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The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades have seen an increase in using self‐healing technology in fabricating multifunctional rubber materials, which incorporate intrinsic mechanisms. However, achieving commendable self‐healing efficiency while maintaining strength in thin rubber films remains challenging. Herewith, the preparation of self‐healing carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber thin films is presented with 0.40 ± 0.05 mm thickness, reinforced with sustainable TEMPO‐oxidized cellulose nanofibers. The thin films are fabricated using wet mixing and casting methods and translated to prototype fabrication via dipping. The study involves the effect of varying zinc stearate and filler concentrations on healing efficiency via ionic mechanisms alongside other characterization techniques, such as chemical composition, surface morphology, cross‐link density, and thermal stability. The fabricated thin films exhibited a tensile strength of 5.38 MPa and an elongation‐at‐break of 518%. After undergoing a temperature‐induced healing process at 100 °C for 1 h, the healing efficiency for both properties reached 72% and 90%, respectively. Moreover, these films demonstrates the ability to heal repeatedly at the same fracture site over multiple cycles, maintaining a healing efficiency of over 45% after the third cycle. A glove prototype is fabricated and tested using water and air leakage tests to prove the self‐healing technology's successful transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pickering emulsions (PEs) have garnered wide attention due to their high physical stability as bioactive carrier agents in the food industry. PEs are highly stable against coalescence due to the irreversible adsorption of particles forming a physical barrier at the oil-water interface between the droplets. As a sustainable alternative to conventional emulsifiers, there is an increasing interest in developing food-grade colloidal particles by forming PEs. Cellulose-based nanoparticles have proven to be efficient materials due to their renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and controllable surface-active characteristics. Nanocellulose can be modified by various topochemical functionalization to modulate wettability and stimuli-responsive behaviour, endowing its vast potential as Pickering stabilisers for food applications. This review highlights the recent studies of protein functionalized nanocellulose for stabilising food PEs. We hope this review will assist in improving the performance and development of nanocellulose in PEs, which is vital for developing new functional foods and delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peritonsillar abscess is a polymicrobial infection with acute life threatening complications if not treated promptly. Primary objective is to find the anatomical factor for unilateral abscess formation and appropriate management protocols. Secondary objectives include the bacteriological study,antibiotic preference and comparison of crypt length of both tonsils post tonsillectomy to look for any significant association. A prospective study was carried out for one year in patients with peritonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess attending the Department of ENT in our hospital. Acute cases were treated by incision and drainage followed by IV antibiotics after taking pus or throat swab for culture and sensitivity. Patients further planned for interval tonsillectomy after 6 weeks followed by histopathological examination to compare the infected side and normal side. Crypt length measurements done to see any disparity which would have lead to the development of peritonsillar abscess unilaterally. In patients with peritonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess, histopathological examination of tonsils after interval tonsillectomy showed that risk of peritonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess were more on the tonsil with larger crypt length with more preponderance on left side and in males. This study concludes that deeper the crypt length,male sex, history of recurrent tonsillitis are main risk factors for development of peritonsillar abscess. Bacteriology showed Staphylococcus aureus against the most common Streptococcus Sp. Hence prompt use of antibiotics help in early recovery and reducing complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the photocatalytic performance of V2O5 and V3O7 nanoparticles and their nanocomposites with rGO. The as-annealed V2O5 and V3O7 nanoparticles exhibited pure orthorhombic and monoclinic structures with an optical bandgap of 2.3 and 2.5 eV, respectively. The corresponding vibrational modes using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy analysis further confirm the form. The morphological studies reveal that V2O5 and V3O7 nanoparticles possess plate and petal-like morphology, respectively. Moreover, in the case of V2O5/V3O7—rGO nanocomposites, the plate/petal-like nanoparticles are embedded within rGO sheets. Incorporating nanoparticles within rGO sheets has quenched the green photoluminescence emission, enhancing their photocatalytic performance upon irradiation with white light of 100 mW/cm2. This is ascribed