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Class III malocclusions may exist in a variety of skeletal and dental combinations such as prognathic mandible and retrognathic maxilla. Two-thirds of the Class III individuals present with a combination of maxillary retrusion and mandibular protrusion suggesting the importance of addressing the maxillary component at an early age. Early treatment is indicated for Skeletal Class III malocclusions during deciduous or mixed dentition. Maxillary protraction is a common way of treating skeletal Class III malocclusion in growing patients with a retrognathic and hypoplastic maxilla. Orthopedic approach on maxilla enables morphologic and functional adaptation favoring normal facial growth and acceptable facial esthetics. Various skeletal and dental effects of maxillary protraction are well documented in the literature[1]. The following case report explains the treatment of a 10-year-old male patient with maxillary protraction appliance (facemask and hyrax). The improvement can be quantified by reduction in scoring of orthodontic indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class II malocclusions are very common and challenging to treat. Of the various modalities available for treatment, fixed functional appliances play an important role. Among the various fixed functional appliances the AdvanSync™ 2 appliance is the recent one. The literature efficacy is scarce owing to its latest introduction. This case report discusses the use of AdvanSync™ 2 with extraction for the correction of class II malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Odontomes are asymptomatic benign tumors often identified during a routine radiographic investigation. Mandibular canine impaction is a less common dental anomaly frequently associated with Odontomes. The management of impacted canines are mainly based on position and direction of the impacted tooth, root development and space available in the arch. This case report involved impacted 43 and Odontome in relation to 43 on a skeletal class II base, Angle's class I molar and canine relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visualising the result of any proposed treatment, not only guides us in each part of the journey toward the final result but also to assess if the treatment objectives are met. Any adverse effects can be easily determined, before the start of the treatment, and necessary alterations to the treatment plan can be made. Various method in which the result of an orthognathic surgery can be visualised are – overlay tracing, template tracing, cephalometric prediction tracing, computer prediction, feasibility mock surgery, etc. How to carry out these predictions are discussed in detail in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone mineral metabolism helps in understanding the sequence of boneloss and bone remodeling and in identifying those persons at risk from osteoporosis. One of the approaches that has yielded useful information is the examination of the role of collagenous and noncollagenous bone proteins in bone mineral metabolism. Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for new bone formation, and osteoclasts the cells for resorption. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts but their function although not precisely established probably involves calcium homeostasis and bone cell destruction comparable to osteoclastosis. The term remodeling or bone turnover refers to the sequential processes of resorption and subsequent formation for maintenance of mineral homeostasis. In normal man this remodeling cycle occurs at a particular site about every 3 months. The osteoclasts and osteoblasts which are responsible for remodeling appear to be anatomically linked or coupled in equilibrium. Osteocalcin (OC) acts as a regulator of bone mineralization. It also regulates osteoblast and osteoclast activity. This review article lays emphasis on the structure and interaction of OC with various other molecules; its skeletal effects and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]