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We check the role of time‐zone difference on offshoring of service tasks when the skill of labors varies between the partner countries. We frame a model where partner countries are located in non‐overlapping time zones, and the skill level of the partner‐country labors is lower. In our model, service production is divided into two sequential stages, and output is a supermodular function of the skill of labors and time. The problem of the producers is to choose between domestic production and offshoring. Domestic production employs high‐skill labors though the time management is inefficient. On the other hand, offshoring to a non‐overlapping time zone helps to work round the clock and reduce the cost, but the lower expertise of skilled labor lowers the output. In such a framework, we check conditions for beneficial offshoring. The condition derived in our analysis provides combinations of skill and time that can make offshoring beneficial. Results show that offshoring across time zones is beneficial even when the complexity of stages of production vary. However, only the relatively less‐critical task is offshored. We further find that availability of domestic low‐skill labor does not benefit the firm, while foreign low‐skill labor may be beneficially utilized through time‐zone exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) have gained popularity as a cost-effective alternative to silicon-based solar cells. The present study, provides a unique approach for the construction of DSSCs using anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the photoelectrode material and natural fruit extracts (blackcurrent and pomegranate) as photosensitisers. To generate a compact and homogenous TiO2 anatase layer, nanoparticles are deposited onto a transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. Subsequently, natural fruit extracts were added to the TiO2 anatase film, functioning as photosensitisers to absorb sunlight and start the electron transfer process. Each fruit extract unique chemical makeup adds to the absorption of various wavelengths, widening the DSSC's light absorption spectrum. A thin graphite coating was applied to a conducting material for the generation of a counter electrode, which completes the DSSC structure. The sensitised TiO2 anatase layer and counter electrode are joined together, with a redox electrolyte filling the gap between them. Current–voltage measurements used to characterise the manufactured DSSC during simulated solar irradiation. The DSSC's efficiency was calculated as 0.4–18% based on the produced photocurrent and incident light intensity. The study's finding shows that a DSSC can be successfully fabricated because of its low manufacturing cost and low harmful. It has wide applicability in renewable energy sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorptive dehydration utilising polymeric hydrogels presents an effective technique for removing excess water from pasteurised milk. This study investigated three Interpenetrating Polymeric Network (IPN) hydrogels comprising Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVOH) and Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) at mass ratios of 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50, respectively, with Maleic Anhydride (MAn) as a cross-linker at concentrations of 2% 4%, and 8% based on total polymer weight. It was observed that the rate of dehydration increased with higher HEC content in the hydrogels. However, the stability decreased due to changes in the structural alignment of polymer chains and weak cross-linking. Among the tested hydrogels, the one with a composition of 70:30 for PVOH and HEC, respectively, cross-linked with 8% MAn (0.096gm), exhibited the best adsorption (569% Swelling) with minimal changes in pH (<10%) and conductivity (<10%) and was, therefore, selected for further study. This selected hydrogel composition was further enhanced by incorporating a hydrophilic nanofiller (Bentonite) at proportions of 2%, 4% and 6% based on total polymer weight during hydrogel synthesis. The hydrogel with 4% nanofiller (0.081 gm) showed the best results in terms of swelling and stability although the 6% filled hydrogel exhibited superior swelling but lower stability. Finally, the dehydration process was optimised using Type 1 fuzzy logic (T1FL), achieving an R2 value of 95.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two equivalent electrical circuit models of a dye-sensitized solar (DSS) module (150B-3 390). The module, which uses a third-generation solar cell, has several advantages over the earlier two generations. The equivalent model increases the research opportunities on solar cell technology development even without an existing solar plant. The paper highlights the development of an equivalent model of the module with the proposed method, as no such model is currently available to carry out further research with the module. The single-diode model (SDM) is a widely utilized simple approach that describes solar cell behavior very well. Model I in the paper is developed using only the SDM approach. It consists of a few unknown parameters estimated with the Gauss–Seidel method. The results from Model I show that the model requires certain improvements, due to the fundamental differences in the characteristic curves between conventional solar cells and DSS cells. The proposed model can more precisely describe the behavior of the module. Gauss–Seidel, curve fitting, and theoretical methods were used to develop the proposed model. It describes the irradiance effect of the module by introducing two newly developed parameters to Model I. The proposed model, with the theoretically modified characteristic equation of Model I, illustrates the temperature effect. The experimental work for the modeling is carried out on the DSS module inside a laboratory environment with standard test conditions. A Raspberry Pi 4 B with sensing devices is used to extract the measurable parameters from the module. Both models are based on an SDM design approach. Characteristic curves of the module from measured data