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Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber modification can promote the stabilization efficiency and mechanical properties of the subsequent carbon fibers; however, it could cause damage to the fibers to some extent. In this article, the effects of NaIO4 treatment on the chemical and physical properties of PAN fibers were investigated. After NaIO4 modification, the cyclization reaction has partially occurred, owing to the FTIR revealed that the C≡N peak was weakened, but the C=N stretching vibration peak, the –N = C=O stretching vibration peak, the C=O stretching vibration absorption peak, and the short sequence conjugate C=N characteristic peak were enhanced simultaneously, indicating a successful cyclization and dehydrogenation reaction. Moreover, owing to more oxygen-containing functional groups successfully attached to the PAN fibers and the cyclization reaction taking place, the initial temperature, peak temperature, and heat release of cyclization decreased, which means a more efficient and safer stabilization process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the (100) crystal plane microcrystal size was the smallest at 40 °C of the modification temperature, whereas the (002) crystal plane microcrystal size was the largest at 60 °C. The modified stabilized PAN fibers presented lower crystallinity and a more aromatic structure compared with untreated fibers. Raman spectra revealed a significant increase in the intensity of the G peak after NaIO4 modification; the R-value decreased from 1.65 to 1.43, demonstrating a transformation of the sp3 hybrid carbon structure into a more graphite-like sp2 hybrid C=C structure. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images disclosed additional grooves and cracks on the fiber surface after modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of PBAT (poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)) content and crystallization temperature on the crystallization and heat resistance of PLLA/PDLA blends are studied. The PBAT/PLLA/PDLA blends with different PBAT content were prepared by melt blending. Then, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Vicat softening temperature (VST) were used to investigate the semicrystallization time (t1/2), crystallinity and heat resistant of the blends. The results show that the incorporation of PBAT is benefit to the rate of crystallization and t1/2 of the blends can be reduced from 1.0 min to 0.8 min at 100 °C. After annealing at 220 °C, the degree of stereo-complex (fsc), stereocomplex crystallinity (Xc,S) and VST of PLLA/PDLA blends reaches up to 100.0%, 31.1% and 204 °C, respectively. The values of the former parameters reduce to 96.0%, 15.4% and °C 194 °C after incorporating 12% PBAT. It concludes that the crystallization under high temperature contributes to the improvement of Xc,S and heat resistance. The incorporation of PBAT into PLLA/PDLA promotes the crystallization rate, while it reduces the heat resistance of the blends [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of KBrO3 modification on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers at different modification temperatures were studied. The mechanical properties, chemical structure, aggregation structure, morphological structure, and thermal behavior of PAN precursor fibers were analyzed. The mechanical properties of PAN precursor fibers are essentially unaltered after KBrO3 modification, although oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced. KBrO3 can ionize bromate ion in aqueous solution, which has good nucleophilicity and can attack the positively charged carbon atom in C≡N, so that the cyclization proceeds according to the ionic mechanism, allowing the transformation of C≡N to C = N in the PAN precursor fibers generated a cyclic trapezoidal structure containing primary aromatic amine, which reduced the peak temperature of the cyclization reaction from 284.5 °C to 275.1 °C and decreased the heat release. The sp3-hybridized carbon structure changes into a sp2 hybridized C = C structure with increasing aromatization, according to XRD and Raman data, and the KBrO3 alteration accelerates the degradation of the original microcrystalline structure and transforms into a new polycyclic aromatic structure. The degree of conjugation and aromatization of the system rapidly increased with the rise in modification temperature. The stabilized fibers were discovered to have the lowest R-value, the highest aromatization, the smoothest surface, and the fewest flaws at impregnation temperature of 60 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, natural polymer‐based electrospun fibers (EFs) with huge specific surface area, good biocompatibility, and biological activity obtained from electrospinning process exhibit tremendous vitality in the field of biomedical areas. Herein, the parameters of electrospinning from two perspectives, polymer solution such as solvent, polymeric relative molecular mass, concentration, viscosity, and conductivity of the solution, and electrospinning process such as spinning voltage, spinning flow rate, needle tip to collector distance, temperature, and humidity are first detailed. Next, the raw materials consisting of polysaccharides such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and chitosan as well as proteins such as collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, and keratin are summarized. The preparation method and related characteristics of EFs with multistage structures such as porous, core–shell, Janus, bamboo‐like and other structures are introduced. The biomedical applications of these natural polymer‐based EFs mainly including tissue engineering, drug sustained