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Most probiotic yeast supplement in fish exhibit beneficial effect at ≤1% of the dietary proportion. This study aimed at evaluating the specific effects of Lypomyces starkeyi CB1807 yeast strain supplemented at ≤1% of dietary proportion on the performance of juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major, 1.9 ± 0.04 g). Five diets were supplemented with yeast at graded levels of 0% (control diet 'CD1'), 0.05% (D2), 0.1% (D3), 0.5% (D4), and 1.0% (D5). After 45 days of feeding trial, significant (P<0.05) improvement was detected on final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain (BWG) in fish fed D3 and D5 compared to control. Low values of total cholesterol (T-Cho) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were recorded in fish groups fed on D2, D4, and D5, respectively. Fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 diets showed high (P<0.05) values of serum, mucus and liver lysozyme compared to control. Fish fed on D5 showed high values of total immunoglobulin (Ig) compared to control. Fish fed on D2 showed strong correlation with biological antioxidant activity (BAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT). The biological antioxidant potential (BAP) activity in fish fed on D2 was significantly higher compared to control (P<0.05). The reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) were significantly lower in fish fed on D2 and D3 compared to CD1 (P<0.05). Peroxidase activity was improved significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed on D3, D4 and D5 compared to control. The tolerance ability (LT50) of fish fed on D5 against low salinity stress was significantly higher compared to control (P<0.05). It was concluded that dietary benefits of spent L. starkeyi yeast at ≤1% showed considerable improvement in antioxidant capacity in red sea bream, P. major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of single and mixed strains of probiotic bacteria supplements on juvenile red sea bream (Pagrus major). The study investigated the growth, digestibility, hemato-biochemistry, antioxidant, immune, immune, and growth gene expression and stress responses of P. major. Three hundred juvenile P. major (21.56 ± 0.09 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 200-L polyethylene tanks (20 fish per tank) in triplicate of 5 treatments designated as D1 = the basal diet; Streptococcus faecalis (SF) T − 110 5 × 106 cfu/g diet and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) TOA 5001 5 × 105 cfu/g diet in the second group (D2) at 0.2%; mix SF T − 110 1 × 106 cfu/g diet, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) TO − A 4 × 105 cfu/g diet, Bacillus mesentericus (BM) TO − A 1 × 102 cfu/g diet, BA TOA 5001 5 × 105 cfu/g diet in the third group (D3) at 1%; mix SF T − 110 1 × 106 cfu/g diet, LP TO − A 4 × 105 cfu/g diet, and BM TO − A 1 × 102 cfu/g diet in fourth group (D4) at 0.5%; and single strain BA TOA5001 5×105 cfu/g diet in the fifth group (D5) at 0.5% of dietary proportion. Results showed that D2 and D3 fish groups exhibit better performance, followed by D4, D5, and control group D1. This finding demonstrated that the use of BA in mix strain probiotic bacteria diet (D2, D3) had improved immune response, antioxidant enzymes, immunity (TNF-a, IL-1b), and growth-related (IGF-1, IGF-2) mRNA expression of juvenile P. major compared to the mix strain D4, single strain D5, and the control D1. Furthermore, single strain D5 and mix strain D4 also exhibit relatively better immune responses in P. major than in control D1. Considering the overall fish performances, mix strain SF+BA (D2) and mix strain SF+BM+LP+BA (D3) were the recommended potential mix strain probiotic bacteria supplement for P. major and may be useful also for other related aquatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to improve the nutritional value of soybean meal (SBM) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using Bacillus subtilis natto (B. s. natto) to overcome the limitations of SBM usage in aquafeed. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to explore the relationships of fermentation conditions, such as temperature, time, water-substrate ratio, and layer thickness, on the degree of protein hydrolysis (DH) and the crude protein (CP) content. The optimum conditions for achieving the higher DH (15.96%) and CP (55.76%) were 43.82 °C, 62.32 h, 1.08 of water-substrate ratio, and a layer thickness of 2.02 cm. CP and DH in the fermented soybean meal (FSM) increased by 9.8% and 177.1%, respectively, and crude fiber decreased by 14.1% compared to SBM. The protein dispersibility index (PDI) decreased by 29.8%, while KOH protein solubility (KPS) was significantly increased by 17.4%. Flavonoids and total phenolic acid content in FSM were increased by 231.0% and 