validate the output characteristics of both models at various irradiance and temperature values. The results confirm the superiority of the proposed model over Model I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a study to improve the ternary oxide Ni3V2O8′s electrochemical energy storage capabilities through correct surfactanization during hydrothermal synthesis. In this study, Ni3V2O8 nanomaterials were synthesized in three different forms: one with a cationic surfactant (CTAB), one with an anionic surfactant (SLS), and one without any surfactant. FESEM study reveals that all the synthesized Ni3V2O8 nanomaterials had a small stone-like morphology. The electrochemical study showed that anionic surfactant-assisted Ni3V2O8 (NVSLS) had a maximum of 972 F g−1 specific capacitance at 1 A g−1 current density, whereas cationic surfactant-assisted Ni3V2O8 (NVCTAB) had the lowest specific capacitance of 162 F g−1. The specific capacitance and the capacitance retention of the NVSLS (85% after 4000 cycles) based electrode was much better than that of the NVCTAB (76% after 4000 cycles) based electrode. The improved energy storage properties of the NVSLS electrode are attributed to its high diffusion coefficient, high surface area, and enriched elemental nickel, as compared to the NVCTAB electrode. All these excellent electrochemical properties of NVSLS electrode indicates their potential usage in asymmetric supercapacitor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geologically complex Proterozoic Cuddapah basin and its environs, have played a vital role in the geodynamic evolution of the India-east Antarctica terrain during Columbia, Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinental assembly periods. In the present study, we investigate subsurface crustal seismic structure of the north Cuddapah basin, by reprocessing seismic data, acquired along 325 km long Alampur–Koniki–Ganapeswaram profile. The study depicted a thin veneer of alluvium (2.00–2.90 km/s), underlain by the Gondwana (4.00 km/s) and upper (5.00–5.20 km/s) and lower (5.50–5.70 km/s) Proterozoic sediments in East Coast Sedimentary Basin. Similarly, in the fault-bounded Cuddapah basin, upper and lower Cuddapah sediments are characterised by velocities 5.05–5.10 km/s and 5.50–5.70 km/s with combined thickness of 2.8 km in Kurnool basin and 1.9 km in Nallamalai basin. They rest directly over crystalline basement (5.90–6.05 km/s), underlain further by mid-crustal layer (6.20–6.30 km/s) located at depths of 5–15 km. Massive mid-crustal exhumation in the form of a prominent hidden ridge structure below Darsi and Addanki regions of Nellore Schist and Eastern Ghats Belts is imaged, which is ascribed to India-East Antarctic collision. The studied region coincides with anomalous thermal field, shallow LAB, up-dipping of over-thrusted layers and active seismicity. Possibly, a marginal ocean basin existed in this region during the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinent assembly periods, which underwent successive rifting episodes during Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Era. This study confirms that the Proterozoic sedimentation was much more intense and more widespread, than presently known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep crustal seismic reflection profiling is carried out for first time across various tectonic domains of seismically active Mesozoic Kachchh rift basin, formed during the breakup of Gondwanaland. The seismic data, processed using the common reflection surface stack approach, provided maiden images of the shallow and deep sub‐surface structures in the region. These images reveal a 15 km thick subhorizontal lower crustal reflection fabric and crustal‐scale domal‐type structure extending from the surface to the Moho. We interpret the earlier structure represent magmatic underplating and the latter as the Kachchh Mainland uplift. We find large variations in the thickness of sediments from 150 m to 6.5 km and crustal thickness from 45 to 35 km from north to south, with a Moho up warp of 4 km beneath the Kachchh Mainland fault. The Kachchh rift basin exhibits an unusually thick crust of 45 km, contrary to many rift basins. We interpret the syn‐rifting and the Reunion mantle plume activity, manifested as Deccan volcanics, are responsible for magmatic underplating and crustal thickening. Uplift in the region is multi‐genetic in origin. Present study illuminated new faults and nature of various other faults. Moderate to large earthquakes in the region are attributed to the regional and local stresses resulting from the plate boundary and heterogeneous crustal structure. Based on the mafic lower crust and distribution of aftershocks through the entire crust, we interpret the lower crust is brittle, contrary to most models of continental rheology. Plain Language Summary: Crustal evolution takes place at orogenic belts and extensional areas. Present study area, the Kachchh rift basin located on the NW part of the Indian Shield underwent extensional activity during its formation. It was formed during different stages of rifting/breaking processes of the Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic. Crustal thickness varies according to the tectonic activity of the region. In general rift basins exhibit 33–35 km thick crust, whereas the present study imaged an unusually 45 km thick crust beneath the Kachchh basin. We attribute this thickness to the accretion of 15 km mantle material in the lower crust, the magmatic underplating, during rifting and Reunion mantle plume activities. The Kachchh basin exhibits crustal heterogeneity due to uplift (horst) and depression (graben) type of structures formed during basin evolution. The peninsular India is in a state of compression between the Himalayan collision zone in the NE and the Indian Ocean ridge‐push in the SW. We interpret the plate boundary stresses generated during this process along with magmatic underplating are responsible for the basin upliftment. Also, the plate boundary stresses coupled with crustal heterogeneity, which act as stress concentrators are responsible for the observed high