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The incorporation of potassium into perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been empirically validated to mitigate hysteresis phenomena and boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the doping mechanism of potassium ions in the perovskite film and their effect on photocarrier recombination remains a topic of debate. Here, we grew doped MAPbI3: K single crystals by inverse temperature crystallization using KI as a dopant, and then perovskite thin films were spin-coated with dissolved MAPbI3: K crystals as a precursor. The doped MAPbI3: K perovskite films exhibit better crystal quality with large columnar grains and lower defect density. Employing Hall effect, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements, we definitively demonstrate that K-doping transforms the conductivity type of the perovskite film from a marginally N-type to a distinct P-type semiconductor. Furthermore, this doping strategy induces a concurrent downward shift in both the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum. As a result, the PCE of the PSCs increases from 15.15% to an impressive 20.66%, and the J–V curve hysteresis almost disappears. Additionally, theoretical simulations using SCAPS-1D software reveal a profound modification in the device's energy band diagram after K+-doping. Specifically, the energy level offset between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer diminishes from 0.24 to 0.14 eV, with a result of bigger quasi-Fermi energy level splitting. This, in turn, elevates the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the doped perovskite solar cell, underscoring the profound impact of potassium doping on enhancing PSC performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topology optimization, as a scientific and efficient intelligence algorithm, can be used to distribute the structures or materials with periodic units within the design domain to obtain the desired properties or functions. To induce interface states with high transmission and localization at the specified objective frequency, we propose a topology optimization design of the mirror-symmetric periodic waveguides based on the combination of the multiple population genetic algorithm and the finite element method. In addition to the traditional Bragg gaps, which are generated by the same low-order mode resonances, interface states can also be induced through the proposed topology optimization method in the non-Bragg gaps formed by the resonances of the more complex modes. The non-Bragg interface states possess higher localization due to the involvement of high-order modes in the non-Bragg resonances. This topology optimization method is expected to realize the wavefield manipulation of sound wave localization from a new perspective and provide a novel method for the design of devices for intense localization and high transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a rare and highly aggressive form of breast cancer, accounts for 10% of breast cancer-related deaths. Previous omics studies of IBC have focused solely on one of genomics or transcriptomics and did not discover common differences that could distinguish IBC from non-IBC. Methods: Seventeen IBC patients and five non-IBC patients as well as additional thirty-three Asian breast cancer samples from TCGA-BRCA were included for the study. We performed whole-exon sequencing (WES) to investigate different somatic genomic alterations, copy number variants, and large structural variants between IBC and non-IBC. Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to examine the differentially expressed genes, pathway enrichment, and gene fusions. WES and RNA-seq data were further investigated in combination to discover genes that were dysregulated in both genomics and transcriptomics. Results: Copy number variation analysis identified 10 cytobands that showed higher frequency in IBC. Structural variation analysis showed more frequent deletions in IBC. Pathway enrichment and immune infiltration analysis indicated increased immune activation in IBC samples. Gene fusions including CTSC–RAB38 were found to be more common in IBC. We demonstrated more commonly dysregulated RAS pathway in IBC according to both WES and RNA-seq. Inhibitors targeting RAS signaling and its downstream pathways were predicted to possess promising effects in IBC treatment. Conclusion: We discovered differences unique in Asian women that could potentially explain IBC etiology and presented RAS signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in IBC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To remove heavy metals from wastewater, coal gasification slag (CGS) was prepared as an adsorbent. Five modified materials were created, including HF‐CGSC, KOH‐HCl‐CGS, and three KOH‐CGS variants with different mass ratios. The adsorption tests showed KOH‐CGS (0.25) had the best efficiency for Pb(II) and Cd(II) via spontaneous chemisorption. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and 13C NMR analyses indicated that adsorption involved pore adsorption, functional group coordination, and π‐π interactions. Competitive adsorption results showed minimal interaction between Pb and Cd. Leaching tests confirmed the process's environmental safety. This study suggests new approaches for using coal gasification slag in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Negative emotions can cause people to make irrational decisions, and decision-making disorders may lead individuals who use methamphetamine (meth) to relapse. Therefore, the current study was performed to investigate whether emotion regulation (ER) can improve negative emotions and thus improve decision-making behavior of individuals who use meth. Method: Based on the Iowa Gambling Task, a three-factor mixed experimental design was used to examine the effects of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression strategies on negative emotions and decision-making behaviors of 157 individuals who use meth. Results: Cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression were effective in reducing participants' negative emotions and improving decision-making behaviors. Specifically, two types of ER strategies were effective in improving decision-making abilities of participants with negative emotional distress, and cognitive reappraisal was more effective than expressive suppression. Conclusion: Regarding cognitive reappraisal, female participants showed better decision-making behavior than males, which predicts that females who use meth might be more adept at using cognitive reappraisal. This finding suggests that mental health providers should aid substance users in managing their negative emotions and also pay attention to gender differences during the nursing process. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(11), 27–34.