to the effective transport of interfacial electrons from vanadium oxide nanoparticles to the rGO surface, reducing the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. These results indicate that the vanadium oxide/rGO nanocomposites have potential applications in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, furfural oxidation was performed to replace the kinetically sluggish O2 evolution reaction (OER). Pt‐Co3O4 nanospheres were developed via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) in a single step for the paired electrocatalysis of an H2 evolution reaction (HER) and furfural oxidation reaction (FOR). The FOR afforded a high furfural conversion (44.2%) with a major product of 2‐furoic acid after a 2‐h electrolysis at 1.55 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in a 1.0‐M KOH/50‐mM furfural electrolyte. The Pt‐Co3O4 electrode exhibited a small overpotential of 290 mV at 10 mA cm−2. As an anode and cathode in an electrolyzer system, the Pt‐Co3O4 electrocatalyst required only a small applied cell voltage of ∼1.83 V to deliver 10 mA cm−2, compared with that of the pure water electrolyzer (OER∥HER, ∼1.99 V). This study simultaneously realized the integrated production of energy‐saving H2 fuel at the cathode and 2‐furoic acid at the anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing potential of sustainable materials such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), alginate, carrageenan, and ulvan for bioplastics production presents an opportunity to promote a sustainable circular economy. This review investigates their properties, applications, and challenges. Bioplastics derived from algae offer an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum‐based plastics, a shift of paramount importance to society due to the escalating environmental concerns associated with traditional plastics. The role of the internet‐of‐things (IoT) and machine learning in refining these bioplastics' production and development processes is emphasized. IoT monitors cultivation conditions, data collection, and process control for more sustainable production. Machine learning can enhance algae cultivation, increasing the supply of raw materials for algal bioplastics and improving their efficiency and output. The study results indicate the promise of algae‐based bioplastics, IoT, and machine learning in fostering a more environmentally sustainable future. By harnessing these advanced technologies, optimization of bioplastic production is possible, potentially revolutionizing the materials industry and addressing existing challenges toward achieving a sustainable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation examined how the Bacillus vallismortis laccase (rBVL-MRL522) influenced the physicochemical characteristics, structural attributes, and functional capabilities of both dough and noodles. Incorporating rBVL-MRL522 (1 U/g) did not lead to a substantial change in the water absorption of wheat flour. However, the introduction of rBVL-MRL522 caused a significant elongation in the formation time of wheat flour dough, extending it by 88.9%, and also resulted in a 50% increase in the stabilization duration of wheat flour dough. Furthermore, adding rBVL-MRL522 led to a proportional rise in both the elastic and viscous moduli (G" of the dough, signifying that r-BVL (rBVL-MRL522) has a beneficial effect on the gluten strength of the dough. Integrating rBVL-MRL522 promoted the consolidation of the gluten-based cross-linked structure within the dough, decreasing the size of starch particles and, more evenly, the dispersion of these starch particles. In the noodle processing, adding rBVL-MRL522 at a rate of 1 U/g raised the L* value of the noodles by 2.34 units compared to the noodles prepared without the inclusion of rBVL-MRL522. Using a greater amount of rBVL-MRL522 (2 U/g) substantially increased the hardness of the noodles by 51.31%. Additionally, rBVL-MRL522 showed a noteworthy enhancement in the elasticity, cohesiveness, and chewiness of the noodles. In conclusion, rBVL-MRL522 promoted the cross-linking gluten, leading to a more extensive and condensed three-dimensional network structure in raw and cooked noodles. As a result, this study offers valuable insights into the environmentally friendly processing of dough and associated products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the chemical industry, 1,4-diethylene dioxide, commonly called dioxane, is widely used as a solvent as well as a stabilizing agent for chlorinated solvents. Due to its high miscibility, dioxane is a ubiquitous water contaminant. This study investigates the effectiveness of catalyst- and ultrasound (US)-assisted persulfate (PS) activation with regard to degrading dioxane. As a first step, a composite catalyst was prepared using zeolite. A sonochemical dispersion and reduction method was used to dope zeolite with iron nanoparticles (FeNP/Z). In the subsequent study, the reaction kinetics of dioxane degradation following the single-stage and two-stage addition of PS was examined in the presence of a catalyst. Using GC-MS analysis, intermediate compounds formed from dioxane degradation were identified, and plausible reaction pathways were described. Upon 120 min of sonication in the presence of a catalyst with a