seismicity of the region. Key Points: Syn‐rifting and Reunion plume activities accreted 15 km thick mantle material in the lower crust of the Kachchh rift due to crust‐mantle interactionPlume activity, plate boundary stress, and basin inversion are found to be responsible for the upliftment in the regionCrustal heterogeneities and plate boundary stresses may be responsible for the high seismicity of the region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the evolutionary computation-based techniques have been introduced for porosity optimization of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) with comparative analysis. The diffusion differential equation-based model of DSSC achieves the goal. The porosity has been considered for optimization as it influences the light absorption and electron diffusion rate. Due to that reason, the cell performance differs at different porosities. This parameter with proper tuning can help to extract the maximum efficiency irrespective of environmental factors. The search and optimization tools, such as artificial bee colony, differential evolution, genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and simulated annealing (SA), is used and applied to the DSSC model for the optimization. The classic optimization algorithms have been compared, and an investigation has been carried out at different thickness values of the titanium dioxide ( T i O 2 ) layer. This study results the realization of the best approach in terms of convergence and computational time, and the consistency of the optimized porosity has been examined at distinct porosity. It is convenient for the practical model improvement of DSSCs with better efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylic acid (AA) and Acrylamide (AM) are copolymerised to produce copolymer of Poly-acrylic acid-co-acrylamide (PAA) in the aqueous solution of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Both the polymers PVA and PAA were cross-linked in situ by glutaraldehyde and N, N O-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) respectively using 2 mass% of polymer basis for both of them. Thus, three different full interpenetrating network (FIPN) hydrogels were synthesised varying the mass ratio of PVA to PAA. The hydrogel of PVA: PAA = 1:0.50 composition designated as PAA50 found competitive for separating Malachite green from its 50 ppm aqueous solution by adsorption compared to the other two. PAA50 was further modified by incorporating 2, 5, 8 and 10 mass% nano size sodium monomontellite filler and produced four filled FIPN hydrogels designated as PAA52, PAA55, PAA58 and PAA510, respectively. These four nano-filled FIPN hydrogels along with unfilled PAA50 and pure nano size sodium monomontellite were used for adsorption in same dye solution of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm concentrations and different pH of 4, 7, 9, 10 & 11. Highest 98.039% dye removal was done by PAA58 from 75 ppm feed at 9 pH. 93.7% recovery was observed at 3 pH in desorption study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization produces substantial land use changes by causing the construction of different urban infrastructures in the city region for habitation, transportation, industry, and other reasons. As a result, it has a significant impact on Land Surface Temperature (LST) by disrupting the surface energy balance. The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of land-use/land-cover (LU/LC) dynamics on urban land surface temperature (LST) of Bhubaneswar City in Eastern India during 30 years (1991–2021) using Landsat data (TM, ETM + , and OLI/TIRS) and machine learning algorithms (MLA). The finding reveals that the mean LST over the entire study domain grows significantly between 1991 and, 2021due to urbanization (β coefficient 0.400, 0.195, 0.07, and 0.06 in 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 respectively) and loss of green space (β coefficient − 0.295, − 0.025, − 0.125 and − 0.065 in 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 respectively). The highest class recorded for agricultural land (49.60 km2, accounting for 33.94% of the total land area) was in 1991 followed by vegetation (41.27 km2, 28.19% of the total land area), and built-up land (27.59 km2, 18.84% of the total land area). The sharp decline of vegetation cover will continue until 2021 due to increasing built-up areas (r = − 0.531, − 0.329, − 0.538, and − 0.063 in the 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 respectively). Built-up land (62.60 km2, accounting for 42.76% of the total land area, an increase of 35.01 km2 from 1991) as the highest class followed by water bodies (21.57%, 32.60 km2 of the land area), and agricultural land (31.57 km2, 21.57% of the land area) in 2021. Remote sensing techniques proved to be an important tool to urban planners and policymakers to take adequate steps to promote sustainable development and minimize urbanization influence on LST. Urban green space (UGS) can help improve the overall liveability and environmental sustainability of Bhubaneswar city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the synthesis of a S, N co-doped carbon dot (C-dot)-functionalized WO3 (C-(S, N)-WO3) nanostructure via a hydrothermal method, which exhibits ultrasensitivity for NO2 at the ppb level and H2S at the ppm level along with remarkable selectivity. The WO3 morphology is optimized by varying the pH (1.5–3.5) of the solution. Characterization results reveal that the surface morphology at pH 3 is superior for producing uniform nanoneedle nanostructures with high sensitivity toward NO2 and H2S. To further enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of WO3 nanoneedles, the effect of mixing of C-dots into WO3 is investigated systematically. The optimized weight of C-dots in the C-(S, N)-WO3 composite is 10 mg, which exhibits sensitivity values of 2.2 to 250 ppb for NO2 and 29.5 to 100 ppm for H2S. The C-(S, N)-WO3 composite material shows the highest sensitivity at an optimum substrate temperature of 150 °C, without an obvious influence of humidity up to 50% relative humidity. The limit of detection of the