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Schools and friendships represent important but distinct contexts for adolescent identity development. However, research has yet to explore the long-term interplay between these factors on ethnic/racial identity (ERI). This study included a sample of 640 adolescents from 9 public high schools in a diverse United States metropolis (Mage = 14.50, SD = 0.67; 44% Asian, 20% Black, 36% Latinx; female = 68%, male = 32%, non-binary = 0%). Latent growth curve modeling was conducted to investigate longitudinal associations in friendship ethnic/racial composition and ERI exploration. From the 9th–11th grades, same-race friends and ERI exploration increased linearly whereas friendship ethnic/racial diversity decreased linearly. Adolescents attending more ethnically/racially diverse schools maintained more ethnically/racially diverse friends over time but did not differ in changes in ERI exploration compared to adolescents in less diverse schools. There was no association between the rates at which adolescents' friendship ethnic/racial composition and ERI changed over time. More ethnically/racially diverse friends in the 9th-grade predicted faster increases in subsequent ERI exploration. The findings highlight important differences in the roles of friendship and school contexts on ERI, suggesting that friendship ethnic/racial diversity, but not school ethnic/racial diversity, facilitated ERI exploration over time. School ethnic/racial diversity did facilitate a slower decline in friendship ethnic/racial diversity, emphasizing the importance of school integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to (1) identify differences in sleep patterns between Filipino migrants and non-migrants across 2 years and (2) explore the impact of discrimination trajectories on sleep trajectories. The Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES) consisted of a migrant (n = 832) and non-migrant cohort (n = 805), with baseline data collected in the Philippines. Both cohorts were followed longitudinally, with the non-migrants followed in the Philippines and the migrant cohort followed to the United States. Sleep duration, quality, and difficulty were assessed with the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) inventory, and discrimination was measured with an adapted version of the Everyday Discrimination scale. Migrants reported a faster decline in sleep duration (− 12 min a year) but higher sleep quality than non-migrants over 2 years. Migrants who reported high initial levels of everyday discrimination also reported faster declines in sleep duration and a slower decline in sleep difficulty. Further, migrants who reported stable (versus declining) levels of discrimination over 2 years reported a faster decline in sleep quality. These results speak to the complexity of immigrant health patterns and long-term associations between discrimination and sleep processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigates how sleep regularity moderates the association between ethnic/racial discrimination and academic grades among diverse adolescents. The study included a 14‐day, daily diary and actigraphy study of ninth‐grade adolescents in the United States (N = 265; mean [SD] age 15.26 [0.62] years, 41.51% Asian, 21.13% Black, 37.35% Latinx, 71.32% female) who completed measures of demographic information and ethnic/racial discrimination (Daily Life Experiences Racism and Bother subscale). Sleep data were collected for 14 consecutive days with wrist actigraphy, and sleep regularity was calculated using the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI). Academic grades were provided by the Department of Education. Discrimination frequency was associated with lower academic grades, and the SRI moderated this association. Compared to adolescents who had moderate and regular SRI profiles, adolescents with irregular SRI (i.e., lower sleep regularity) had stronger negative associations between discrimination and grades. On the other hand, for adolescents who had moderate to high sleep regularity, there was no significant association between discrimination and grades. This study underscores the importance of sleep regularity for adolescents' academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]