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper presetting of circular holes is the crux of blasting control. Currently, the influence mechanism of preset circular holes on directional propagation of blast-induced cracks remains unclear due to the instantaneity of blast loading and the complexity of action process. In this study, the evolution of the stress field around preset holes under blast loading was clarified based on experiments and numerical simulations. Besides, the influence mechanisms of single holes with different offset distances and double holes with different hole spacings on propagation patterns of blast-induced cracks were revealed. The results show that circular holes do not just promote or inhibit the propagation of blast-induced cracks under blast loading. Instead, the effect of a preset circular hole is determined by its relative position to the blast hole. Specifically, at the top of the blast-facing side of a preset hole, rock is subjected to tensile stress, which promotes crack propagation; in contrast, on two sides of it, rock is subjected to compressive stress, which inhibits crack propagation. Moreover, when the offset distance is short, the crack propagation trajectory will be deflected under the influence of tensile stress at the top of the circular hole. With the increase of offset distance, the inhibitory effect of compression at two sides of the hole tends to dominate, and the crack propagation will be suppressed. Particularly, the inhibitory effect at the two sides gradually weakens with the increase of offset distance. In the case of double-hole arrangement, the compressive stress fields at hole sides overlap with each other, which further strengthens the inhibitory effect on propagation of blast-induced cracks. Highlights: Experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to explore the interaction mechanism between circular holes and blast-induced cracks. Circular holes do not just promote or inhibit the propagation of blast-induced cracks. Instead, the effect of a circular hole is determined by its relative position to the blast hole. At the top of the blast-facing side of a preset hole, rock is subjected to tensile stress, which promotes crack propagation; in contrast, on two sides of it, rock is subjected to compressive stress, which inhibits crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil carbon sequestration is listed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as one of the key ways to achieve long-term "carbon neutrality" in the context of global warming. Soil carbon sequestration is a complex biogeochemical process that involves plants, microbes, and rock minerals at its core. Yet, its regulation mechanisms and promotion pathways remain unclear. This paper reviews recent progress in the related domestic and international research and provides an overview of the key processes and mechanisms of soil carbon sequestration. The main pathways for enhancing soil carbon sequestration (including plant inputs, mineral protection, microbial transformation, and rock weathering) are summarized. The paper also discusses and synthesizes how advanced biogeochemical methods and technologies may be employed to explore soil carbon sequestration mechanisms and potentials. The overall aim of this review is to improve our understanding of soil carbon sequestration as a nature-based solution to combatting climate change from the biogeochemistry perspective, and to highlight the role of fundamental research in Earth Sciences in helping to achieve China's carbon neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resolvin D2 (RvD2), an endogenous lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid, has been demonstrated to have analgesic effects. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying RvD2 in pain relief. Herein, we demonstrate that RvD2 targeted the P2X3 receptor as an analgesic. The electrophysiological activity of P2X3 receptors was suppressed by RvD2 in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. RvD2 pre‐application dose‐dependently decreased α,β‐methylene‐ATP (α,β‐meATP)‐induced inward currents. RvD2 remarkably decreased the maximum response to α,β‐meATP, without influencing the affinity of P2X3 receptors. RvD2 also voltage‐independently suppressed ATP currents. An antagonist of the G protein receptor 18 (GPR18), O‐1918, prevented the RvD2‐induced suppression of ATP currents. Additionally, intracellular dialysis of the Gαi/o‐protein antagonist pertussis toxin (PTX), the PKA antagonist H89, or the cAMP analog 8‐Br‐cAMP also blocked the RvD2‐induced suppression. Furthermore, α,β‐meATP‐triggered depolarization of membrane potential along with the action potential bursts in DRG neurons were inhibited by RvD2. Lastly, RvD2 attenuated spontaneous nociceptive behaviors as well as mechanical allodynia produced by α,β‐meATP in rats via the activation of the peripheral GPR18. These findings indicated that RvD2 inhibited P2X3 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons through GPR18, PTX‐sensitive Gαi/o‐proteins, and intracellular cAMP/PKA signaling, revealing a novel mechanism that underlies its analgesic effects by targeting P2X3 receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CREB gene family (ATF1, CREB1, CREM) fusions with either EWSR1 or FUS gene partners drive the pathogenesis of a wide range of neoplasms, including various soft tissue tumors, intracranial myxoid mesenchymal tumors (IMMTs), hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC), and rare mesotheliomas. Recently, a SMARCA2::CREM fusion was reported in one case each of IMMT and HCCC. In this study, we expand the clinicopathologic and molecular spectrum of these neoplasms by describing three additional cases with SMARCA2::CREM and one with a novel SMARCA4::CREM fusion, highlighting the recurrent potential of additional CREB gene fusion partners beyond FET family members. To evaluate if these fusions define a new pathologic entity, we performed a comprehensive genomic and methylation analysis and compared the results to other related tumors. Tumors occurred in children and young adults (median age 20 years) and spanned a broad anatomic distribution, including soft tissue, intracranial, head and neck, and prostatic urethra. Microscopically, the tumors shared an undifferentiated round to epithelioid cell phenotype and a hyalinized fibrous stroma. Immunohistochemically, a polyphenotypic profile was observed, with variable expression of SOX10, desmin, and/or epithelial markers. No targetable genomic alterations were found using panel‐based DNA sequencing. By DNA methylation and transcriptomic analyses, tumors grouped closely to FET::CREB entities, but not with SMARCA4/SMARCB1‐deficient tumors. High expression of CREM by immunohistochemistry was also documented in these tumors. Patients experienced local recurrence (n = 2), locoregional lymph node metastases (n = 2), and an isolated visceral metastasis (n = 1). Overall, our study suggests that SMARCA2/4::CREM fusions define a distinct group of neoplasms with round cell to epithelioid histology, a variable immunoprofile, and a definite risk of malignancy. Larger studies are needed to further explore the pathogenetic relationship with the FET::CREB family of tumors. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional diagnostic techniques including visual examination, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have limitations of in-depth information for the detection of nail disorders, resolution, and practicality. This pilot study, for the first time, evaluates a dual-modality imaging system that combines photoacoustic tomography (PAT) with the US for the multiparametric quantitative assessment of human nail. The study involved a small cohort of five healthy volunteers who underwent PAT/US imaging for acquiring the nail unit data. The PAT/US dual-modality imaging successfully revealed the fine anatomical structures and microvascular distribution within the nail and nail bed. Moreover, this system utilized multispectral PAT to analyze functional tissue parameters, including oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, oxygen saturation, and collagen under tourniquet and cold stimulus tests to evaluate changes in the microcirculation of the nail bed. The quantitative analysis of multispectral PAT reconstructed images demonstrated heightened sensitivity in detecting alterations in blood oxygenation levels and collagen content within the nail bed, under simulated different physiological conditions. This pilot study highlights the potential of PAT/US dual-modality imaging as a real-time, noninvasive diagnostic modality for evaluating human nail health and for early detection of nail bed pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis [acellular, component] [DTacP]) vaccine is a combined vaccine designed to prevent three potentially fatal diseases including pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria in both children and adults. We utilized advanced technology to develop a novel DTacP vaccine that was previously unavailable in China. The nonclinical studies were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity, potential toxicity, and local tolerance of the vaccine in animal models. In the immunogenicity study, three batches of the vaccine were intraperitoneally administered to National Institutes of Health (NIH) mice, resulting in 100% seropositivity for all three batches. Additionally, antibody levels notably increased as the immunization dosage increased. In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed among the animals during the 14‐day observation period, and no abnormalities in clinical signs were reported. Active systemic anaphylaxis assessment in guinea pigs showed no evidence of serious allergic reactions in the vaccine groups. In the repeat‐dose toxicity study, where five intramuscular doses were administered every 2 weeks, gross autopsy and histopathological examination revealed no vaccine‐related systemic pathological changes in rats, with dose site irritant reactions mostly recovered at the end of recovery period. In conclusion, the vaccine demonstrated good local and systemic tolerance, supporting its clinical development. We developed a novel DTacP vaccine that was previously unavailable in China and evaluated the immunogenicity, potential toxicity, and local tolerance of the vaccine in animal models. The seropositivity of vaccines reached 100% in mice. Acute toxicity study, active systemic anaphylaxis study, and repeat‐dose toxicity study showed no clinical signs abnormalities, and moderate irritant reactions were observed and mostly recovered at the end of recovery period. The DTacP vaccine demonstrated good local and systemic tolerance, supporting its clinical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic idea of modulating the immune system to better recognize and fight tumor cells has led to the successful introduction of adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT). ACT-based treatment regimens, in which the patient's own immune cells are isolated and subsequently expanded (ex vivo) and reinfused, have also contributed significantly to the development of a personalized treatment strategy. Complementing this, the unprecedented advances in ACTs as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and their derivatives such as CAR-NK, CAR-macrophages, CAR-γδT and CAR-NKT have further maximized the therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the development of ACTs in multiple myeloma (MM) and outline how they have evolved from an experimental form to a mainstay of standard clinical settings. Besides, we provide insights into cytokine-induced killer cell (CIK) therapy, an alternative form of ACT that (as CIK or CAR-CIK) has enormous potential in the clinical spectrum of MM. We also summarize the results of the major preclinical and clinical studies of adoptive cell therapy in MM and address the current challenges (such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity) that limit its complete success in the cancer landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is associated with alveolar epithelial cell death and secondary fibrosis in injured lung. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have regenerative effect against lung injury and the potential to intervene of RILI. However, their intervention efficacy is limited because they lack lung targeting characters and do not carry sufficient specific effectors. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD) binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mediates interaction with host cells. MiR-486-5p is a multifunctional miRNA with angiogenic and antifibrotic potential and acts as an effector in MSC-derived exosomes. Ferroptosis is a form of cell death associated with radiation injury, its roles and mechanisms in RILI remain unclear. In this study, we developed an engineered MSC-derived exosomes with SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD- and miR-486-5p- modification and investigated their intervention effects on RIPF and action mechanisms via suppression of epithelial cell ferroptosis. Results: Adenovirus-mediated gene modification led to miR-486-5p overexpression in human umbilical cord MSC exosomes (p < 0.05), thereby constructing miR-486-5p engineered MSC exosomes (miR-486-MSC-Exo). MiR-486-MSC-Exo promoted the proliferation and migration of irradiated mouse lung epithelial (MLE-12) cells in vitro and inhibited RILI in vivo (all p < 0.05). MiR-486-MSC-Exo suppressed ferroptosis in MLE-12 cells, and an in vitro assay revealed that the expression of fibrosis-related genes is up-regulated following ferroptosis (both p < 0.05). MiR-486-MSC-Exo reversed the up-regulated expression of fibrosis-related genes induced by TGF-β1 in vitro and improved pathological fibrosis in RIPF mice in vivo (all p < 0.05). SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD-modified and miR-486-5p-engineered MSC exosomes (miR-486-RBD-MSC-Exo) were also constructed, and the distribution of DiR dye-labeled miR-486-RBD-MSC-Exo in hACE2CKI/CKI Sftpc-Cre+ mice demonstrated long-term retention in the lung (p < 0.05). MiR-486-RBD-MSC-Exo significantly improved the survival rate and pathological changes in hACE2CKI/CKI Sftpc-Cre+ RIPF mice (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, miR-486-MSC-Exo exerted anti-fibrotic effects via targeted SMAD2 inhibition and Akt phosphorylation activation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Engineered MSC exosomes with SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD- and miR-486-5p-modification were developed. MiR-486-RBD-MSC-Exo suppressed ferroptosis and fibrosis of MLE-12 cells in vitro, and alleviated RILI and long-term RIPF in ACE2 humanized mice in vivo. MiR-486-MSC-Exo exerted anti-fibrotic effects via SMAD2 inhibition and Akt activation. This study provides a potential approach for RIPF intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water electrolysis plays a vital role in green energy systems and there is an absolute need for abundant, affordable, and effective catalysts for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Despite existing challenges, the exploration of transition metal‐based electrocatalysts with superior performance in alkaline water splitting is critical for advancing the hydrogen economy. This study focuses on the electrocatalytic potentials of FeS2, CoSe2, and FeS2@CoSe2 hybrid nanocomposites in response to the increasing demand for sustainable energy production. The prepared materials were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine their structural properties, elemental composition, and morphological features. Notably, the F@C−B nanocomposite exhibited outstanding HER performance, requiring only 97 mV of overpotential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Similarly, the F@C−C nanocomposite demonstrated impressive OER efficiency with an overpotential of merely 302 mV at the same current density. The involvement of the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism was confirmed through Tafel slope analysis, revealing the improved surface‐active sites and reduced charge transfer resistance of the nanocomposite. The FeS2@CoSe2 nanocomposite with synergistic effects, displayed exceptional electrocatalytic properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for overall water splitting. This work introduces a novel approach to developing highly efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts, offering a viable alternative to precious metal‐based counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the efficacy of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy can significantly improve patient outcomes by reducing relapse rates in CD19 + B cell malignancies. Exogenous or transgenic cytokines are often used to boost the expansion and durability of CAR-T cells but pose risks of severe toxicities. A promising approach to address these limitations is to immobilize cytokines on the surface of CAR-T cells using transmembrane (TM) anchor domains. Given IL-7 can enhance T-cell proliferation and antitumor activity, our study developed membrane-bound IL-7 constructs using different TM anchor domains (CD8, CD28 and B7-1). We primarily found that the CD8 TM provided superior anchoring for IL-7 compared to CD28 and B7-1. Moreover, the IL-7 construct with a CD8 TM (IL7/CD8) enhanced naïve T cell proliferation and effector functions, and improved the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of CD19 CAR-T cells. Importantly, although IL7/CD8 could promote T-cell proliferation, it did not sustain long-term autonomous expansion, which could ensure the safety of CD19 CAR-T cells expressing IL7/CD8 in clinical applications. Collectively, the IL7/CD8 construct represents a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic potential of CD19 CAR-T cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CXCL13 is a chemokine that plays an important role in the regulation and development of secondary lymphoid organs. CXCL13 is also involved in the regulation of pathological processes, particularly inflammatory responses, of many diseases. The function of CXCL13 varies depending on the condition of the host. In a healthy condition, CXCL13 is mainly secreted by mouse stromal cells or human follicular helper T cells, whereas in diseases conditions, they are produced by human peripheral helper T cells and macrophages in non-lymphoid tissues; this is termed ectopic expression of CXCL13. Ectopic CXCL13 expression is involved in the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases as it regulates the migration of B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other immune cells in inflammatory sites as well as influences the expression of inflammatory factors. Additionally, ectopic expression of CXCL13 plays a key role in ectopic lymphoid organ formation. In this review, we focused on the sources of CXCL13 in different conditions and its regulatory mechanisms in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, providing novel ideas for further research on targeting CXCL13 for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relativistic charged particle beam can be used as a destructive beam weapon in space for debris removal tasks. The trajectories of charged particles are affected by both electric and magnetic forces in the Earth's magnetic field. In this paper, we firstly analyzed the correlation parameters of the charged particle beam as a weapon when it is propagated in the geomagnetic field. Then, the models were constructed based on COMSOL Multiphysics, and the IGRF model was adopted in the simulation. The gyroradius and the related uncertainty were analyzed by simulation of the charged particle transport in the geomagnetic field at different altitudes. The charged beam spot radius divergency was also simulated. The geomagnetic field can inhibite the diffusion of the electron beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarimetric infrared (IR) detection bolsters IR thermography by leveraging the polarization of light. Optical anisotropy, i.e., birefringence and dichroism, can be leveraged to achieve polarimetric detection. Recently, giant optical anisotropy is discovered in quasi‐1D narrow‐bandgap hexagonal perovskite sulfides, A1+xTiS3, specifically BaTiS3 and Sr9/8TiS3. In these materials, the critical role of atomic‐scale structure modulations in the unconventional electrical, optical, and thermal properties raises the broader question of the nature of other materials that belong to this family. To address this issue, for the first time, high‐quality single crystals of a largely unexplored member of the A1+xTiX3 (X = S, Se) family, BaTiSe3 are synthesized. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction determined the room‐temperature structure with the P31c space group, which is a superstructure of the earlier reported P63/mmc structure. The crystal structure of BaTiSe3 features antiparallel c‐axis displacements similar to but of lower symmetry than BaTiS3, verified by the polarization dependent Raman spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to characterize the optical anisotropy of BaTiSe3, whose refractive index along the ordinary (E ⊥ c) and extraordinary (E ‖ c) optical axes is quantitatively determined by combining ellipsometry studies with FTIR. With a giant birefringence Δn ∼ 0.9, BaTiSe3 emerges as a new candidate for miniaturized birefringent optics for mid‐wave infrared to long‐wave infrared imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy is under intensive investigation for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). This study assesses the efficacy and immune response of neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (nICT) in ESCC. Methods: In this phase II trial (ChiCTR2100045722), locally advanced ESCC patients receiving nICT were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the pathological complete response (pCR) rate. Multiplexed immunofluorescence, RNA-seq and TCR-seq were conducted to explore the immune response underlying nICT. Results: Totally 42 patients were enrolled, achieving a 27.0% pCR rate. The 1-year, 2-year DFS and OS rates were 89.2%, 64.4% and 97.3%, 89.2%, respectively. RNA-seq analysis highlighted T-cell activation as the most significantly enriched pathway. The tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) was characterised by high CD4, CD8, Foxp3, and PD-L1 levels, associating with better pathological regression (TRS0/1). TIME was categorised into immune-infiltrating, immune-tolerant, and immune-desert types. Notably, the immune-infiltrating type and tertiary lymphoid structures correlated with improved outcomes. In the context of nICT, TIM-3 negatively influenced treatment efficacy, while elevated TIGIT/PD-1 expression post-nICT correlated positively with CD8+ T cell levels. TCR-seq identified three TCR rearrangements, underscoring the specificity of T-cell responses. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy is effective for locally advanced, resectable ESCC, eliciting profound immune response that closely associated with clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide displacement monitoring can directly reflect the deformation process of a landslide. Predicting landslide displacements using monitored time series data through deep learning is a useful method for landslide early warning. Currently, existing prediction models mainly focus on single-point time series displacement prediction and do not consider the spatial relationship between monitoring points. To fully take into account the temporal and spatial correlation of displacement monitoring data, this paper proposes two models based on the graph convolutional network (GCN) to perform spatiotemporal prediction of the displacement of the Tangjiao 1# landslide. Firstly, the landslide monitoring system is transformed into a fully connected graph (FCG) to depict the spatial relationship among monitoring points on the landslide. Secondly, a temporal graph convolutional network (T-GCN) model and an attention temporal graph convolutional network (A3T-GCN) model of landslide displacement based on the GCN and GRU models are established respectively. Thirdly, the two models are used to predict the displacement of the Tangjiao 1# landslide. The results show that the established spatiotemporal prediction models are effective in predicting the displacement of the Tangjiao 1# landslide, and the proposed A3T-GCN model achieves the highest prediction accuracy. Our conclusion validates the effectiveness of the attention mechanism in predicting landslide displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: To evaluate the prognostic value of an integrated model consisting of tumour response to induction chemotherapy (IC) and gross tumour volume (GTV) after IC in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and elucidate optimal cumulative cisplatin dose (CCD) in concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for different subgroups. Design and methods: This retrospective study enrolled 896 patients with NPC diagnosed from 2010 to 2017 receiving IC plus radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). Cut-off points for GTV were combined with IC response to develop an integrated model. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for potential confounders. Survival outcomes and acute toxicity were compared between the different CCD groups. Results: Unsatisfactory IC response and large GTV after IC were correlated with poor survival outcomes; the AUC increased to 0.668 when these factors were incorporated. The integrated model classified patients into three groups. After PSM, radiotherapy alone and CCRT demonstrated similar efficacy in the low-risk group (complete response (CR)/partial response (PR) and GTV <68 cm3 after IC). In the intermediate-risk group (CR/PR but GTV ⩾68 cm3), CCD of >200 mg/m2 and 101–200 mg/m2 increased the 5-year DFS rates (83.7% vs 81.1% vs 65.3%, p = 0.042). In the high-risk group (stable disease/progressive disease and any GTV), the use of different CCDs did not result in significantly different survival outcomes (p = 0.793). Additionally, high CCD was significantly associated with increased incidence of grade 1–4 acute toxicity. Conclusion: The integrated model incorporating IC response and GTV after IC demonstrates satisfactory value in risk stratification and the potential to guide individualised decision-making in CCD selection. Balancing toxicity and efficacy, RT alone seems to be the optimal treatment for patients in low-risk groups and 200 mg/m2 might be the optimal dose for intermediate-risk groups. Moreover, increasing CCD does not benefit patients in high-risk groups, and treatment options for these patients require further consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is widely used for coal pore structure characterization, however, the matrix compressibility (MC) can lead to overestimated measurement results. Determination of MC is crucial for revealing the influence of pore structure on coalbed methane (CBM) flow behavior. In this study, MIP and low temperature N2 adsorption (LT-N2A) were conducted on 15 coal samples from major coal-producing regions in Northern China. The MIP data were corrected using MC theory, and the effects of coal rank and pore structure on coal MC were analyzed. The influence of MC on fractal dimension was elucidated, and the sensitivity of three fractal models to MC was effectively evaluated. Finally, the impact of MC on the coalbed methane (CBM) exploitation was discussed. The results show that low-rank coals have higher MC than medium/high-rank coals, and the MC coefficient follows a cubic polynomial relationship with coal rank, with two inflection points located at 1.4–2.5%, respectively. Micropores and transition pores are the main contributors to MC, for corrected data, the pore volume of both types of pores decreases significantly. The corrected pore size distribution exhibits better agreement with the LT-N2A measurement results, particularly in peak position and size for pores between 5 and 50 nm. This suggests the potential of corrected MIP data to supersede the combined use of MIP and LT-N2A data. MC can lead to overestimation of the fractal dimension, with the thermodynamic model showing the lowest sensitivity to MC. After the microfractures in medium/high-rank coal are greatly compressed, the compressional deformation of micropores and transition pores begins to have a significant impact on the CBM transport. The research results are of great significance for deeply understanding the mechanism of CBM transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of space-varying geological parameters is often not computationally affordable for high-dimensional subsurface reservoir