composite sensor is 250 ppb NO2 along with excellent repeatability and good long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the history and accomplishments of CSIR-NGRI over the past 60 years, related to elucidating the seismic structure of the crust and lithospheric mantle of the Indian shield. Extensive investigations have been carried out in diverse geological and tectonic provinces of India, employing seismic reflection, refraction/wide-angle reflection and passive seismology to decipher (a) the evolution of the Indian plate through geological time, (b) hazard and its mitigation and (c) accumulation and disposition of natural resources. These endeavours entailed the application and development of state-of-the-art methodologies. Synthesis of the results from active and passive seismology reveals that the thickness of the crust varies between 28 and 65 km in the Kachchh and Aravalli regions respectively, consistent with their evolutionary histories. The thickest crust is observed in the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and the shallowest lies in the west coast. The crust in the shield region is mostly thicker, while it is thin beneath the rift zones. Results from coincident reflection and wide-angle seismic reflection studies broadly suggest a three-layered crust with magmatic underplating. Interestingly, the seismic sections traversing the Aravalli fold belt, central Indian suture zone, Dharwar craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) depict paleo-collision and subduction environments. The diverse character of the Moho, crustal fabrics and structure in different geological provinces indicate that contrasting tectonic environments might have influenced their evolution and support the hypothesis that plate tectonic processes were operative since Neoarchean. The thickness of the lithosphere estimated from receiver functions varies from 80 to 140 km. An undulation in the Lithosphere Asthenosphere Boundary reveals evidence for a flexure on a regional scale, owing to the continental collision of the Indian and Asian plates. However, the lithospheric thickness derived from surface wave dispersion studies is somewhat larger, ranging from 100 to 250 km, with some body wave tomographic studies suggesting it to be ∼400 km, in consonance with the concept of Tectosphere. The thickness values derived from both the methods agree at a few locales such as the Eastern Dharwar Craton, SGT, Cambay, Singhbhum and western DVP. However, a broad disagreement prevails in WDC and northern part of the Indian shield where surface wave tomography reveals the thickness of lithosphere to be 140 to 200 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a single-phase Na4Mn4Ti5O18 oxide prepared via ceramic processing route. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction results indicated orthorhombic unit cell indexed with Pbam space group. Further, structural analysis using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy suggested crystal structure comprising two distinct tunnel pathway, polygonal and Z-shaped tunnels with void dimensions ~ 4.07 Å and ~ 3.01 Å, respectively, suitable for reversible cation transport desirable for energy storage applications. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed presence of Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+ and Ti4+ in Na4Mn4Ti5O18. Surface morphology in field emission scanning electron microscopy exhibited inhomogenously distributed micro-bead grains separated by well-defined boundaries in good agreement with complex impedance spectrum results. Estimated dc conductivity and surface area is ~ 1.745 × 10− 6 S cm− 1 and ~ 0.66 m2g− 1 respectively. Electrochemical energy storage performance with cell; Na || 1 M NaFSI (EC : DMC, 1:1 v/v%) || Na4Mn4Ti5O18 in voltage range 2.0–3.8 V indicated reversible redox action. Identical cell in voltage range 0.01–2.5 V, exhibited pseudo-capacitive behaviour. Results suggest energy storage possibility with Na4Mn4Ti5O18 electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report electrochemical performance of a calcium ferrite type NaFeTiO4 electrode for capacitor cell applications. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results confirmed single-phase polycrystalline surface property comprising non-uniform grain distribution. X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) analysis results confirmed presence of Fe3+ and Ti4+ oxidation states. The electrochemical performance of NaFeTiO4 in a three-electrode capacitor cell using different aqueous electrolytes: 1 M H2SO4, 1 M Na2SO4, and 1 M Li2SO4 confirmed superior performance only for capacitor cell with 1 M H2SO4 exhibiting typical pseudo-capacitive response in cyclic voltammetry. In contrast, the cell response of NaFeTiO4 with 1 M Na2SO4 and 1 M Li2SO4 electrolytes was electric double-layer charge (EDLC) accumulation induced capacitive effect predominantly. The electrolyte-driven distinct charge storage mechanism has been attributed to surface adsorption-induced redox action in the former whereas the EDLC response in the latter is attributed to larger size of the hydrated Na+ and Li+ ions causing charge accumulation at the interface. An excellent cyclic stability up to 10000 cycle with capacity retention up to 91% and coulombic efficiency ~ 100% has been noted @ 1 Ag−1 in 1 M H2SO4. Two electrode symmetric cell results exhibit similar pseudo-capacitive response as in three electrode cell configuration. The material delivered maximum power density ~ 18 kW/kg @ 10 Ag−1 and energy density ~ 2.55 Wh/kg @ 0.1 Ag−1 in a three-electrode-cell configuration whereas for a two-electrode cell, corresponding values are ~ 3.13 kW/kg @ 0.43Ag−1 and ~ 2.26 Wh/kg @ 0.04 Ag−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plateaus, located far away from the plate boundaries, play an important role in understanding the deep-rooted geological processes responsible for the epeirogenic uplift and dynamics of the plate interior. The Karnataka plateau located in the Dharwar craton, southern India, is a classic example for the plateau uplift. It is explored using orthogonal deep crustal