release, wound dressings, and biomedical sensors are systematically recapitulated. Finally, the outlook on natural EFs is further proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a bio-based polyamide, polypentamethylene adipate (PA56) is restricted in many fields due to its flammability. In this research, flame-retardant PA56 copolymers (FRPA56s) were designed and successfully synthesized with the introduction of 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxy carbonyl)propyl]-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DDP) unit. The thermal properties, thermal degradation and flame behavior of the resultant copolymer were investigated by DSC, TGA, LOI, UL-94 and cone calorimeter tests, respectively. Compared to PA56, the peak value of heat release rate and total heat release of FRPA56 containing 1.2 mol% DDP decrease by 35% and 19%, respectively, indicating the high flame-retardant efficiency of DDP. It is also found that FRPA56 with only 1.0 mol% DDP passes V-0 grade in the UL-94 test while its thermal performance is almost the same as homopolymer PA56. The pyrolysis products in both the condensed and gas phases were further systematically analyzed by SEM, Raman, FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and TGA-GC/MS. The flame-retardant mechanism was also proposed for FRPA56s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a recently developed biobased polyamide, polyamide 56 (PA56) has great potential in the field of fibers and textiles due to its high strength, high moisture absorption, and easy dyeing. However, the application of PA56 is restricted due to its flammability. Flame‐retardant PA56 copolymers (FRPA56s) have been designed and successfully synthesized by the introduction of 2‐carboxyethyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid (CEPPA) monomer. The thermal properties and thermal stability of FRPA56s have been evaluated using DSC and TGA, respectively. The flammability behavior of the resultant copolymer has been investigated using UL94 vertical burning and cone calorimetry tests. The crystallization temperature (Tc), melting temperature (Tm), and crystallinity (Xc) of FRPA56s are reduced and the degradation pathway for PA56 is changed with the introduction of CEPPA. In addition, FRPA56 containing 7.8 mol% CEPPA may be characterized by a V‐0 rating in the UL94 vertical burning test and its total heat release is reduced 20% than that of PA56, reflecting the high flame‐retardant efficiency of CEPPA. Based on the analysis of the residual char and the gas‐phase pyrolysis products for combustion of FRPA56s, it is concluded that the flame‐retardant modes of action for this material mainly include flame inhibition, dilution effect and charring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, bio-based polyamide (bio-PA) was synthesized from dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate and 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanamine by melt polymerization. The properties of bio-PA were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results show that this bio-PA presents high glass transition temperature (Tg) from 150 °C to 180 °C and poor crystallization due to the asymmetric rigid structure of cyclohexane and furan. Its molecular weight is low, ascribing to the large steric hindrance from cyclohexane and furan, and the side reaction of N-methylation and decarboxylation. Besides, the results of solubility reveal that this bio-PA can be dissolved in DMSO, DMF and DMAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warp knitted mesh fabric was usually applied to sportswear due to good air transmission, but without multilayer structure and one-way transport property. In order to solve this problem, the miss-lapping structure was applied to examine the possibility to fabricate multilayer and improve water transport in warp knitting structure. Besides, the effect of thread type and warp density on comfort properties were also exploited to enhance the moisture management. The moisture management test, water vapor permeability and air permeability were examined. Long float at the back side in structure I formed by miss-lapping could improve liquid transport and air permeability, but slightly reduce water vapor permeability. With proper density, there existed the optimal one-way transport capacity and overall moisture management. Warp density in 20 cpc was an optimal parameter of knitting process. Taking advantage of miss-lapping, sample 5 where polypropylene was partly threaded on GB1 provided best moisture management, water vapor permeability and air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warp knitted mesh fabric was usually applied to sportswear due to good air transmission, but without multilayer structure and one-way transport property. In order to solve this problem, the miss-lapping structure was applied to examine the possibility to fabricate multilayer and improve water transport in warp knitting structure. Besides, the effect of thread type and warp density on comfort properties were also exploited to enhance the moisture management. The moisture management test, water vapor permeability and air permeability were examined. Long float at the back side in structure I formed by miss-lapping could improve liquid transport and air permeability, but slightly reduce water vapor permeability. With proper density, there existed the optimal one-way transport capacity and overall moisture management. Warp density in 20 cpc was an optimal parameter of knitting process. Taking advantage of miss-lapping, sample 5 where polypropylene was partly threaded on GB1 provided best moisture management, water vapor permeability and air permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) was