309.4%, respectively. Neutral protease activity (NPA) also reached a high level (1723.6 U g-1). Total essential amino acids (EAA) in FSM increased by 12.2%, higher than the 10.8% increase of total non-essential amino acids (NEAA), while the total free amino acids content was 12.76 times higher than that of SBM. Major anti-nutritional factors in SBM were significantly reduced during the process, and almost all SBM protein macromolecules were decomposed. Together with the cost-effectiveness of SSF, B. s. natto-fermented SBM products have great potential to improve the plant composition and replace high-cost ingredients in aquafeed, contributing to food security and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study evaluated the effects of fish oil replacement with eicosapentaenoic acid‐enriched single‐cell microalgae in the diets of larval and postlarval kuruma shrimp. Experimental diets containing different level of Nannochloropsis sp. powder (10, 40, 70 g/kg) and lipids (2, 8, 10, 14, 35, 58 g/kg) were evaluated. The substitution of fish oil with algal powder significantly improved shrimp growth compared to that in the control group, with the highest final body weight recorded at 70 g/kg in larvae and 40 g/kg in postlarvae. Larvae fed algal lipids with a dry weight percentage in the diet of greater than 10 g/kg showed significantly lower performance than those in the control group. The neutral lipids in the tissue of the postlarvae that had been fed algal lipids had an improved fatty acid profile, as the content of highly unsaturated fatty acids increased compared to that in the other groups. The content of docosahexaenoic acid increased in the tissue, indicating the possible occurrence of the metabolism and accumulation of Nannochloropsis sp. essential fatty acids. Algal powder could replace FO up to 140 g/kg in shrimp diets without compromising growth and FA profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sample dependence of dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) and power factor (PF) were determined for the non-stoichiometric organic conductor (TTT)2I3+δ (TTT = tetrathiatetracene, δ ≤ 0.1) with the simultaneous measurement of the electrical resistivity (ρ), thermopower (S) and thermal conductivity on small single crystals. Both the zT and PF show large sample dependence between 10 and 310 K, even though all the samples have nearly stoichiometric composition of TTT : I3- ∼ 2 : 1 (δ ∼ 0). It was found that both the electrical conductivity (σ = 1/ρ) and S increase at room temperature as disorder—that is phase mismatch among the iodine chains—becomes more pronounced. This behavior contrasts the usual tendency that the S decreases as the σ increases in conventional conductors; and suggests a new strategy to improve the zT and PF by introducing an appropriate type of disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtained a new cation radical salt of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET) with a κ-type packing motif, κ- (ET)2Ag(CN)[N(CN)2], by electrooxidation. In the salt, each ET layer is separated by polymeric {Ag(CN)[N(CN)2]-}∞ layers, which are composed of Ag(I) ions trigonally coordinated to form an infinite zigzag chain of --NC--Ag--NC--Ag-- with pendant dicyanamides. The salt undergoes a superconducting transition with a midpoint critical temperature (Tc) of 6.6K and an onset Tc of 7.2 K, thereby indicating the highest Tc among ET superconductors formed with a polymeric Ag(I) complex anion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical oxidation of [MIII(Pc)(CN)2]−(M = Co and Fe, Pc = phthalocyaninato) and peri-xanthenoxanthene (PXX) in acetonitrile yields partially oxidized salts of [PXX]2[M(Pc)(CN)2]·CH3CN. In the crystal, the Pc ring is formally oxidized by 0.5 e and forms a two-dimensional double-sheet layer. These crystals show semiconducting behavior with small activation energy under ambient pressure, but show metallic behavior under high pressures. When M = Co, the metallic behavior is maintained down to 5 K. On the other hand, in the π–d system with M = Fe, the metallic behavior is disrupted by a steep increase in the resistivity at low temperatures. In this high resistivity state, negative differential resistance appears in the measurements of current–voltage characteristics, suggesting the development of charge disproportionation due to the π–d interaction. The magnetic susceptibility for M = Fe reflects anisotropic molecular magnetism of the Fe(Pc)(CN)2unit, and shows an anomaly due to antiferromagnetic interaction between the Fe d-spins. The increase in the resistivity at low temperature under high pressures is suppressed by the application of a magnetic field. The magnitude of the negative magnetoresistance effect is extremely large; −99.8% was recorded at a field of 15 T at 3 K under 12 kbar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]