seismic reflection studies, and a mechanism for the epeirogenic uplift is suggested. A pseudo three-dimensional crustal structure derived from these studies suggests a regionally extensive 10 km thick magmatic underplating in the region. It is further constrained from active-source refraction and passive-source seismological data. We interpret the Marion and Reunion mantle plume activities during 88 Ma and 65 Ma on the western part of Dharwar craton are responsible for the magmatic underplating, which caused epeirogenic uplift. Flexural isostasy related to the onshore denudational unloading and offshore sediment loading is also responsible for the persisting uplift in the region. Plate boundary forces are found to be contributing to the plateau uplift. The present study provides a relationship between the mantle plumes, rifting, development of continental margins, plateau uplift, and denudational isostasy. Combination of exogenic and endogenic processes are responsible for the plateau uplift in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to strive to model virtual trade resulting from time zone differences in an otherwise Heckscher–Ohlin set up which is absent in the literature. So, the paper adds some value to the existing literature on time zones (TZ) and trade. Design/methodology/approach: A competitive general equilibrium model is developed first to capture the effect of TZ differences on virtual trade. Then the authors examine, in brief, if distance can be accommodated in such framework. Finally, the authors extend the model to incorporate informality. Findings: It is seen that exploitation of time zone difference benefits skilled labor and hurts capital under reasonable assumption. In what follows, time zone difference exploiting sector expands, whereas the other sector contracts. Then, the model has been extended to examine how distance may also lead to similar outcomes. In addition, the model is further modified to explore the effect of virtual trade in an informality and associated extortion ridden economy. Interestingly, virtual trade turns out to be beneficial to unskilled workers as well, and leads to a fall in the number of extortionists, though informal production is augmented. Research limitations/implications: This model is a competitive model that may not clearly reflect the realistic world. However, interestingly this may form the basis of looking into some other appealing dimensions of the real world. Originality/value: TZ and related communication-cost-driven trade arguments are relatively less explored theoretically. Therefore, the work adds some value to the theoretical understanding of outsourcing in service trade that uses day-night differences across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple quantum wells (MQWs) of CdZnO/ZnO are realized, for the first time, by dual ion beam sputtering (DIBS) system at different deposition conditions in terms of ion beam power, substrate temperature, and time cessation between deposition of successive layers. The effects of DIBS deposition conditions are analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and discussed systematically. The SIMS analysis has been used for depth profiling of CdZnO/ZnO-based MQWs structure. The deposition of CdZnO/ZnO-based MQW structure performed at 100 °C with time cessation of 30 min between successive layer growth and ion beam power of 14 W has displayed the best results in terms of distinct well and barrier layers formation. This work also includes an analytical study of CdZnO/ZnO-based MQW solar cell (MQWSC), in which a study is performed for solar irradiance dependence of performance parameters to explore the potential use of CdZnO/ZnO-based MQWSC for concentrator solar cell (SC). The short-circuit current density increases from 0.12 to 57.98 mA/cm2, the open-circuit voltage rises from 2.60 to 2.77 V, and the photon conversion efficiency is from 2.85% to 3.04%, as solar irradiance increases from 0.1 to 50 suns. The results show that the performance of SCs can be improved by using concentrators and also explore the possibility of efficiently absorbing short-wavelength photons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To combat COVID-19 the entire world has resorted to global lockdown implying restriction on international labor migration and trade. This paper aims to check the effect of such restrictions on the unemployment of unskilled labor in the source country. In competitive general equilibrium framework with three goods and four factors, restriction on migration raises unemployment for given factor intensity. The results remain same even in a slightly different structure of the economy. In case of trade restriction, however, the rise or fall in unemployment depends on both the structure of the economy and the factor intensity assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrazide based covalent organic polymer (COP) with pyridine functionalities has been synthesized and used to fabricate an efficient chemosensor for the detection of gaseous H2S at 25 °C through a proton conduction process. The gas sensing behavior of the COP has been measured in a dynamic flow-through resistance measurement system. The COP fabricated sensor shows a lower response time of 9 s with a recovery time of 12 s, when the experiment is performed with a H2S concentration of 200 ppm at 25 °C. It also shows high selectivity to H2S gas compared to other gases such as CO2, NH3, CO and NO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rent seeking within the vast informal segment of the developing world is a relatively under‐explored topic in the interface of labor market policies and public economics. Moreover, how rent seeking and corruption within the informal segment gets affected by economic reforms targeted for the formal sector is rarely discussed in the literature. This paper fills the gap. We identify conditions under which economic reform in the formal segment will increase the rate of corruption or rent seeking in the informal sector and raise the pay‐off for those involved in rent‐seeking activities. When the formal sector contracts due to reforms, rent