designed and synthesized from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 3-amino-1-propanol (AP) and adipic acid (AA). Firstly, the aromatic diol monomer (BHTT) was synthesized by DMT and AP, it was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and DSC, respectively. Then, the BHTT and AA were used to synthesize the semi-aromatic PEAs with alternating structure by melt polymerization. The effects of polymerization temperature and time on the crystallization, thermal stability and amide transesterification of PEAs were fully investigated. It was found that the prepared PEAs are semi-crystalline polymer with melting point around 154–165 °C and decomposition temperature around 377–392 °C. Most important, the chemical structure of PEAs synthesized under different conditions was explored by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and DEPT spectra, which confirms the occurrence of amide transesterification during the melt polymerization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-hundred percent stereo-complexation in poly( l-lactide) (PLLA)/poly( d-lactide) (PDLA) fibers with non-equivalent molecular weights could be achieved via thermal treatment. Stereo-complexed polylactide (sc-PLA) fibers exhibited excellent hydrolysis resistance and thermal resistance. Till now, preparation of sc-PLA fibers with satisfactory qualities required both PLLA and PDLA with equivalently high molecular weights. Moreover, the high-molecular-weight PDLAs are expensive, restricting industrial-scale production and applications of sc-PLA products. In this study, equal-weight mixtures of low-molecular-weight PDLA (L-PDLA) and high-molecular-weight PLLA (H-PLLA) were melt spun into sc-PLA fibers and then completely stereo-complexed via thermal treatment. The hydrolysis resistance of L3/D1 fibers [PLLA ( M = 3.0 × 10)/PDLA ( M = 1.0 × 10)] was similar to that of L3/D3 fibers [PLLA ( M = 3.0 × 10)/PDLA ( M = 3.2 × 10)], but much higher than that of L3 fibers [PLLA ( M = 3.0 × 10)]. Melting temperature and softening temperature of L3/D1 fibers (223 and 126 °C) were also similar to those of L3/D3 fibers (224 and 131 °C), but higher than that of L3 fibers (172 and 72 °C). Utilizing H-PLLA and L-PDLA to prepare sc-PLA fibers with excellent performance is conducive to the wide industrial application of sc-PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Cotton stalk bark fibers (CSBF) were prepared using combined steam explosion and laccase treatment (explosion-laccase). CSBF have been applied to reinforce thermoplastic composites, but were difficult to be spun into yarns due to their inferior fineness and high stiffness. In order to improve the fineness and flexibility with a green method, explosion-laccase treatment was used to separate bark of cotton stalks. The results indicated that steam explosion at 1.7 MPa for 3 min effectively facilitated laccase penetration into the lignocellulose complex to enhance delignification without negative effects on activity of laccase. Compared with CSBF after explosion, CSBF after explosion-laccase had better fineness (31 dtex), higher aspect ratio (1110), higher tensile strength (2.81 cN/dtex), higher flexibility (321 twist/(m·dtex)), and better thermal stability, which meets the requirement of textile fibers. CSBF had higher water retention (127%) and moisture regain (10.3%) than cotton. Explosion-laccase is an effective and eco-friendly method of preparing CSBF for textiles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45058. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, composite membranes were prepared from mixed solution of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and cellulose via the non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method. N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) were used as the solvent for PVDF and cellulose, respectively. SEM and in situ scanning techniques were used to investigate the morphology of the prepared membranes. The results showed that viscose cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution acted as a porogenic agent during the membrane preparation process. Hydrophilicity of the composites was evaluated by water contact angle, moisture regain and equilibrium water uptake, which demonstrated that the wettability of the membranes was associated with the hydrophilic group and the roughness of the surface. Most importantly, the α → β transformation in PVDF matrix was demonstrated from the results of WAXD, FT-IR and DSC. The quantitative analysis indicated that the β-phase content in PVDF reached 90.1% when cellulose content was 5%, which is higher than many published references and was ascribed to the cooperation of cellulose and ionic liquid. Besides, the crystallinity, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composite membranes were studied as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chicken feather, a potential source of keratin, is often disposed as waste material. Although some methods, i.e., hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation, have been developed to isolate keratin for composites, it has been limited due to the rising environmental concerns. In this work, a green solvent N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) was used to extract keratin from chicken feather waste. Eighty-nine percent of keratin was extracted using 75% NMMO solution. However, the result from size exclusion HPLC showed that most of the keratin degraded into polypeptide with molecular weight of 2189 and only 25.3% regenerated keratin was obtained with molecular weight of 14,485. Analysis of amino acid composition showed a severe damage to the disulfide bonds in keratin during the extraction procedure. Oxidization had an