT series. Additionally, the internal iliac lymph node length showed statistically significant difference in prostatitis compared to normal and benign hyperplastic prostates in this study. In conclusion, the fair and moderate associations between cytology and final diagnosis based on CT images should be considered and they can be used in further investigations and clinical examinations. Also, using internal iliac lymph node length to differentiate prostatitis with normal and benign hyperplastic prostates can be used efficiently in diagnosis to choose the best method of management and have a proper follow up and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate gland can be structurally evaluated by computed tomography (CT) with taking advantages of tomographic feature and post-contrast parenchymal changes. The current examination initiated to determine association between computed tomographic and cytological results in evaluation of canine prostate. Thirty mature male dogs were included and under gone by both CT and fine needle sampling of prostate. The cytology and CT examination results showed 18/30 (60.00%) and 15/30 (50.00%) normal prostate, 5/30 (16.66%) and 4/30 (13.33%) prostatitis and 7/30 (23.33%) and 11/30 (36.66%) benign prostatic hyperplasia, respectively. Moderate agreement has been found between cytology and final diagnosis based on pre-contrast CT images, however fair agreement was existed between cytological diagnosis and final CT interpretation according to post-contrast and both pre- and post- contrast CT series. Additionally, the internal iliac lymph node length showed statistically significant difference in prostatitis compared to normal and benign hyperplastic prostates in this study. In conclusion, the fair and moderate associations between cytology and final diagnosis based on CT images should be considered and they can be used in further investigations and clinical examinations. Also, using internal iliac lymph node length to differentiate prostatitis with normal and benign hyperplastic prostates can be used efficiently in diagnosis to choose the best method of management and have a proper follow up and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 480‐g flowerhorn cichlid (an ornamental hybrid) with severe bilateral abdominal swelling, bulla‐like structures on the skin, bilateral exophthalmia, and a prolapsed intestine was presented. Radiographs showed compression of the posterior part of the swim bladder and abdominal distention. Ultrasonography of visceral organs revealed a heterogeneous mass with hypoechoic to anechoic polycystic parenchyma and free fluid in the abdominal cavity. At necropsy, free fluid in the abdominal cavity and a large polycystic mass originating from the posterior kidney were observed. Histologically, the mass was composed of more cystic growth of tubules. The renal architecture was replaced by tubules, often irregular in shape, lined by simple to lightly stratified layers of neoplastic and pleomorphic cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells and the absence of glomeruli. Birefringent crystals were observed with polarized light within the lumen of some tubules. The apical border of the neoplastic cells was periodic acid–Schiff positive. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen and were negative for p53 (tumor suppressor protein). Microscopic metastasis was seen in the spleen. The metastatic tumor was classified as a cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney, originating from the proximal tubules. Received October 7, 2016; accepted June 18, 2017 Published online July 31, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this case report was to present clinical signs and radiographic features of one of the most important peripheral vestibular diseases in horse, and also present the treatment for this disease. Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is caused by proliferation of the proximal stylohyoid bone and petrous temporal bone which finally results in ankylosis of the temporohyoid joint. Any sudden movement may result in damage to the joint and also structures in its vicinity. Some peripheral nerves especially cranial nerve VII and VIII may be affected and THO manifestation appears. The mare presented in this report was referred with unilateral facial nerve paralysis, ptosis and vestibular signs including ataxia, head tilt and circling. X-ray was used to confirm the diagnosis. By X-ray, the left stylohyoid bone showed osteoarthropathy, which confirmed the diagnosis. Treatment consisted of fluid therapy, dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours IV for 10 days), and antibiotic administration (24 mg/kg potentiated sulfonamide every 24 hours IM for 30 days). The vestibular signs disappeared after 3 months. However, one year after the treatment, the facial nerve paralysis still remained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicity and drug resistance against pentavalent antimonials, medications of choice in treatment of leishmaniasis for more than 5 decades, have become important subjects globally. This study was a randomized, open labeled trial that was designed to determine efficacy and safety of IMOD as a novel herbal immunomodulator drug for treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Twenty healthy mongrel dogs were infected with Iranian strain of L. Infantum amastigotes and randomly divided to 5 groups with four animals for each included on: I: negative control (non-infected) II: Glucantime® III: Glucantime® plus IMOD (immune-chemotherapy) IV: IMOD and V: positive control (non-treated). Physical examination, hematological, biochemical, serological, parasitological, pathological and imaging evaluations were performed pre-/postinterventions every month for 3 months. Comparing with control groups (I&V), immune-chemotherapy group (Glucantime® plus