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The in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extracts from whole plant, fresh apical stems and calli from fresh apical stem of Phyllanthus amarus cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-butyric acid (IBA)/benzylaminopurine (BAP) 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:4, IBA/BAP/mannitol 1:1:0.5%, IBA/BAP/mannitol: 2% for three months were evaluated. Results indicated that all ethanol extracts showed an in vitro antiplasmodial activity at different extends. The most active ethanol extract was that from callus cultivated with IBA/BAP/ mannitol 1:1:05% (IC50 < 0.19 μg/ml). The ethanol whole plant and intact apical stem extracts exhibited an activity with IC50 values of 2.5 ± 0.4 and 8.2 ± 1.9 μg/ml, respectively. Quercetin, lupeol and ellagic acid displayed an antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.6, 8.3 ± 1.4 and 0.07 ± 0.02 μg/ml, respectively. All ethanol extracts and isolated compounds were considered to be non cytotoxic against MT-4 cell lines growth (CC50 > 32 μg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of inbreeding were studied in three oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) trials in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Congo). In selfings, marked inbreeding depression was observed for yield of fruit bunches, mean bunch weight and bunch number, but there was little effect on bunch composition. Most vegetative measurements were significantly affected by selfing, but leaf production rate and leaf area ratio were unaffected. Sib-crossing had less depressive effect than selfing, and in some families sib-crosses were superior to outcrosses. Where selection needs to be done within inbred families, our study suggests that leaf area ratio and bunch composition would be useful criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethanol extracts of fresh apical stems ofPhyllanthus niruriL.(Euphorbiaceae)cultured on Murashige and Skoog(MS)medium supplemented with IBA/BAP/Coco nuciferaL. milk for 1, 2, 4, and 6 months were phytochemically and biologically investigated and compared to the intact plant part and whole plant extracts. A phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroids, terpenes, and flavonoids as the major phytochemical groups, but not the same constituents belonging to these groups in all extracts. Alkaloids were detected in whole plant extract and were in traces in the intact apical stem extract and callus extracts. Results from thein vitroantiplasmodial testing indicated that the callus extract 1&ThickSpace;month old(IC 50 &ThickSpace;=&ThickSpace;16.3±2.5&ThickSpace;µg/ml)exhibited activity similar to the intact plant part extract(IC 50 &ThickSpace;=&ThickSpace;18.2±2.5&ThickSpace;µg/ml)(p&ThickSpace;=&ThickSpace;0.05). This activity was significantly higher(p&ThickSpace;<&THICKSPACE;0.001) than that exhibited by extracts from callus cultures 2, 4, and 6 months old(25&ThickSpace;<&ThickSpace;IC 50 &ThickSpace;<&ThickSpace;40&ThickSpace;µg/ml). The activity of these extracts is lower than that displayed by the same extract from the whole plant(IC 50 &ThickSpace;=&ThickSpace;2.5±0.2&ThickSpace;µg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of ethanol extracts from whole plant, fresh apical stems and calli from fresh apical stem of Phyllanthus amarus cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-butyric acid (IBA)/benzylaminopurine (BAP) 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:4, IBA/BAP/mannitol 1:1:0.5%, IBA/BAP/mannitol: 2% for three months were evaluated. Results indicated that all ethanol extracts showed an in vitro antiplasmodial activity at different extends. The most active ethanol extract was that from callus cultivated with IBA/BAP/mannitol 1:1:05% (IC50 < 0.19 µg/ml). The ethanol whole plant and intact apical stem extracts exhibited an activity with IC50 values of 2.5 ± 0.4 and 8.2 ± 1.9 µg/ml, respectively. Quercetin, lupeol and ellagic acid displayed an antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 3.2 ± 0.6, 8.3 ± 1.4 and 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/ml, respectively. All ethanol extracts and isolated compounds were considered to be non cytotoxic against MT-4 cell lines growth (CC50 > 32 µg/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]