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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rice husk is an agricultural waste rich in carbon and silica contents. So far, no studies have been reported that simultaneously transform it into polymorph silica and activated carbon. This study aims to analyze the thermal event and identify the phase, functional groups, and microstructure of the silica and activated carbon derived from a rice husk. Silica precursor was prepared by the sol-gel route followed by calcining at temperatures of 500–1100 °C with a rise of 200 °C. The residue from the silica preparation was transformed into activated carbon through impregnation, followed by carbonation at 650 °C. Thermal analysis results expose that crystallization of silica occurs at around 900 °C, while the formation of active carbon occurs at lower than 832 °C. XRD analysis revealed that silica calcined at 500 and 700 °C is amorphous, while samples calcined at 900 and 1100 °C are crystalline, with the major and minor phases being cristobalite and tridymite, respectively. The FTIR analysis strengthened this analysis, which detected the presence of Si–O–Si bending vibrations in the sample calcined at 900 °C or more, indicating a phase transition from amorphous to crystalline. A morphological change to a denser structure accompanies this phase transformation. On the other hand, processing the rice husk residue resulted in activated carbon with an amorphous structure and highly porous. The formation of activated carbon was confirmed by the FTIR analysis, which detected the appearance of the C = C group, a characteristic of this substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comprehensive summary of Intelligent Ship Marine Object Detection (ISMOD) based on the RGB Camera. Marine object detection plays a pivotal role in enabling intelligent ships to acquire crucial data and security assurances for autonomous navigation. Among the various detection sensors, the RGB Camera is an informative and cost‐effective tool with a wide range of civil applications. In the beginning, the ISMOD metrics based on the RGB camera is analyzed from three significant aspects, namely accuracy, speed, and robustness. Subsequently, the latest research status and comparative overview are presented, encompassing three mainstream detection methods: traditional detection, deep learning detection, and sensor fusion detection. Finally, the existing challenges of ISMOD are discussed and future development trends are recommended. The results demonstrate that forthcoming development will predominantly concentrate on deep learning approaches, complemented by other techniques. It is imperative to advance detection performance in domains such as deep fusion, multi‐feature extraction, multi‐fusion technology, and lightweight detection architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Banking Study Program STEBANK Islam Mr. Sjafruddin Prawiranegara is a private Islamic religious higher education institution with two credits in Arabic language learning as one of the instruments used to achieve a graduate profile. The learning achievement target with the weight given is very minimal; therefore, in order for Arabic language learning to be effective and efficient, independent learning needs to be designed which is supported by an online system that provides learning freedom; this is as recommended by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religion. This descriptive qualitative research describes the design of online Arabic language learning based on independent learning in the Sharia Banking study program at STEBANK Islam Mr. Sjafruddin Prawiranegara. The results show that although independent learning tends to be directed at skill mastery in non-formal education, the principles can be applied to formal education by providing limits in the form of competency mastery targets with a time duration determined by the institution that learners must adhere to with a learning system that provides flexibility in time and place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Izdihar: Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics & Literature is the property of Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study endeavors to meticulously assess the efficacy of a straightforward intervention in Arabic for a person with Down Syndrome. The research focuses on a specific subject denoted as MS, representing children with Down Syndrome possessing an extremely low IQ. The subject is perceived as incapable of executing cognitive tasks, including acquiring linguistic capabilities. Through a qualitative approach, this research integrates methods such as observation, interviews, and expert assessments conducted by psychologists to oversee the intervention process. Data collection encompasses the researcher's observational records, interviews, and pertinent documentation. A descriptive analysis methodology is employed for data analysis and presentation. The study reveals discernible enhancements in MS's Arabic pronunciation following the phonetic articulation intervention. Initially, MS could only pronounce the letters Alif, Ta, Jim, Ha, Dal, Za, Sin, Shod, Tho, 'Ain, Fa, Kaf, Lam, Mim, Nun, Ya, Wawu, Hha, Hamzah, but later, MS can also articulate Ba, Tsa, Kho, Dzal, Ro, Syin, Dlod, Dzo, Ghin, Qof, Yak. Throughout the investigation, recurrent challenges manifested as MS encountered difficulties, such as experiencing headaches and multiple crossed eyes in articulating specific phonemes and words during the initial phases of Arabic language acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Relationship Between Spiritual Quality and Self-Adaptation in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy" is a study that examines the connection between spiritual quality and self-acceptance in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The research involved 125 patients receiving chemotherapy and used a correlation with a cross-sectional approach. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between spiritual quality and self-adaptation in these patients. The study suggests that incorporating spirituality into nursing care can be beneficial for chemotherapy patients. Additionally, the article discusses another study that focused on the subjective well-being of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, finding a significant relationship between spiritual quality and illness acceptance. It also noted that women had higher subjective well-being scores than men. The study emphasizes the importance of spirituality in human life and its impact on coping abilities. The results can guide nurses in providing care for chemotherapy patients using a spiritual approach. [Extracted from the article]

Preeclampsia is a specific multisystemic disorder that appears as a complication of pregnancy, and it is a cause of death for pregnant women. Societies in different countries strongly believe that pregnancy is part of a woman's nature; therefore, pregnancy is considered a normal event that does not require special treatment. This study aims to develop a cultural care model to prevent preeclampsia through basic services. Research following an explanatory design was conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 150 pregnant women who were selected based on a formula using the range rule of thumb with multistage random sampling at the primary level of service in eastern Indonesia. The researchers used a modified questionnaire on individual factors, social factors, policy factors, religious factors, technological factors, and culture of prevention to predict preeclampsia prevention behaviour. The results of this study reveal that individual factors affect preeclampsia prevention behaviour factors (p = 0.038); social factors affect preeclampsia prevention behaviour factors (p = 0.005), and technological factors have an effect on preeclampsia prevention behaviour factors (p = 0.001). Meanwhile, policy factors and religious factors did not influence preeclampsia prevention behaviour, with p values of 0.735 and 0.596, respectively. Cultural values are values inherent in society that are useful for regulating harmony and balance. The development of a cultural model of preeclampsia prevention through a cultural care model as a basic intervention to care for mothers throughout their pregnancy can increase positive behaviour in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Problems arising during menstruation include pain before or during menstruation. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) techniques and endorphin massage (EM) therapy are effective in controlling menstrual pain. This study aims to determine the difference in the effectiveness of pain intensity carried out by PMR therapy and EM therapy. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research with a two-group pretest and posttest design. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria included students who experienced dysmenorrhea and do not have a genetic abnormality. The respondents who met the criteria were 80 respondents. The respondents were randomly selected using computerized to divide them into two groups. Forty respondents received PMR intervention and another 40 respondents received EM intervention. Bivariate analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test. Identification of respondents who fit the criteria, i.e. adolescents aged 13-14 years who experience menstrual pain, and do not have genetic abnormalities. Pain measurement was performed with a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: PMR is more effective in lower intensity painful menstruation compared to EM proven that the average painful menstruation after PMR was 2.42±0.675, while the average painful menstruation after EM was 2.90±0955 with a difference of 4.8 points with a significance level of 0.000. Menstrual pain can be reduced by blocking nerve impulses from reaching the brain, including PMR therapy to control tension and anxiety. Conclusion: PMR therapy is more effective for controlling menstrual pain. PMR therapy can be done alone by adolescents when menstrual pain appears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a design optimization of a gas turbine (GT) for marine applications. A gain-scheduling method incorporating a meta-heuristic optimization is proposed to optimize a thermodynamics-based model of a small GT engine. A comprehensive control system consisting of a proportional integral (PI) controller with additional proportional gains, gain scheduling, and a min-max controller is developed. The modeling of gains as a function of plant variables is presented. Meta-heuristic optimizations, namely a genetic algorithm (GA) and a whale optimization algorithm (WOA), are applied to optimize the designed control system. The results show that the WOA has better performance than that of the GA, where the WOA exhibits the minimum fitness value. Compared to the unoptimized gain, the time to reach the target of the power lever angle is significantly reduced. Optimal gain scheduling shows a stable response compared with a fixed gain, which can