IMOD) showed significantly higher efficacy in resolving the clinical signs and hematobiochemistry factors. Based on our results, using IMOD in combination with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) has significantly improved CVL than the latter drug alone. So, it seems this new herbal medicine is useful as adjuvant therapy for canine visceral leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes intrathoracic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in a Pekingese dog with unusual histopathologic findings. A 2-year-old male Pekingese dog presented with a history of pain and chronic hind limb lameness. Thoracic radiographs revealed soft-tissue opacity ventral to the thoracic vertebrae and dorsal to the aorta and base of the heart. The echo texture of the mass ultrasonographically was heterogenic, including hypo- and hyper-echoic areas within the mass, which had a well-defined echogenic wall. The owner refused further diagnostic tests, and due to a poor prognosis, the dog was euthanized. On histopathological examination, ovoid structures, known as Verocay bodies in human schwannomas, together with the pseudo-rosette-like structures in which neoplastic cells were arranged around blood vessels, were found as the most pronounced histological feature. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that neoplastic cells were extensively positive for both neuron-specific enolase and vimentin. To the authors' knowledge, such histopathological findings associated with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour in dogs have not been previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone concentrations were evaluated in two mares with hemorrhagic anovulatory follicle at detection (day 0), immediately prior to PGFα administration (day 7) and after commencement of oestrus (day 12). AMH decreased (from 0.77 and 1.32 ng/ml to 0.27 and 0.95 ng/ml, respectively) and progesterone increased (from 7.66 and 7.30 ng/ml to 9.15 and 7.49 ng/ml, respectively) over time with the development of anovulatory follicle. Following PGFα administration 7 days after detection, the anovulatory follicle disappeared, AMH increased (from 0.27 and 0.95 ng/ml to 0.99 and 1.58 ng/ml, respectively) and progesterone decreased (from 9.15 and 7.49 ng/ml to 0.60 and 0.57 ng/ml, respectively). Despite changes in AMH concentrations with development and disappearance of anovulatory follicle, AMH values did not differ between anovular mares and normal cyclic mares ( n = 26; 1.3 ± 0.23 ng/ml; range 0.47-5.66 ng/ml), implying that AMH could not serve as a diagnostic marker for anovulatory follicles in equine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3-year-old male crossbreed dog presented with 1-week history of external otitis. During the initial clinical examination, the dog appeared alert and bright and there was no sign of other abnormalities. Ketamine was administered intramuscularly to induce a light sedation in order to perform otoscopic examination. Fifteen minutes following ketamine administration, the dog showed severe respiratory distress. Thoracic auscultation and radiography revealed the occurrence of pulmonary oedema secondary to adverse side effects of ketamine injection. Electrocardiographic findings showed low-voltage QRS complexes which continued, monitored via electrocardiograms, over the clinical course of the respiratory distress. This eletrocardiographic pattern disappeared completely the following day concurrent with the resolution of any respiratory distress. In view of the widespread use of ketamine by veterinary surgeons, the aim of this report is to contribute towards an increased awareness relating to unusual secondary cardiorespiratory effects of ketamine within the veterinary practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5-year-old male German shepherd dog was treated with 0.5 mg/ml of vincristine (IV) weekly because of penile transmissible venereal tumour. Three weeks after initial vincristine administration, the dog was admitted to the clinic because of hind limb weakness and regurgitation. Thoracic radiographs revealed the presence of a megaoesophagus. The clinical history of the dog suggested that the megaoesophagus was not present prior to vincristine therapy. Because of an association of megaoesophagus during chemotherapy, it was suggested that the megaoesophagus was related to the vincristine administration. Vincristine withdrawal was followed by a gradual improvement. Both oncologist and chemotherapist should be aware of this complication during chemotherapy. The authors advise recognition of this problem and discontinuation of vincristine, if transient megaoesophagus develops, until symptoms completely disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex hormone-related alopecia is a rare clinical condition in dogs. A 9-year-old female dog was presented with a history of symmetrical alopecia on the caudal aspects of both thighs. A dermatophyte culture, skin scrapes, and acetate strip examinations were negative for dermatophytes, parasites, and yeasts. The only abnormality in abdominal ultrasonography was multiple cystic follicles within the ovaries. This increased the possibility of hyperestrogenism due to ovarian cysts. Serum estrogen assay indicated elevated estrogen concentration. Ovariohystorectomy was performed and tissue samples of uterus, ovaries, and skin biopsies were submitted for histopathological examination. In histological examination, the polycystic ovary was characterized by multiple follicular cysts. Results of histopathological findings in skin biopsies were similar to that reported with hyperestrogenism. In view of information achieved from the presented case, hyperestrogenism should be included in the differential diagnosis for dogs with clinical manifestation of symmetrical alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]