two-stage injection of PS, 95% 100 mg/L dioxane was degraded. Finally, the estimated cost of treatment is also reported in this study. Sonolytically activated PS combined with a FeNP/Z catalyst synergizes the remediation of biorefractory micropollutants such as dioxane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderic Acid (GA), a major bioactive compound isolated from the East Asian medicinal mushroom Ganoderma tsugae, is traditionally believed to have significant medicinal properties. GA is poorly soluble in water, which poses several challenges in terms of its formulation. In this study, Ganoderma tsugae extracts obtained through ethanol extraction were encapsulated in nanodispersions via ultrasonic cavitation and solvent evaporation to increase their bioavailability. The preparation route was thoroughly analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the interactions between the variables. Based on the results, the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) and the evaporation temperature significantly influenced the resulting particle size. In the optimized nanodispersions, GA was incorporated into a hydrophobic core with a particle size no greater than 200 nm and a very narrow particle distribution (namely, a polydispersity index of 0.289). Due to the high negative zeta potential (−45.9 mV), a very slow particle growth rate of 0.239% over short-term storage (14 days) was achieved. In addition, the zeta average remained virtually unchanged for 14 days at room temperature in solutions at different pH levels. In summary, this paper provides the first-ever demonstration that ultrasound cavitation in conjunction with solvent evaporation can be used to generate GA nanodispersions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex structured starch particles were reduced to the nanoscale size range through hydrolysis utilizing low concentration acid assisted by ultrasound irradiation. The synthesized starch nanoparticles (SNPs) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The synthesized SNPs possessed surface activated entities, as many cationic functional groups were confirmed through the FTIR spectrum. Also, these SNPs were effectively utilized to separate heavy Cu metal ions from the synthetic ion solution. The SNPs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis for the surface modification after the adsorption process. The weak electrostatic interaction between the SNP surface and Cu ion was confirmed by the XPS spectrum and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The maximum efficiency of Cu ions removal was about 93% at an optimal pH 5 and 25 mg/ml dosage. The adsorption equilibrium was obtained in 60 min. The nitrogen isotherm BET analysis of SNPs after adsorption shows a higher specific surface area of 18.552 m2/g, attributed to the interaction and presence of Cu ions on the SNP surface. The process feasibility was validated by the Langmuir isotherm model. The process exhibits pseudo‐second‐order adsorption kinetics and follows the Langmuir isotherm. The RL predicted by the Langmuir isotherm mechanism is 0.017, implying favourable adsorption. The process is reproducible and allows for the separation of heavy metal ions from the wastewater through biosorption effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its discovery in 2004, graphene is increasingly applied in various fields owing to its unique properties. Graphene application in the biomedical domain is promising and intriguing as an emerging 2D material with a high surface area, good mechanical properties, and unrivalled electronic and physical properties. This review summarizes six typical synthesis methods to fabricate pristine graphene (p‐G), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), followed by characterization techniques to examine the obtained graphene materials. As bare graphene is generally undesirable in vivo and in vitro, functionalization methods to reduce toxicity, increase biocompatibility, and provide more functionalities are demonstrated. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro behaviors of various bare and functionalized graphene materials are discussed to evaluate the functionalization effects. Reasonable control of dose (<20 mg kg−1), sizes (50–1000 nm), and functionalization methods for in vivo application are advantageous. Then, the key biomedical applications based on graphene materials are discussed, coupled with the current challenges and outlooks of this growing field. In a broader sense, this review provides a comprehensive discussion on the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, evaluation, and application of p‐G, GO, and rGO in the biomedical field, highlighting their recent advances and potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of drugs via transdermal routes is an attractive approach due to ease of administration, bypassing of the first-pass metabolism, and the large skin surface area. However, a major drawback is an inability to surmount the skin's stratum corneum (SC) layer. Therefore, techniques reversibly modifying the stratum corneum have been a classical approach. Surmounting the significant barrier properties of the skin in a well-organised, momentary, and harmless approach is still challenging. Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) with higher activity are associated with certain side effects restricting their advancement in transdermal drug delivery. Furthermore, complexity in the interaction of CPEs with the skin has led to difficulty in elucidating the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, CPEs-aided transdermal drug delivery will accomplish its full potential due to advancements in analytical techniques, synthetic chemistry, and combinatorial studies. This review focused on techniques such as drug–vehicle interaction, vesicles and their analogues, and novel CPEs such as lipid synthesis inhibitors (LSIs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and ionic liquids (ILs). In addition, different types of microneedles, including 3D-printed microneedles, have been focused on in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by reinforcing with suitable hybrid fillers such as short sisal fibers treated with an alkali and high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The synergistic effect of surface-treated short sisal fibers and silane-grafted HNTs were systematically evaluated through morphological, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal characterization. Alkali and HIU treatments of short sisal fibers drastically enhanced the interaction between sisal fibers and silane-grafted HNTs, which improved the interfacial adhesion between the filler system and the PP matrix. Scanning electron microscopic images indicated the continuity and smoothness of the hybrid composite surfaces. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed improved interactions between the hybrid filler system and the matrix, leading to significantly enhanced storage modulus in the hybrid composites. Therefore, the interfacial adhesion between the fillers and the matrix plays a significant role in improving the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are popular in different research fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties and superior antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, larvicidal, and catalytic potentials. Although conventional wet methods like colloidal synthesis, calcination, and spark ablation for synthesizing MNPs are effective, their synthesis uses an array of reducing and stabilizing agents and gases, making the process tedious. Additionally, metal nanoparticles induce oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS), showing high toxicity. Research and development in green chemistry have gained momentum and massive attention because of being efficient, clean, economical, environment-friendly, and free of hazardous byproducts. Recently, seed extracts in-lieu of chemical stabilizers and reducing agents have become popular because of the single-step green synthesis of MNPs. Seeds provide the researchers with a cost-effective alternate to other biological methods due to low maintenance costs, culture/growth independence for biomass, and diversity of phytochemicals as reducing and capping agents. Thus, effective green synthesis approaches are considered sustainable for MNP synthesis. This review depicts the literature on the challenges associated with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and discusses their synthesis using seed extracts. The application section of the review discusses the antimicrobial, anticancer, and larvicidal activities of seed extracted-synthesized metallic nanoparticles. Furthermore, insights into the different biological potentials of the synthesized green MNPs have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical fruit industry in Malaysia makes up a large proportion of the agriculture sector, contributing to the local economy. Due to their high sugar and water content, tropical fruits are prone to pathogenic infections, providing optimal microorganism growth conditions. As one of the largest exporters of these fruits globally, following other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines, the quality control of exported goods is of great interest to farmers and entrepreneurs. Traditional methods of managing diseases in fruits depend on chemical pesticides, which have attracted much negative perception due to their questionable safety. Therefore, the use of natural products as organic pesticides has been considered a generally safer alternative. The extracts of aromatic plants, known as essential oils or plant extracts, have garnered much interest, especially in Asian regions, due to their historical use in traditional medicine. In addition, the presence of antimicrobial compounds further advocates the assessment of these extracts for use in crop disease prevention and control. Herein, we reviewed the current developments and understanding of the use of essential oils and plant extracts in crop disease management, mainly focusing on tropical fruits. Studies reviewed suggest that essential oils and plant extracts can be effective at preventing fungal and bacterial infections, as well as controlling crop disease progression at the pre and postharvest stages of the tropical fruit supply chain. Positive results from edible coatings and as juice preservatives formulated with essential oils and plant extracts also point towards the potential for commercial use in the industry as more chemically safe and