seeking in the informal sector may increase and lower the level of welfare unconditionally. Economic reforms may increase corruption instead of reducing it, unlike standard conjectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we develop a four sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy with three formal sectors and one informal sector. One formal sector's output is used as an intermediate input in all other sectors. This intermediate input is defined here as bureaucracy. We have also incorporated an additional cost specific to the informal sector in addition to factor cost of production which is defined as the cost of corruption. In this context, this paper examines the impact of less protectionist policy and bureaucratic reform on the output levels and factor prices. It has been shown that the informal sector and manufacturing sector have contracted due to tariff reduction while informal wage goes up. Further, we have examined the effect of a decrease in bureaucratic (in)efficiency. This reduces the informal wage rate but informal sector expands. It is further examined that the effect of a decrease in the cost of corruption leads to an increase in the informal wage rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the statistical distribution of the grain surface area on the variations of switching voltages (set/reset or both) has been discussed in this report. Dual ion beam sputtered yttria-based memristive devices show unipolar and bipolar resistive switching (RS) for amorphous thin-film and polycrystalline thin-film devices, respectively. Field emission scanning electron microscope image analysis techniques reveal that the standard deviation (SD) of the switching voltages is directly correlated with the SD of grain surface area of oxide layers. It is found that devices with the amorphous thin film have a smaller SD of the switching voltages than polycrystalline thin-film devices. The endurance measurement of the device with amorphous oxide layer indicates highly reliable and reproducible RS characteristics for ~23 000 switching cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using traditional health capital model of Grossman (The human capital model of the demand for health. NBER, Working Paper 7078, 1972) and Wagstaff (Bull Econ Res 38(1):93-95,1986a) this paper attempts to fill in the theoretical missing link between mothers’ autonomy and household consumption behavior. We focus specifically on the consumption of child health inputs. In our paper it has been shown that working mothers’ children should be of better health. Further, independent of working status of the mother, higher autonomy always reallocates family budget to induce more consumption of child health inputs. The basic results of our model are further reinforced when autonomy is dependent on mothers’ income. In fact, the income effect derived from our extended model indicates that income-induced autonomy may result in redefining the composite consumption good for the family as an inferior one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we construct a three‐sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy with an informal sector and examine the impact of a less protectionist policy on output levels, factor prices, and the level of urban employment. We show that the urban unemployment rate has reduced with the contraction of an import‐competing manufacturing sector consequent upon tariff reductions. The informal intermediate sector has contracted as well. A possibility to expand the exportable agricultural sector exists, with an increased wage rate. Our analysis is then extended to introduce foreign capital inflow and examine the output effects and the level of unemployment. Interestingly, in the extended model, urban unemployment is aggravated as a result of an inflow of foreign capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time zone difference induced changes in trade and factor prices are relatively new concerns in trade literature. Here in this paper, we formulate a trade model capturing the issue of time zone difference and communication technology revolution together to show that due to these developments skilled workers benefit. Though wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is widened under reasonable and, of course, sensible condition. Return to capital dwindles while educational capital gets relatively high return. These changes also attract educational capital from abroad and eventually alter the sectoral composition of the economy in favor of more skill based one. One interesting implication of our results points to a provocative choice problem for the country concerned regarding high wage disparity and low skill formation which itself is a question of political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Vindhyan basin of northwestern and central India is one of the largest undeformed Meso‐Neoproterozoic basins in the world with likely potential of hydrocarbons. Crustal seismic reflection data along a 165‐km long Chandli‐Bundi‐Kota‐Kunjer profile of the Chambal Valley Vindhyan basin processed using common reflection surface stack method brought out new crustal features, which were missing in earlier images. A gently dipping structure of the basin is imaged with a maximum of 7.5‐km thick Proterozoic sediments, 1.5‐km thick volcanic sequence, and the granitic basement at 9.0‐km depth. The Great Boundary Thrust, a NW dipping crustal‐scale regional tectonic feature outcropping at Bundi, and a new NW dipping reflection band from 9‐ to 30‐km depth, named here as the Chambal thrust, are imaged beneath Bundi‐Kota segment. Subduction and collision are responsible for evolution of these thrusts implying horizontal crustal growth. Seismic images of compression on one side and extension on another side along with differences in the Moho characteristics and other constraints from geophysical data around Kota indicate the presence of a new tectonic boundary with a strong lateral discontinuity and strike‐slip features. The Moho topography is delineated for the first time revealing a crustal thickness ranging from 40 to 44 km. A 9‐ to 12‐km