modeling systems. The adjoint method is generally regarded as an efficient approach for obtaining analytical gradient and, thus, proceeding with the gradient-based iteration algorithm; however, the infeasible memory requirement and computational demands strictly prohibit its generic implementation, especially for high-dimensional problems. The autoregressive neural network (aNN) model, as a nonlinear surrogate approximation, has gradually received increasing popularity due to significant reduction of computational cost, but one prominent limitation is that the generic application of aNN to large-scale reservoir models inevitably poses challenges in the training procedure, which remains unresolved. To address this issue, model-order reduction could be a promising strategy, which enables us to train the neural network in a very efficient manner. A very popular projection-based linear reduction method, i.e., propel orthogonal decomposition (POD), is adopted to achieve dimensionality reduction. This paper presents an architecture of a projection-based autoregressive neural network that efficiently derives an easy-to-use adjoint model by the use of an auto-differentiation module inside the popular deep learning frameworks. This hybrid neural network proxy, referred to as POD-aNN, is capable of speeding up derivation of reduced-order adjoint models. The performance of POD-aNN is validated through a synthetic 2D subsurface transport model. The use of POD-aNN significantly reduces the computation cost while the accuracy remains. In addition, our proposed POD-aNN can easily obtain multiple posterior realizations for uncertainty evaluation. The developed POD-aNN emulator is a data-driven approach for reduced-order modeling of nonlinear dynamic systems and, thus, should be a very efficient modeling tool to address many engineering applications related to intensive simulation-based optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We adopted a simple and rapid measurement method to analyze the concentrations of monosaccharides (MCHO) and polysaccharides (PCHO) in carbohydrates, a subset of organic carbon found in size-fractionated atmospheric particles. Seasonal and source-related factors influenced carbohydrate concentrations, with total water-soluble carbohydrates (TCHO) accounting for approximately 23% of the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in spring when biological activity was high. We observed that the mode of aerosol transport significantly influenced the particle size distribution of carbohydrates, with MCHO exhibiting relatively high concentrations in fine particles (<1 μm) and PCHO showing higher concentrations in coarse particles (>1 μm). Moreover, our results revealed that MCHO and PCHO contributed 51% and 49%, respectively, to the TCHO concentration. This contribution varied by approximately ±19% depending on the season, suggesting the importance of both MCHO and PCHO. Additionally, through the combined use of principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), we determined that biomass burning accounts for 30% of the aerosol. Notably, biomass burning accounts for approximately 52% of the WSOC flux, with MCHO accounting for approximately 78% of the carbon from this source, indicating the substantial influence of biomass burning on aerosol composition. The average concentration of TCHO/WSOC in the atmosphere was approximately 18%, similar to the marine environment, reflecting the relationship between the biogeochemical cycles of the two environments. Finally, the fluxes of MCHO and PCHO were 1.10 and 5.28 mg C m−2 yr−1, respectively. We also found that the contribution of atmospheric deposition to marine primary productivity in winter was 15 times greater than that in summer, indicating that atmospheric deposition had a significant impact on marine ecosystems during nutrient-poor seasons. Additionally, we discovered that WSOC accounts for approximately 62% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Min River, suggesting that atmospheric deposition could be a major source of organic carbon in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polygonum orientale L. (PO) has demonstrated notable efficacy in treating coronary heart disease. Previous research identified eight key active components in PO for cardiomyocyte protection, but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear; Methods: Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to identify potential target proteins of PO's active components. Experimental models assessed the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms; Results: Network analysis and molecular docking revealed that the active components exhibited the highest binding affinity with SOD2, indicating it as a key element in the cardiac protection of PO. In vivo, PO extract improved myocardial structure and function, and increased SOD2 protein levels. In vitro, the active components of PO (Mixture) mitigated oxidative stress and apoptosis, upregulating SIRT3 and decreasing acetylated SOD2, leading to increased SOD2 and reduced ROS levels. The observed effects were reversed by a SIRT3 inhibitor, indicating the involvement of the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway; Conclusions: This comprehensive approach elucidated the critical mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective properties of PO's bioactive constituents, highlighting the regulation of the SIRT3/SOD2 signaling pathway as a new mechanism for PO's anti-cardiovascular disease effects, and suggesting the Mixture's potential as a promising drug candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to quaternions, reduced biquaternions satisfy the multiplication commutative rule and are widely employed in applications such as image processing, fuzzy recognition, image compression, and digital signal processing. However, there is little information available regarding reduced biquaternion tensors; thus, in this study, we investigate some properties of reduced biquaternion tensors. Firstly, we introduce the concept of reduced biquaternion tensors, propose the real and complex representations of reduced biquaternion tensors, and prove several fundamental theorems. Subsequently, we provide the definitions for the eigenvalues and eigentensors of reduced biquaternion tensors and present the Ger s ˇ gorin theorem as it applies to their eigenvalues. Additionally, we establish the relationship between the reduced biquaternion tensor and its complex representation. Notably, the complex representation is a symmetry tensor, which significantly simplifies the process and complexity of solving for eigenvalues. Corresponding numerical examples are also provided in the paper. Furthermore, some special properties of eigenvalues of reduced biquaternion tensors are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroquinone-based organic molecules are often used as unavoidable preservatives in the food industry. Among these additives, tertiary butylated hydroquinone (TBHQ) is widely employed as a preservative in various processed foods. However, the potential health risks associated with the excessive presence of TBHQ in