environmentally friendly biopesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish‐toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low‐resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes "QuEChERS" extraction or solid‐phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC‐MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh fruit and vegetables are highly utilized commodities by health-conscious consumers and represent a prominent segment in the functional and nutritional food sector. However, food processing is causing significant loss of nutritional components, and the generation of waste is creating serious economic and environmental problems. Fruit and vegetables encompass husk, peels, pods, pomace, seeds, and stems, which are usually discarded, despite being known to contain potentially beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, enzymes, and polyphenols. The emerging interest in the food industry in the nutritional and biofunctional constituents of polyphenols has prompted the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste for developing enriched and functional foods, with applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the utilization of waste for developing diverse and crucial bioactive commodities is a fundamental step in sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides evidence regarding the applicability of fruit and vegetable waste in different food formulations especially bakery, jam, and meat based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study effectively demonstrates the sonochemical synthesis of visible-light-responsive Cu-ZnO/TiO2 ternary Z-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite photocatalyst. The as-prepared photocatalyst was comprehensively characterized by techniques including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and elemental dot mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The photocatalytic activity of the Cu-ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst was assessed for the degradation of Congo red (CR), an azo dye, under direct sunlight. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for CR degradation was found to be 0.09 min−1. The outcome implies that the synthesised nanocomposite photocatalyst demonstrates excellent photocatalytic activity under direct sunlight as 98% degradation of CR dye was achieved in approximately 20 min using the Cu-ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite photocatalyst. Furthermore, its high recoverability and reusability of five times indicate its excellent catalytic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the sensor response was tested in conjunction with comorbidities of other underlying diseases, the response was highly specific to Covid-19 urinary metabolites. In recent years, research and development have focused on the early diagnosis and detection of diseases. Using molybdenum disulfide-GQD composites, a turn-on chemiluminescence sensor was developed to detect cholesterol in serum samples. [Extracted from the article]

In the article "A Facile Scalable Strategy for Constructing Novel Robust Self-Healing Glove Utilizing Nanoreinforced Thermoreversible Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber," the authors present a method for creating a self-healing glove using nanoreinforced XNBR. The glove is able to regain its bonding and strength through ionic interactions, making it highly durable. The authors successfully demonstrate the fabrication of a prototype for the self-healing glove. [Extracted from the article]

The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic outbreak has affected the lives of people globally on many different levels. Whilst a few antiviral drugs have been recommended for COVID‐19, there are no dedicated drugs available for this disease, yet. A virus pandemic could potentially induce severe public health threats, as well as economic and social consequences. Therefore, the discovery of effective, safe, and inexpensive antiviral agents is of great importance. Graphene has extraordinary properties. A series of successful biomedical applications involving graphene/graphene‐hybrid nanocomposites (G/GHNs) have been reported in recent years, including graphene‐based biosensor and related drug delivery system. This review is focused on the properties, synthesis routes, and applications of G/GHNs in antiviral therapy aiming to understand and highlight the unique properties of graphene and its derivatives, particularly for antiviral therapy, to evaluate and discuss the quality of graphene prepared via various preparation methods, to present the recent development of G/GHNs and their antiviral activities in prevention, detection and treatment, to offer perspective outlooks on the role of G/GHNs in antiviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and thermal performance of polypropylene (PP) composites which are composed of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were investigated. Functionalization of HNTs was confirmed by the presence of amine stretching peaks in the FTIR spectrum. A decrease in the agglomeration and high dispersion of APTES-HNTs across the PP matrix was confirmed by scanning electron micrographs (SEM). The mechanical properties of APTES-HNT-PP polymer