have oscillation effects as a controller responds. An effect of using bioethanol as a fuel has been observed. It shows that for the same input parameters of the GT dynamics model, the fuel flow increases significantly, as compared with diesel fuel, because of its low bioethanol heating value. Thus, a significant increase occurs only at the gain that depends on the fuel flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is calculated as a function of gas gravity and pressure using an exponential function with two constant parameters, a and b. To obtain the best prediction model of gas hydrate formation, the behavior of these parameters in response to changes in gas gravity is monitored. Methane-ethane, methane-propane, ethane-propane, and ethane-carbon dioxide are among the binary components to which the suggested model is applied. The suggested predictive model outperforms the existing correlation approaches, such as Hammerschmidt, Motiee, and Ghiasi correlations, according to statistical analysis. The type of gases that make up the hydrate has a big impact on the gas hydrate equilibrium line, and the predictive model's constant values are different for each binary component. As a result, this study indicates that rather than constructing an empirical correlation-based on the assumption that the specific gas gravity is a general characteristic independent of the kind of gas hydrate mixture, a predictive model should be established for each gas hydrate mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear dynamics have become a new perspective on model human movement variability; however, it is still a debate whether chaotic behavior is indeed possible to present during a rhythmic movement. This paper reports on the nonlinear dynamical behavior of coupled and synchronization models of a planar rhythmic arm movement. Two coupling schemes between a planar arm and an extended Duffing-Van der Pol (DVP) oscillator are investigated. Chaos tools, namely phase space, Poincare section, Lyapunov Exponent (LE), and heuristic approach are applied to observe the dynamical behavior of orbit solutions. For the synchronization, an orientation angle is modeled as a single well DVP oscillator implementing a Proportional Derivative (PD)-scheme. The extended DVP oscillator is used as a drive system, while the orientation angle of the planar arm is a response system. The results show that the coupled system exhibits very rich dynamical behavior where a variety of solutions from periodic, quasi-periodic, to chaotic orbits exist. An advanced coupling scheme is necessary to yield the route to chaos. By modeling the orientation angle as the single well DVP oscillator, which can synchronize with other dynamical systems, the synchronization can be achieved through the PD-scheme approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The satellite attitude maneuver using thrusters is studied in this paper. The satellite consists of a rigid main body and two symmetrical solar panels that are so large that their flexibility cannot be neglected. The finite element method is used to discretize the elastic motion of the solar panels. The solar panels are modeled as a set of rectangular plate elements and only out-of-plane displacement is taken into account. The satellite is controlled by a thruster in its main body, while there are no other control inputs on the solar panels. For the attitude maneuver, the roll, pitch and yaw torques generated by the on-off thruster are used and here can produce two different constant amplitudes. Then two types of fuel-efficient input shaping are formulated and applied to perform satellite attitude correction. The first type of input LHHL is preceded by the use of a small amplitude torque followed by a large amplitude one, while the sequence of torque applied to the second type of input HLLH is the opposite of the first input. The two types of inputs are applied separately to the same satellite. They managed to dampen the residual vibrations after reaching the desired attitude, but in achieving this condition the solar panels experienced considerable deflection during the transient response. Due to this, the effectiveness of the shaped inputs for maneuvering the satellites at small structural deflections of the solar panels during their transient responses is compared. The simulation results show that the use of the LHHL input shaper can minimize the structural deflection that occurs in the transient response during the satellite attitude maneuvering process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in the use of mathematical models for the simulation of hydrological processes has largely increased especially in the prediction of runoff. It is the subject of extreme research among engineers and hydrologists. This study attempts to develop a simple conceptual model that reflects the features of the arid environment where the availability of hydrological data is scarce. The model simulates an hourly streamflow hydrograph and the peak flow rate for any given storm. Hourly rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and streamflow record are the significant input prerequisites for this model. The proposed model applied two (2) different hydrologic routing techniques: the time area curve method (wetted area of the catchment) and the Muskingum method (catchment main channel). The model was calibrated and analyzed based on the data collected from arid catchment in the center of Jordan. The model performance was evaluated via goodness of fit. The simulation of the proposed model fits both (a) observed and simulated streamflow and (b) observed and simulated peak flow rate. The model has the potential to be used for peak discharges' prediction during a storm period. The modeling approach described in this study has to be tested in additional catchments with appropriate data length in order to attain reliable model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin-loaded liposomes were prepared using a supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2)–ultrasound environment system. The experiments were performed at temperatures of 40–70 °C and pressures of 10–25 MPa in a batch system with ultrasonication for 60 min. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed liposome products with spherical morphologies and diameters of <100 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicated that the curcumin-loaded liposome nanosuspension exhibited good stability. Changing the operating conditions influenced the amount of liposome-encapsulated curcumin; as the operating temperature or pressure increased, the diameter of the liposome products and the amount of liposome-encapsulated curcumin increased and decreased, respectively. Herein, we described an innovative and practical organic-solvent-free method for generating liposomes from phospholipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, non-equilibrium atmospheric-pressure plasma was introduced over an aqueous solution as a medium to depolymerise lignin employing an applied voltage of 10 kV and a frequency of 10 kHz. As a starting material, lignin was extracted from Japanese cedar wood flour utilising a deep eutectic solvent (DES) at 50–120 °C. The Fourier-transform infrared (FT–IR) spectra indicated that lignin was extracted from the Japanese cedar wood flour in this temperature range. Additionally, the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra of the liquid fraction of the products at 280 nm revealed the high lignin content of the extracts. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed that the average molecular weight of the lignin was 400–700 Da. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) illustrated that the prolonged discharge plasma treatment concurrently promoted the further depolymerisation reaction and repolymerisation of the lignin-derived compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study is to recover high procyanidins and proanthocyanidins as promising compounds from Arachis hypogaea skin using supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). Solubility models determined the solubility of procyanidins and proanthocyanidins in ScCO2 and ethanol as a modifier. The parameters of this study were pressure (10 to 30 MPa), temperature (313 to 343 K), and flow rate of ethanol (0.075 to 0.225 ml/min). Response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that the optimum conditions were at 20.39 MPa, 333.23 K, and 0.17 ml/min with 2,325.23‐ and 409.95‐µg/g procyanidins and proanthocyanidins, respectively. In the modeling part, the Chrastil model gave the best correlation to the flavonoids' solubility with 3.01% of average absolute relative deviation (AARD). The application of RSM and modeling were successful in obtaining a high amount of procyanidins and proanthocyanidins. Practical applications: Peanut skin as agriculture by‐products contains highly valuable compounds such as procyanidins and proanthocyanidins. However, toxic and conventional solvent has usually been used to recover procyanidins and proanthocyanidins. To overcome this drawback, supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction is applied to extract the valuable compounds from peanut skin. Semiempirical model has been used in this study to determine the solubility behavior to enhance the solubility of procyanidin and proanthocyanidin contents. The results show that an endothermic reaction took place to improve the solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and suitable semi-empirical model is crucial to determine the solubility of plant extracts in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) assisted by ethanol as a co-solvent. In this paper, a new solubility model was proposed to correlate the plant solubility to SC-CO2 and ethanol. The accuracy and capability of the new model were evaluated by fitting it with published solubility datasets. The overall percentage of average absolute relative deviation was 12.13%, and the average coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.89. Comparisons between the results of the new model and the published models showed an excellent capability and accuracy in fitting solute solubility in SC-CO2 in the presence of ethanol as a co-solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akademika is the property of Akademika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Severe pain experienced by mother during the labor can cause fear and anxiety which can interfere with the overall labor process. Controlling pain during the labor process is important. Regiosacralis counterpressure pain management without altering the interleukin-6 (IL-6) level is expected to reduce the pain. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of regiosacralis counterpressure on the pain and IL-6 levels during the first stage of labor among primigravid mothers. METHOD: A quasiexperiment method with pretest–posttest control group design was applied. Regiosacralis counter-pressure pain management was applied to all study participants who non-randomly recruited by consecutive sampling methods. A total of 52 primigravid mothers were selected and divided into both the intervention group (n = 26) and the control group (n = 26). RESULT: The statistical analysis of the intervention on the pain and IL-6 level revealed a significant difference between the pretest and posttest in the intervention group (p <.001; M pretest pain = 8.96 ±.528; M posttest pain = 6.96 ±.774; M pretest IL-6 = 175.539 ± 92.281; M posttest IL-6 = 170,764 ± 70,026). CONCLUSION: Regiosacralis counterpressure treatment is effective in controlling and reducing the pain level during the first stage labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to optimize a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction assisted by co-solvent ethanol for the recovery of catechin and epicatechin from peanut (Arachis Hypogea) skin. The second objective was to determine the solubility of catechin and epicatechin by semi-empirical models. The operating conditions were: pressure of 10 to 30 MPa; temperature of 313 to 343 K; and ethanol rate of 0.075 to 0.225 mL/min. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimum condition to recover the catechin and epicatechin. The optimum condition was found to be 21.86 MPa, 332.23 K, and 0.17 mL/min with 752.03 µg/g of catechin and 3399.84 µg/g of epicatechin. Putra model successfully fitted the solubility of catechin and epicatechin in range of 1.21 E-5 g/L and 6.02 E-5 g/L with 3.11% of AARD (%). Application of RSM was succesful to optimize the conditions with high quantity of catechin and epicatechin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we carried out the extraction of polyphenol resveratrol and its glycoside (piceid) from raw Japanese knotweed via a simple method, employing dimethyl ether (DME) as the solvent. With DME extraction, the conventional drying and cell wall disruption steps can be left out. As a result, more resveratrol and piceid were obtained in DME extraction than in conventional ethanol extraction. Because the Hansen solubility parameters of DME are closer to ethanol than to water, it allowed us to extract resveratrol and piceid from raw Japanese knotweed, unlike water. Simultaneously, 83.5% of the initial water and 213 mg/g dry of organic extracts were extracted from raw Japanese knotweed. As DME extraction does not involve drying and grinding of the decomposed antioxidants, it is highly suitable for extracting antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-being isn’t simply a lack of illness. It includes various factors affecting an individual’s bodily, mental, and social fitness. Pollard and Davidson outline health as “a country of a hit overall performance throughout the existence path integrating bodily, cognitive and social-emotional function”. Practicing mindfulness helps with managing strain and depression. This study considers mindfulness as be a powerful device for dealing with intellectual and bodily fitness issues, in addition to commonly enhancing our overall performance, relationships, and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) experience various difficulties in life. Society gives them a strong stigma that causes poor quality of life. Although they had been gotten support from cadre, however the cadres themselves encountered many obstacles during accompaniment. This study aimed to explore the prospect of comprehensive HIV/AIDS care with the electronic system (SEHAT-Kader) as a personal health record in information systems for PLWHA and their special needs plan based on Web to decrease perceived stigma and improve quality of life PLWHA. Method: A qualitative research method was used to gather experiences of managing stigma and health condition status PLWHA and how are perceptions and barriers regarding challenges to designing SEHATKader application at Kudus district, Central Java. The study had been carried out during February 2019-April 2020. The sample comprised PLWHA, cadre members, and case manager. We conducted 2 focus groups with members (n=12). Data were thematically analyzed. Results: The study revealed that mayor problems of HIV/AIDS's cadre in Kudus district, Central Java are: the extent of coverage area and accompaniment ratio is disproportionate (1 cadre:45 PLWHA); fear direct contact and being HIV infected; the manual data record system, so often error and lost; Cadres needed an information system to monitor the health conditions of PLWHA. The "SEHAT-Kader" app is designed as a personal health record for PLHIV information systems and information technology-based special needs plans to reduce perceived stigma and improve the quality of life of PLWHA. Conclusion: The features of SEHAT-Kader application designed to support routine operational activities of user groups, namely cadre companion, PLWHA, and case manager as care coordination or administration personal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii), Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), and Gracilaria sp. are plants that contain high phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins. In this work, the phytochemicals were obtained using the subcritical water extraction (SWE) process. The SWE method uses water as a solvent in subcritical conditions. Therefore, the SWE process is an environmentally friendly process for extraction. In order to run the SWE process optimally, measurement of the extraction rate of SWE is needed. Calculation of the extraction rate of SWE process used first and second-order models according to Lagergren equation. SWE process was started by setting temperatures from 140 to 180oC at a pressure of 7 MPa and solvent flow rate of 1 ml/min. Before starting the