important effect on the reconstitution of the disulfide bonds, which formed a stable three-dimensional net structure in the regenerated keratins. Besides, Raman spectra, NMR, FT-IR, XRD, and TGA were used to characterize the properties of regenerated keratin and raw chicken feather. In the end, a possible mechanism was proposed based on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Keratin particles with microscale are prepared by ball mill and its influences on the chitosan membrane is evaluated. Composite membranes with various content of keratin are fabricated, and their physical and chemical properties such as morphology, wettability, crystallization, thermal stability, tensile strength, and break elongation are investigated. Optical microscope and situ topographic scan mode of nano-test system are used to examine the dispersion and aggregation of keratin on the surface of chitosan membrane. The result of contact angle (CA) and mechanical testing show that the incorporation of keratin particles decrease the CA from 98.1° to 58.2°. Tensile strength and break elongation of the composite membrane reaches a maximum of 65 ± 8 MPa and 15% when the keratin content is 6%, an increase of 80% and 88% compared with the pristine chitosan membrane. Both the increase in tensile strength and break elongation is result of the incorporation of keratin particles known for their excellent compatibility between keratin and chitosan matrix. These kind of composite material combines the antibacterial properties of chitosan with cell culture preference of keratin which may have potential biomedical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44667. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In the present study, regenerated cellulose membrane with 'imprinted morphology' and low crystallinity was fabricated from the crystal cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution. Spherulites of 1-butyl-3-methilimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution were observed using polarized optical microscopy under certain condition. The fabricated cellulose membranes presented some particular characteristics compared with the membrane prepared from traditional cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution. All the fabricated membranes were characterized by optical microscope, Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermo-gravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. The images showed that the resulting membranes prepared from crystal cellulose/[Bmim]Cl solution were 'imprinted' with patterns which originated from the crystalline structure of [Bmim]Cl. The results of WAXD showed that the obtained cellulose membrane exhibited low diffraction peaks and crystallinity of approximately 24.57%. Furthermore, the low crystallinity led to the low mechanical property (27.5 MPa), thermal stability (315.4 °C), and high moisture regain (9.5%). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43798. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, acidic ionic liquid glycine hydrochloride (Gly·HCl) is reported as a new solvent for dissolving chitosan. The regenerated chitosan fibers were fabricated by a wet spinning process and characterized by scanning electronic microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and thermal gravimetric analysis. The result shows that the regenerated chitosan fibers had the same chemical structure as the raw chitosan flake, however, its thermal stability and crystallinity is a little low. Furthermore, a new mechanism of dissolving chitosan in ionic liquid was proposed. The chitosan fibers had soft feeling, excellent antibacterial property and have huge potential application in biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVDF/SiO hybrid membranes with outstanding antifouling property were prepared from PVDF/glycerol triacetate system via thermally induced phase separation method, and characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses, differential scanning calorimeter, and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Their properties such as permeability, porosity, pore size distribution, and mechanical performance were also determined. The results show that SiO nanoparticles modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane can be uniformly dispersed in membranes due to improved compatibility between PVDF solution and nanoparticles. The addition of SiO particles to PVDF/glycerol triacetate mixture has a strong effect on crystallinity of the resulting hybrid membrane, which does not affect the type of PVDF crystal structure. Water flux recovery ratio is significantly increased from 11.7 % for pure PVDF membrane to 93.8 % for PVDF/SiO hybrid membrane with addition of 8 wt% modified SiO. This remarkable promotion is related to the implantation of SiO nanoparticles into the inner surface of membrane, which effectively restrains the adsorption of bovine serum albumin on the pore walls and improves antifouling property of the final membranes. Additionally, pure water flux of the hybrid membrane is increased by 276 %, i.e., from 85 to 320 L m h, tensile strength is increased by 26.5 %, and elongation at break is increased by 85.4 % compared with that of pure membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strippable film is effective for removing radioactive contamination. However, it still has some limitations, such as the long curing time (about 30 min~24 h) and the requirement of organic solvents. To address these issues, we report a simple protocol to prepare strippable decontamination films using liquid polybutadiene (LPB) and tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) as the raw materials without solvent and using