composites were superior over their unmodified counterparts. Tensile properties such as maximum strength, Young's modulus and impact strength were significantly enhanced by 28%, 45% and 60% respectively, with 6 wt% incorporation of surface-modified HNTs into PP matrix. A drastic improvement of stiffness and thermal stability of composites was noted with the incorporation of APTES modified HNTs into PP polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed a total increase of 22% in the crystallinity of clay polymer nanocomposite after filled with surface-modified HNTs. Overall, the outcome of this research confirms the modification of the surface of HNTs with a silane coupling agent, which enhances the mechanical and thermal performance of PP composites incorporated HNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A limited number of overexpressed transcription factors are associated with cancer progression in many types of cancer. BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) is the first mammalian heme-binding transcription factor that belongs to the basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) family and a member of CNC (cap 'n' collar). It forms heterodimers with the small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) proteins and stimulates or suppresses the expression of target genes under a very low intracellular heme concentration. It possesses a significant regulatory role in heme homeostasis, oxidative stress, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis progression. This review discusses the current knowledge about how BACH1 regulates cancer metastasis in various types of cancer and other carcinogenic associated factors such as oxidative stress, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Overall, from the reported studies and outcomes, it could be realized that BACH1 is a potential pharmacological target for discovering new therapeutic anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies on the utilisation of supercritical fluids (SCFs) in processing chemicals and materials have garnered significant attention in the past two decades. SCFs possess both gas- and liquid-like properties that are tunable, rendering them as superior solvents for reactions and processes, for example in the delamination of graphite. SCF technologies are deemed to be potential alternatives to existing technologies for graphene production that are yet to be industrially scalable. This review features recent works on the production of graphene facilitated by SCFs, with emphasis on the conversion of graphite to graphene through exfoliation and reduction. The exfoliation processes report the yield of 6 to 27% of monolayer graphene and 3 to 25% of ≤ 5 layers of graphene, whilst the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio of graphene produced via different reduction processes ranges from 0.37 to 28.2 with interlayer spacing of 0.35 to 0.38 nm. Recent applications of gas-expanded solvents for the synthesis of graphene and the fabrication of functionalised graphene materials via SCF-aided processes are also described. In addition, a summary of the properties of common SCFs as well as the characterisation of graphene materials, such as the number of layers, C/O ratio, interlayer spacing, pore size and surface area, is included to provide insights on the process efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione (GSH) is a useful biomarker in the development, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. However, most of the reported GSH biosensors are expensive, time-consuming and often require complex sample treatment, which limit its biological applications. Herein, a nanobiosensor for the detection of GSH using folic acid-functionalized reduced graphene oxide-modified BSA gold nanoclusters (FA-rGO-BSA/AuNCs) based on the fluorescence quenching interactions is presented. Firstly, a facile and optimized protocol for the fabrication of BSA/AuNCs is developed. Functionalization of rGO with folic acid is performed using EDC/NHS cross-linking reagents, and their interaction after loading with BSA/AuNCs is demonstrated. The formation of FA-rGO, BSA/AuNCs and FA-rGO-BSA/AuNCs are confirmed by the state-of-art characterization techniques. Finally, a fluorescence turn-off sensing strategy is developed using the as-synthesized FA-rGO-BSA/AuNCs for the detection of GSH. The nanobiosensor revealed an excellent sensing performance for the detection of GSH with high sensitivity and desirable selectivity over other potential interfering species. The fluorescence quenching is linearly proportional to the concentration of GSH between 0 and 1.75 µM, with a limit of detection of 0.1 µM under the physiological pH conditions (pH 7.4). Such a sensitive nanobiosensor paves the way to fabricate a "turn-on" or "turn-off" fluorescent sensor for important biomarkers in cancer cells, presenting potential nanotheranostic applications in biological detection and clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing consumer demand for natural products, greener extraction techniques are found to be potential alternatives especially for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic manufacturing industries. Cavitation-based technology has drawn immense attention as a greener extraction