extraction, the raw material was loaded into the extractor. The raw materials used were E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. The extraction process was carried out for 3 hours, and the product was collected every 30 minutes. The collected product was put into a sample bottle and dried using a freeze dryer. After that, the products obtained were balanced by an analytical scale. Based on the result, the optimum temperature for the SWE process was 180oC for E. cottonii and G. lucidum and 160oC for Gracilaria sp. The yields of the SWE process under the optimum temperature were 85.37%, 58.42%, and 75.73% for E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp, respectively. The extract contained phytochemical compounds detected by highperformance liquid chromatography analysis. The kinetics model of extraction rate for all variables exhibited a second-order kinetics model that indicated that the extraction process was influenced by more than one factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempted to investigate the trends or cultural attitudes of Arabic lecturers of East Java's State Islamic Universities (PTAIN) in using Arabic. To this end, the present study used a quantitative approach The results show that the directive utterances used by Arabic language lecturers at East Java's PTAIN tend to take the form of direct speech acts through certain language politeness features. Besides, the hierarchy of the directive politeness speech in Arabic and Indonesian shared a similar degree of illocution. However, there is no significant difference between the hierarchy of directive politeness speech in Arabic, Indonesian, and Javanese perceived by the Arabic language teachers based on the Chi-square statistics test with α = 0.05. Consequently, they tend to use non-Arabic socio-cultural norms in expressing various directive utterances in Arabic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of operating conditions in terms of percentage of oil yield, total tocopherols compounds (TTC), and total carotene compounds (TCC). The second objective is to obtain extraction rate by using Esquivel model and to correlate the solubility of solute in SC-CO2 by using semi-empirical models (Chrastil and Del Valle Aguilera). The maximum oil yield 18.49%, TTC 2020.09 mg/kg, and TCC 2076.96 mg/kg at 29.96 MPa, 50°C and 7.5% ratio of co-solvent. Average absolute relative deviation (AARD %) of Chrastil and Del Valle Aguilera were 2.15% and 1.99%, respectively. The average calculated mass transfer of TTC, TCC, and oil yield by the Esquivel model were 0.60 mg/s, 0.52 mg/s, and 1.61 mg/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction assisted by Ethanol is one of the development methods to extract polar and nonpolar compounds. Thus, the objective of the study was to optimize extraction parameters to recover total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) from peanut skin. Chrastil, Del Valle Aguilera, and Adachi-Lu models were applied to determine the solubility behaviors. The optimum condition was found at 29.43 MPa, 319.16 K, and 0.09 ml/min with 290.12 mg/L TPC and 488.26 mg/L TFC. Chrastil model gives good agreement to fit the solubility of flavonoid and phenolic contents due to the lowest Average absolute relative deviation were 3.27% and 7.75%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of chitosan particles through supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) antisolvent process was studied. The experiments were carried out at temperatures of 60–100°C and pressures of 15–25 MPa with a 15 ml min−1 CO2 flow rate. As a feed solution, chitosan powder was dissolved in acetic acid:water:ethanol. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations described that the precipitated chitosan products have irregular morphologies with the spherical, the spherical with fiber‐like, and the fiber‐like free‐spherical particles. Interestingly, hollow‐core chitosan particles generated when SCCO2 antisolvent treatments were performed at a temperature of 60°C and pressures of 20–25 MPa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) spectra indicated that the structural properties of chitosan did not shift after the SCCO2 antisolvent treatment. The results exhibited that this SCCO2 antisolvent technique is likely to be fruitful for the generation of biopolymer particles with hollow‐core structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-equilibrium pulsed discharge plasma using a gas–liquid slug flow in a glass column as a plasma reactor is developed and applied to methylene blue (MB) dye decolorization in aqueous wastewater. By flowing the solution and gas simultaneously in the slug flow system, the interval of the bubbles could be controlled and adjusted for each flow rate. After the slug flow became steady, an electrical discharge was introduced into the system using an AC power supply with a bipolar pulsed output voltage to generate plasma in the bubbles between the electrodes with a high applied voltage. The decolorization rate of the MB dye was determined by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. Based on the experimental results, it was determined that approximately 90% of the MB dye was decolorized for one-time treatment in oxygen and argon in a gaseous phase. This suggests that the oxygen-based reactive species derived from oxygen gas were effective as oxidizing agents, whereas short lifetime OH radicals were mainly produced and decolorized the MB dye in the case of argon and helium gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literary study