thick mafic underplating at the lower crust suggests an important postcollisional process indicating vertical crustal growth. Based on the images from the present reflection study, a geodynamic model of the region is suggested in a plate tectonic framework, which may apply to similar Paleoproterozoic collisional areas and associated basin formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a Heckscher-Ohlin nugget framework with both traded and non-traded goods. Traded goods are subject to tax whereas non-traded good does not pay tax but is beset with corruption related intermediation. Our motive is to investigate the comparison of the effects of corruption and tax cut. We assume only the non-traded sector to be corruption affected. We argue that a fall in the degree of corruption surprisingly increases the number of intermediators while tax change has no effect on it. But the size of the intermediation activities expands in both the cases. Low corruption diminishes the exportable production and raises importable production while a tax cut does not have any such effect. The welfare implication is ambiguous in case of a decrease in cost of corruption. A tax cut, however, raises welfare unambiguously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose-like ZnO microcube/MoO3 micrograss-based composite was synthesized via hydrothermal process followed by solution-based synthesis approach. The crystal structure, chemical state, morphology, and elemental analysis of the obtained rose-like composite were examined by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, respectively. The results indicated that rose-like ZnO microcube/MoO3 micrograss composite was obtained where ZnO microcube pistil and MoO3 micrograss petal were formed. Furthermore, volatile organic compounds sensing performance of the rose-like composite was examined, where sensors presented outstanding sensing performance toward methanol including high selectivity and sensitivity, low-optimal operating temperature as well as very stable response-recovery characteristics, and long-term stability. Such sensing performance can be ascribed to a combined effect of the unique rose-like structures and band formation between ZnO/MoO3 n–n heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper talks about a small open economy comprising of three sectors: two formal sectors and one informal sector. One of these formal sectors uses a specific factor which is specially trained labor. “Special training” can easily encompass the issues such as vocational training, technical training, computer literacy, software knowledge etc. Unskilled workers have the option of being trained to get a job in high wage skilled sector or to be employed in the informal sector. In such situation, an inflow of educational capital leads to a change in informal wage while formal wage and rental will remain unchanged. Under reasonable condition informal wage may even go up. Though we have mixed effect in formal sector, informal sector must shrink. An extended version of the model with the incorporation of the effect of trade liberalization policy predicts just the opposite results with regard to informal output and formal wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a polycrystalline NaFeTiO4 prepared via conventional solid-state reaction route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results and Rietveld refinement confirmed single-phase NaFeTiO4 having an orthorhombic unit cell with lattice parameters a = 9.17051 Å, b = 2.96310 Å, and c = 10.73676 Å and Pnma space group (No. 62). Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) yielded sample stoichiometry that agrees well with its molecular formula. The surface morphology indicated a cylindrical rod-like microstructure comprising well-defined grains having variable dimension, i.e., diameter ~ 250 to 350 nm and length ~ 1 to 5 μm. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR/Raman) results indicated presence of FeO6 and TiO6 octahedra in good agreement with crystallographic study. Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area measurement yielded a specific surface area as high as ~ 4.28 m2 g−1. Electrical impedance spectrum indicated presence of grains separated by well-defined grain boundaries in agreement with microstructural analysis. Electrical conductivity of the material was estimated to be ~ 6.05 × 10−6 S cm−1. The structural model obtained using XRD and vibrational spectrum results suggest layered tunnel/cage structure of cage dimension ~ 4.65 Å, along [010] direction in the xz plane, which is larger than the size of Na+ ion (0.98 Å). So, easier Na+ migration feasibility exists in NaFeTiO4 crystal lattice making it a good candidate for electrode applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Informal economy involving unrecorded, unregistered, extra‐legal activities employs majority of the work force in the developing world. Such extra‐legal existence of informal production is facilitated through extortion by agents of political forces in power. Also, extortion activities themselves constitute an informal segment. Full‐scale general equilibrium consequences of such institutions are rarely discussed in the literature. We develop a well‐specified general equilibrium model to explore the possible consequences of reform. Economic reform may have an expansionary effect on the number of extortionists. Depending on capital mobility and factor intensity assumptions informal output and informal wage may increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major part of the Earth's continental crust is evolved during the Archean, however, the mechanism for its formation is controversial. It could have formed either through horizontal accretion similar to the modern plate tectonic processes or by vertical accretion by plume activity. Here, we present the results of a new deep crustal seismic reflection Profiling, the DHARSEIS experiment conducted along a 200 km long Perur-Chikmagalur profile across the Archean Dharwar craton, to understand the crustal evolutionary processes during the Neoarchean. The data were processed using