method, following its rapid and effective extraction of numerous natural products compared to conventional techniques. The advantages of cavitation-based extraction (CE) are to eliminate the application of toxic solvents, reduction of extraction time and to achieve better extraction yield, as well as purity. The cavitational phenomena enhance the extraction efficiency via increased mass transfer rate between the substrate and solvent, following the cell wall rupture, due to the intense implosion of bubbles. This review includes a detailed overview of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), negative pressure cavitation (NPC) extraction, hydrodynamic cavitation extraction (HCE) and combined extractions techniques which have been implemented for the extraction of high-value-added compounds. A list of essential parameters necessary for the maximum possible extraction yield has been discussed. The optimization of parameters, such as ultrasonic power density, frequency, inlet pressure of HC, extraction temperature and the reactor configuration denote their significance for better efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks associated with extraction and future research directions have also been pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimizes the isolation parameters of cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) from kenaf fiber using central composite design (CCD). The extraction of CNP was based on three stages (i.e. 3 factors). The independent variables (factors) were NaOH dosage, amount of NaClO, and sonication time, while the dependent variables (response) were CNP size quality and degradation temperature. Later, size quality responses were fitted with a quadratic polynomial model and degradation point responses with a 2-factor interaction model (2FI). The quadratic model and 2FI models resulted R values of 0.95 and 0.79, respectively. In addition, the morphological, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated a progressive removal of non-cellulosic constituents. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed reduction in fiber diameter from ~170 μm to ~100 nm. The optimal parameters for extraction of CNP were found to be 0.2 g of NaOH/4 g of fiber at first stage, 5 ml of NaClO/4 g of fiber at the second stage, and 20 min of sonication period during the third stage. Moreover, obtained cellulose nanoparticles were thermally more stable at higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin has been found to possess significant pharmaceutical activities. However, owing to its low bioavailability, there is a limitation of employing it towards clinical application. In an attempt to surmount this implication, often the choice is designing novel drug delivery systems. Herein, sterically stabilized nanoscale dispersion loaded with curcumin (nanodispersion) based on non-ionic colloidal system has been proposed. In this study, the process conditions were effectively optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The suggested optimum formulation proved to be an excellent fit to the actual experimental output. STEM images illustrate that the optimal curcumin-loaded nanodispersion has spherical morphology with narrow particle size distribution. Particle size distribution study confirms that the solution pH does not affect the nanodispersion, and physical stability study shows that the colloidal system is stable over 90 days of storage at ambient conditions. More importantly, controlled release profile was achieved over 72 h and the in vitro drug release data fit well to Higuchi model ( R2=0.9654). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) of anaerobically digested palm oil mill effluent in batch studies through the following 4 strategies: coagulation by chitosan, addition of ferrous sulphate (FeSO), chitosan with hydrogen peroxide (HO) and chitosan with Fenton oxidation. The parameters tested were chitosan dosage (500-12,500 mg/L), FeSO dosage (500-12,500 mg/L), mixing time (15-60 min), sedimentation time (1-4 h) and initial pH (2-9) and HO (500-7500 mg/L). Coagulation only by using chitosan (2500 mg/L) achieved the maximum COD and TSS removal of 70.22 ± 0.23 and 85.59 ± 0.13 %, respectively. An increase in the TSS removal (98.7 ± 0.06 %) but with a reduction in the COD removal (62.61 ± 2.41 %) was observed when FeSO (2500 mg/L) was added along with chitosan (2500 mg/L). Alternatively, an improvement in the COD (82.82 ± 1.71 %) and TSS (89.92 ± 0.48 %) removal efficiencies was observed when chitosan was coupled with HO (500 mg/L). Finally, chitosan (2500 mg/L) integrated with Fenton oxidation (FeSO of 2500 mg/L and HO of 500 mg/L) resulted in 100 % TSS and 73.08 ± 4.11 % COD removals. Overall chitosan with HO proved to be the most promising alternative for POME treatment compared to chitosan with Fenton oxidation. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] Research Significance: Industrial wastewater treatment exploiting advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involves generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to degrade the organic components and is a well-documented approach. In the present study, natural biomaterial chitosan as a coagulant combined with various AOP's have been investigated for the anaerobically digested palm oil mill effluent (AAD-POME) treatment. Research investigations to-date on the post-treatment of POME is very limited, and the lacking of lab-scale study could be the major reason for the failing industrial plant trials. Hence the current study explores the possibility and reports in detail on an alternative eco-friendly green processing technique for POME treatment. The objectives of present investigation focuses on the post-treatment of AAD-POME primarily by coagulation using (a) chitosan (b) chitosan with FeSO (c) chitosan with HO and (d) chitosan with Fenton oxidation. The results conclude that chitosan with HO proved to be the most promising alternative for POME treatment compared to chitosan with Fenton oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin has been found to possess significant pharmaceutical activities. However, owing to its low bioavailability, there is a limitation of employing it towards clinical application. In an attempt to surmount this implication, often the choice is designing novel drug delivery systems. Herein, sterically stabilized nanoscale dispersion loaded with curcumin (nanodispersion) based on non-ionic colloidal system has been proposed. In this study, the process conditions were effectively optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design (BBD). The suggested optimum formulation proved to be an excellent fit to the actual experimental output. STEM images illustrate that the optimal curcumin-loaded nanodispersion has spherical morphology with narrow particle size distribution. Particle size distribution study confirms that the solution pH does not affect the nanodispersion, and physical stability study shows that the colloidal system is stable over 90 days of storage at ambient conditions. More importantly, controlled release profile was achieved over 72 h and the in vitro drug release data fit well to Higuchi model (R² = 0.9654). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A medium- and long-term perspective is required in human resource development to ensure that future needs and demands for oral healthcare are met by the most appropriate health professionals. This paper presents a case study of the Sultanate of Oman, one of the Gulf States with a current population of 3.8 million, which has initiated dental training through the creation of a dental college. Objectives: The objectives of this paper are first to describe trends in the dental workforce in Oman from 1990 to date and compare the dental workforce with its medical counterparts in Oman and with other countries, and second, to consider future dental workforce in the Sultanate. Methods: Data were collected from published sources, including the Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Manpower (MoM), and Ministry of National Economy (MoNE)-Sultanate of Oman; the World Health Organization (WHO); World Bank; and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Dentist-to-population ratios were compared nationally, regionally and globally for medicine and dentistry. Dental graduate outputs were mapped onto the local supply. Future trends were examined using population growth predictions, exploring the expected impact in relation to global, regional and European workforce densities. Results: Population growth in Oman is increasing at a rate of over 2% per year. Oman has historically been dependent upon an expatriate dental workforce with only 24% of the dentist workforce Omani in 2010 (n = 160). Subsequent to Oman Dental College (ODC) starting to qualify dental (BDS) graduates in 2012, there is an increase in the annual growth of the dentist workforce. On the assumption that all future dental graduates from ODC have an opportunity to practise in Oman, ODC graduates will boost the annual Omani dentist growth rate starting at 28% per annum from 2012 onwards, building capacity towards global (n = 1711) and regional levels (Gulf State: n = 2167) in the medium term. Conclusion: The output of dental graduates from Oman Dental College is improving the dentist-to-population ratio and helping the Sultanate to realize its aim of developing an Omani-majority dental workforce. The implications for retention of dentists and team training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides (PS) from Ganoderma lucidum, was subjected to a scale-up study. 0.25 L extractor was used to optimize the extraction conditions toward maximum yield of PS. The extracted PS was observed to be reduced by increasing the scale from 1 to 6 L. To intensify the extraction, axial circulation at different stirring rates was induced and optimized in a 3 L U-tube extractor. Although circulation at 300 rpm improved the yield of PS for 3 L, introducing dispersion geometry (conical funnel) and adjusting the radiation distance in a 6 L U-tube extractor further intensified the extraction efficiency. A radiation distance of 4 cm and circulation induced using 600 rpm enhanced the PS as compared to the conventional 6 L extractor. Overall, the scale-up from 0.25 to 6 L was successful and introducing circulation and dispersion geometry intensified the extraction efficiency under similar dissipation of ultrasonic power. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1483-1491, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]