aims to explain the prophetical dimension in Khotbah di Atas Bukit novel by Kuntowijoyo. The results of the study revealed some dimensions of humanization in the Khotbah di Atas Bukit novel, which include the strengthening of the assertiveness, a sense of social solidarity, and personality. The dimensions of the liberation include the activity of freeing oneself from worldliness and liberation from social inequality. In the dimensions of transcendence, the Khotbah di Atas Bukit novel was concerned with aqidah (belief), khauf (fear), tawakal (submission), and raja' (hope). The dimensions of humanization, liberation, and transcendence represent the ethical prophetic component of prophethood underlying the creation of the Khotbah di Atas Bukit novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) extract was produced in microparticles form by electrospraying. G. lucidum was extracted hydrothermally at temperature of 160°C and pressure of 7 MPa. The extract solution was subsequently mixed with 6% of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and formed into microparticles by electrospraying process. The electrospraying was carried out at applied voltage of 12, 14, and 16 kV, and the distance between syringe tip and electrospun collector of 8, 10, and 12 cm. The microparticles formed was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectrofotometer. The antioxidant efficiency of particles was also analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Based on the SEM analysis, the G. lucidum extract (GLE) - PVP spherical particles were formed by electrospraying. The finer fibres were clearly formed with the increasing applied voltage. The results showed that applied voltage and distance of tip to electrospun collector significantly influence the antioxidant efficiency and the diameter size of particles. The antioxidant efficiency increased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector, while the particle diameter decreased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector due to fast mass transfer and evaporation. The largest antioxidant efficiency of particles was 0.377/min obtained at 16 kV and 12 cm. It indicated that electrospraying is an effective process to produce pharmaceutical compounds in powder form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of organic pollutants using photocatalysis is more effective than conventional methods, with ZnO being the most widely used of the various semiconductor materials for application in photocatalysis. Unfortunately, degradation efficiency is inhibited by the electronhole recombination. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO can be enhanced by adding noble metals, such as Ag nanoparticles. However, the fabrication of ZnO˗Ag using liquid-phase processes is complicated and often requires multiple steps. In this study, the effects of Ag content, ranging from 0 to 20 wt%, in the photocatalytic activity of ZnO˗Ag nanocomposites are investigated. The nanocomposites were fabricated by a one-step process using flame pyrolysis and with zinc acetate and AgNO3 as the precursors. The nanocomposites were collected using an electrostatic precipitator and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area. The XRD results confirm the existence of Ag nanoparticles in the prepared nanocomposites, whose crystallite size was not significantly influenced by the presence of the nanoparticles. The SEM indicated that the morphology of the nanocomposites produced was spherical, with some aggregates. Particle size distribution of the nanocomposites increased with higher Ag content. The photocatalytic activity of the produced nanocomposites, estimated by evaluating the degradation of the methylene blue aqueous solution under UV irradiation, showed that the highest photocatalytic performance was attained when the concentration of Ag was equal to 5 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium oxide (CeO2) is a rare earth metal oxide that has high oxygen storage capacity at low temperature. In order to enhance this capacity, as well as its thermal stability, it is necessary to combine CeO2 with zirconium oxide (ZrO2). This work focuses on the synthesis of ceriumzirconium oxides by hydrothermal and solvothermal treatment at low temperature to obtain ones suitable for catalyst applications. The possibility of the application of ceria-zirconia oxide to the delignification reaction was investigated. The experiments were conducted at a constant pressure of 5 MPa, constant temperature of 150oC, and constant synthesis time of 2 h, in an autoclave reactor made of SUS 316 with an internal volume of 100 mL. Precursor was prepared from Ce(NO3)3 and ZrO(NO3)2 at 0.06 M concentration, dissolved in various solvents. The solvents used were water, water/ethanol (70:30 vol/vol), and water/ethylene glycol (70:30 vol/vol). After hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, the colloid products were dried at 60oC for 6 h and then calcined at 500oC for 6 h. The characterizations of the particle products were analyzed using SEM and XRD. Furthermore, these products were used for the hydrothermal delignification process of wood biomass. The addition of ceria-zirconia particles dramatically increased the percentage of lignin removal from rapeseed wood up to 97.58%. Based on the results, ceria-zirconia oxide particles are effective for the pre-treatment of wood biomass in bio-refinery applications. Moreover, ceria-zirconia oxides may reduce the use of chemical compounds in the delignification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]