the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) stack method. Seismic images show distinctly different reflectivity patterns in the Mesoarchean Western and Neoarchean Eastern Dharwar Cratons (WDC and EDC), the two crustal blocks of the composite Dharwar craton. The WDC consists of a simple structure with a major part of the crust from 6 to 28 km displaying a gently dipping reflection fabric and a subhorizontal reflection fabric from 28 to 40 km except beneath the Chitradurga schist belt. On the other hand the EDC displays a complex reflectivity pattern, contrary to the simple crustal structure suggested by various other studies. A dipping Moho, oppositely dipping reflection fabric and a thrust fault are the major crustal features in the EDC. The present seismic study imaged a west-dipping reflection fabric extending from 34 to 43 km in the EDC, which is interpreted to represent an upper-mantle subduction zone. During this process the EDC was thrusted obliquely against the pre-existing proto-continent WDC and accreted to it. Oppositely dipping reflection fabrics with a crustal root at the convergence boundary suggest accretion of WDC and EDC during the Neoarchean orogeny. The collisional boundary coincides with the location of ~2.5 Ga Closepet granite. Seismic images suggest the Moho as a detachment boundary. The present study reveals a likely two-stage subduction-accretion process for the evolution of continental crust during the Neoarchean. Plate tectonic processes were responsible for the Neoarchean crustal growth in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study addresses the application of microwave (MW) energy for melting lithium phosphate glass. A comparative analysis of the properties is presented with glasses melted in conventional resistance heating adopting standard methods of characterization. The density of the glass was found less in MW heating. The glass transition temperature was recorded as 3-10 $${^{\circ }}\hbox {C}$$ lower in MW prepared glass than in conventional glass. Micro-hardness is found to be improved in case of MW heating. Maximum forward power was recorded less than 2 kW with an average power $$\sim $$ 1 kW during melting of 40 g glass in MW furnace. MW forward and reflected power measured during melting in the MW cavity was elaborated. Total melting time was within 2 h 30 min in MW heating, whereas it was 6-7 h in resistive heating. Total power consumed was $$\sim $$ 5 kWh in MW heating and $$\sim $$ 14 kWh in resistance heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a model where trade has a direct and positive impact on growth rate of two trading nations beyond the level effect. We use the idea of virtual trade in intermediates induced by non-overlapping time zones and show how trade can increase the equilibrium optimal rate of growth. In this structure the trade impact goes beyond the level effect and directly causes growth. Typically standard models of trade cannot generate an automatic growth impact. Virtual trade may allow production to continue uninterrupted in separated time zones such as between the USA and India, and that can lead to higher growth for both countries. Later we extend the model to incorporate the accumulation of skills which becomes necessary for sustaining steady state growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to provide an explanation to the debate whether infrastructure development is more effective than direct cash transfer to reduce wage disparity between skilled and unskilled workers. We use a simple general equilibrium structure to argue that in presence of symmetric productivity effects direct cash transfer meets the target when such transfer is financed by tax revenue collected from skilled wage bill. Nevertheless, in case of asymmetric productivity effects the arguments boil down to how different sectors absorb infrastructural facility to improve their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a new way of solving standard dynamic problem based on Simulated Method of Moments (SMM) approach. It uses a newly introduced model of stock returns involving latent state variables and the regime-switching fundamentals and estimates three key preference parameters namely the Coefficient of Relative Risk Aversion, the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution and the subjective discount factor by suitably applying SMM and without directly using noisy consumption data. The estimates we found here seem to be relatively better than prevalent studies and very close to the true values of the parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an elaborate general equilibrium framework by including informal economic activities in a model of trade, migration and unemployment. Existence of informal activities is critical in generating positive employment effects of liberal trade policies. Following a tariff cut informal wage increases and rate of unemployment goes down under reasonable conditions. Next we generalize the benchmark model to capture the phenomenon of sequential migration: from agriculture to urban informal sector, and then to urban formal sector. Positive employment effect of reformatory trade policy partly owes to the fact that the presence of informal sector directly reduces the cost of migration and, hence, further induces the process of outmigration from agricultural sector. The paper also extends the benchmark model to include both informal intermediate and final good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a simple model to explain the phenomenon of persistent unemployment, even in an economy experiencing high output growth. In the model, unemployment grows at a rate identical with the growth rate of input factors and sectors. The result is primarily triggered by a pre-fixed minimum wage for unskilled workers. To corroborate our claim, we have empirically tested our model hypothesis using data for 12 developing countries and found empirical results consistent with the theory. To mitigate or reduce unemployment, history becomes crucial in deciding on the desired rate of growth in different sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]