camphorquinone/ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate (CQ/EDB) as a photoinitiator, where the film was formed under household LED panel light or daylight irradiation for about 540 s. After a thorough study of viscosity, real-time Fourier transform infrared (RT-FTIR spectra), gel and volatile organic compound (VOC) contents, mechanical properties and decontamination efficiency, the optimum composition and curing conditions were determined for the decontamination strippable film. VOC content is as low as 12.7 ± 0.7% and the resultant strippable film exhibits good mechanical performances with a tensile strength of up to 5.4 ± 0.4 MPa and elongation of up to 66.6 ± 13%. Most important, the decontamination efficiencies of this strippable film for 133CsCl on glass, ceramic and metal surfaces reach up to 98.1%, 94.3% and 97.6%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the preparation and characterization of cellulosechitin blend filaments over the experimental blend ratio scope i.e., 2.89 and 6.46 ww chitin content through high wet modulus HWM procedure. The spinnability of the invested solutions was found to vary in the following order: chitin < cellulose < 9.5:0.5 blend < 9:1 blend < 8:2 blend < 5:5 blend 9:1 means the mass ratio of cellulose to chitin, so does 9.5:0.5, 8:2, and 5:5. The crosssection of the blend filaments is of chrysanthemum shape. It was shown through the SEM photographs that there existed grooves on the surface of filaments, which became coarse with increase in chitin content. Based on the data from Xray, sonic velocity, intensity, and hygroscopicity, it is concluded that the degree of crystallinity, dry and wet intensity modulus, degree of orientation, and regain rate of the filaments decreased with increase in chitin content in the experiment scope. The mechanical properties of the blend filaments are much higher than those of Crabyon fiber and normal viscose filaments, which proves that the HWM method is an efficient way of preparing cellulosechitin blend filaments with satisfactory mechanical properties and processing property. The blend filaments prepared have an effective biostatic effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli, and Corinebaterium michiganenceaccording to different testing standards. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitin blend filaments obtained from cellulose/chitin xanthalate blend solution over an experimental blend ratio. The study showed that chitin xanthalate addition into cellulose xanthalate resulted in an increase of intermittence rate. It also concluded that the degree of crystallinity, density and accessibility of blend filaments decreases with increasing chitin content.

The article examines the rheological properties of cellulose and chitin xanthate and their blend solutions and the properties of the prepared fibers to provide data for further fiber spinning. The researchers measured the viscosity, fluidity, filtering and mechanical properties of the solutions. Results showed the dependence of rheological properties on the solutions' composition and temperature. It showed the relationship between temperature and viscosity in the activation energy of flow.

This paper investigated the feasibility of enhancing the interface between lignocellulosic fibers and a polypropylene matrix via structure alteration of lignin at elevated temperatures. Alkali treatment can remove gum substances from lignocellulose fibers effectively at elevated temperatures but easily causes damages to fiber strength. In previous studies on directional delignification of lignocellulosic fibers, loss of fiber strength is avoided but condensation and degradation of lignin are accelerated. So far, few reports have been available on the effect of lignin structures on the interface between fibers and a matrix. In this study, jute fibers with different lignin structures are produced at 100 and 130 °C for reinforcing a polypropylene matrix. The interface between the fibers and matrix is analyzed. The result shows that decrease in aliphatic hydroxyl concentration by 9.5% at 130 °C from 3 to 5 h contributes to a 14.2% decrease in the surface energy of jute fibers. Meanwhile, the polydispersity index of lignin decreases from 1.21 to 1.15. Centralized distribution of lignin molecule-weight and reduction in fiber surface energy improves the interface between the fibers and matrix, which manifests as a 30.8% increase in the impact strength of the composites. Similar improvement is not observed in the composites reinforced with jute fibers at 100 °C, due to the absence of lignin-structure changes. This paper provides a new strategy to improve the interface between lignocellulose fibers and a hydrophobic matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyacrylic acid modified filter paper (FP/PAA) was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of acrylic acid, which was used as a matrix to chelate nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI). The loading content of nZVI in the filter paper reached 24.8%. The fabricated composite FP/PAA/nZVI was characterized by SEM, FT-IR and TGA respectively. Moreover, it was used for the removal of methyl blue and methylene blue as model anionic and cationic dyes. The effect of initial dye concentration on decolorization efficiency was investigated. The results showed that FP/PAA/nZVI enhanced the removal of dye from the simulated dye wastewater and the decolorization efficiency exceeded 95% for the dye solutions lower than 20 mg/L. More importantly, the filter paper supported nZVI realized the continuous treatment of simulated dye wastewater by a simple filtration process. This study hopes to serve as a basis for the application of nZVI in textile wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]