food products have raised significant concerns. To address this pressing issuea novel binder-free composite composed of a manganese metal–organic framework and functionalized carbon nanofibers (Mn-MOF/f-CNF) has been developed as an electrode modifier for the ultrasensitive detection of TBHQ in food samples. The Mn-MOF/f-CNF composite was achieved using the ultrasonication method, revealing a lamellar sheet-like structure of the Mn-MOF and the curly thread-like fibrous structure of f-CNF. The developed Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system resulted in well-defined redox signals for TBHQ detection in a neutral pH solution. Compared to the unmodified SPE system, the modified system showed approximately a 300 mV reduction in overpotential and a twofold increase in peak current signal for TBHQ detection. The Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system showed a linear concentration window of 0.01 to 800 μM with a sensitivity of 6.28 µA µM−1 cm−2 and the obtained detection limit was 1.36 nM. Additionally, the proposed sensor displayed excellent reproducibility and repeatable results with an RSD of less than 5%. The real-time applicability of the Mn-MOF/f-CNF/SPE sensor system was demonstrated using real samples such as potato chips and instant noodles, showing excellent results with a recovery range of 95.1–98.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of interannual variations in tropical Indian Ocean tripole (IOT) on the surface air temperature (SAT) over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) during boreal summer. During the positive phase of the IOT, two northward cross-equatorial airflows are induced over the tropical eastern and western Indian Ocean. These airflows reinforce the ascending motion over the southern tropical Asia (15°–25°N, 80°–125°E), increasing local precipitation, as confirmed by observations and simulations by the Community Atmosphere Model. The upper-level Asian Continental Meridional Teleconnection (ACMT) pattern is excited by the latent heat released from precipitation and transmits signals from the southern tropical Asia to the western TP, leading to the positive geopotential height anomalies and anomalous anticyclones over there. Upper-level circulation anomalies over the western TP enhance atmospheric thickness through adiabatic processes, consequently elevating local SAT. The ACMT associated with precipitation anomalies thus serves as an atmospheric bridge connecting the IOT and the SAT variations over the western TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endometriosis is intricately linked to metabolic health. The Cardiometabolic Index (CMI), a novel and readily accessible indicator, is utilized to evaluate metabolic status. This study seeks to investigate the potential correlation between CMI and endometriosis. Methods: Data from four consecutive survey cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1999 and 2006 were utilized. This included adult females with self-reported diagnoses of endometriosis and complete information required for calculating the CMI. The calculation formula for CMI is Triglycerides(TG) / High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) × WHtR (WHtR = waist circumference / height). A multivariable logistic regression model was employed to investigate the linear association between CMI and endometriosis. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential influencing factors. Additionally, the linear relationship was validated using restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve plotting and threshold effect analysis. Results: This study, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), included a cohort of 2,224 adult women. The multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that in the fully adjusted model, individuals with the highest CMI exhibited a 78% elevated likelihood of endometriosis compared to those with the lowest CMI (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.02–3.11, P < 0.05). The subgroup analysis indicated that there were no significant interactions between CMI and specific subgroups (all interaction P > 0.05), except for the subgroup stratified by stroke status (P < 0.05). Additionally, the association between CMI and endometriosis was linear, with a 20% increase in the association for each unit increase in CMI when CMI > 0.67 (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05–1.37, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study found that CMI levels are closely correlated with endometriosis, with this correlation increasing when the CMI exceeds 0.67. This finding implies that by regularly monitoring CMI levels, physicians may be able to screen women at risk for endometriosis at an earlier stage, thereby enabling the implementation of early interventions to slow the progression of the disease. To further validate these findings, larger-scale cohort studies are required to support the results of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, three new eriophyoid species (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) from Southwestern China are described and illustrated. They are: Surapoda chapensissp. nov. infesting Michelia chapensis (Dandy) Sima (Magnoliaceae); Protumescoptes grandifloraesp. nov. from Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb. ex DC.) Walp. (Lythraceae); Phyllocoptes jinzhongshanensissp. nov. infesting Liquidambar formosana Hance (Altingiaceae). The article corresponds to The new species Surapoda chapensis Ren, Huang, Tan et Wang corresponds to The new species Protumescoptes grandiflorae Ren, Huang, Tan et Wang corresponds to The new species Phyllocoptes jinzhongshanensis Ren, Huang, Tan et Wang corresponds to [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease recurrence perception plays a key role in disease management and subsequent disease recurrence prevention. However, there are no specific tools for assessing disease recurrence perception in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by alternating remission and recurrence. To develop and validate an instrument for measuring disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD, the study was conducted in two steps: (1) instrument development and (2) psychometric tests. A total of 623 patients with IBD participated in the study. The common sense model of illness self‐regulation (CSM) was used as a framework for instrument development. The administered version contained 48 items intended to be relevant to at least one of the six dimensions of the model. Based on preliminary analyzes, 12 items were deleted leaving 36 items for more detailed psychometric and factor analyzes. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total 36‐item instrument was 0.915. The content validity indexes at item and scale levels were satisfactory. The test‐retest reliability of the total instrument was 0.870. Exploratory principal components analysis (n = 278) was used to identify six components congruent with intended CSM constructs that accounted for 62.6% of total item variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 345) found acceptable fit for the six factor measurement model (χ2/df = 1.999, GFI = 0.846, NFI = 0.855, IFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.910, CFI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.054). Overall, the DRPSIBD demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity to warrant further development as a measure of disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the following supercritical fractional Schrödinger equation: * (- Δ) s u + V (y) u = Q (y) u 2 s ∗ - 1 + ε , u > 0 , in R N , u ∈ D s (R N) , where 2 s ∗ = 2 N N - 2 s , N > 4 s , 0 < s < 1 , (y ′ , y ′ ′) ∈ R 2 × R N - 2 , V (y) = V (| y ′ | , y ′ ′) and Q (y) = Q (| y ′ | , y ′ ′) ≢ 0 are two bounded non-negative functions. Under some suitable assumptions on the potentials V and Q, we will use the finite-dimensional reduction argument and some local Pohozaev type identities to prove that for ε > 0 small enough, the problem (∗) has a large number of bubble solutions whose functional energy is in the order ε - N - 4 s (N - 2 s) 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific meridional mode (PMM) is one of the dominant coupled modes in the northeastern tropical Pacific (NETP), characterized by strip-like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies spanning from Baja California to the central equatorial Pacific. While the majority of the El Niño events follow a positive PMM, only a few La Niña events are preceded by a negative PMM. Such an asymmetric activity of PMM before the onset of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was previously attributed to the inherent nonlinear response of the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback to trade winds in the NETP. Through data analysis and coupled model experiments, we pointed out that PMM is in fact a highly symmetric phenomenon, and the asymmetry of PMM before the ENSO onset thus must be associated with ENSO. On the one hand, the nonlinear response of deep convection over the equator to symmetric ENSO forcing in the central equatorial Pacific permits a stronger Pacific–North America (PNA) pattern in El Niño years than in La Niña years. On the other hand, since the majority of La Niña events are preceded by a sharp decay of an El Niño, the warm equatorial SST anomalies associated with the preceding El Niño provide another source to trigger PNA before the La Niña onset. The two mechanisms modulate the trade winds and heat fluxes in NETP more heavily before the La Niña onset than the El Niño onset and equally contribute to PMM asymmetry before the ENSO onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of dynamic joint mobilization combined with core stability training in the treatment of nonspecific low back pain. Methods 60 patients with nonspecific low back pain were randomly assigned into either the treatment group or control group. Each group had 30 patients. The treatment group received a therapeutic regimen combining dynamic joint mobilization and core stability training, while the control group only received core stability training. Both groups were evaluated for therapeutic effectiveness using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the range of motion (ROM) of the lumbar spine before treatment, and at the 1st, 3rd, and 6th weeks after treatment. At the conclusion of the treatment, a thorough assessment of the overall therapeutic efficacy was performed. Results At the 1st, 3rd, and 6th weeks post-treatment, both groups showed statistically significant differences in VAS scores, ODI scores, and ROM scores over time (P < 0.05). The improvements in these indices were significantly greater in the treatment group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The treatment group had considerably higher therapeutic effective- ness compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Dynamic joint mobilization combined with core stability training is effective in treating nonspecific low back pain. It can help with pain relief, lumbar and back function restoration, and lumbar and back mobility improvement. This approach is worthy of clinical application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the prognosis of longitudinal health-related quality of life (HRQOL) during concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) on survival outcomes in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: During 2012–2014, 145 adult NPC patients with stage II-IVb NPC were investigated weekly using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire core 30 (EORCT QLQ-C30) during their CCRT period. The effects of longitudinal trends of HRQOL on survival outcomes were estimated using joint modeling, and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were reported as a 10-point increase in HRQOL scores. Results: After a median follow-up of 83.4 months, the multivariable models showed significant associations of longitudinal increasing scores in fatigue and appetite loss during the CCRT period with distant metastasis-free survival: 10-point increases in scores of fatigue and appetite loss domains during CCRT period were significantly associated with 75% (HR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.02; p = 0.047) and 59% (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.59; p = 0.018) increase in the risk of distant metastasis, respectively. The prognostic effects of the longitudinal HRQOL trend on overall survival and progress-free survival were statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Increases in fatigue and appetite loss of HRQOL during the CCRT period are significantly associated with high risks of distant metastasis in advanced NPC patients. Nutritional support and psychological intervention are warranted for NPC patients during the treatment period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renovascular hypertension (RH), a secondary hypertension, can significantly impact heart health, resulting in heart damage and dysfunction, thereby elevating the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Coniferol (CA), which has vascular relaxation properties, is expected to be able to treat hypertension-related diseases. However, its potential effects on cardiac function after RH remain unclear. In this study, in combination with network pharmacology, the antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects of CA in a two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) mice model and its ability to mitigate angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in H9C2 cells were investigated. The findings revealed that CA effectively reduced blood pressure, myocardial tissue damage, and inflammation after RH. The possible targets of CA for RH treatment were screened by network pharmacology. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were identified using a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The inflammatory response was identified using a Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Western blot analysis confirmed that CA reduced the expression of IL-17, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and TNF α in heart tissues and the H9C2 cells. In summary, CA inhibited cardiac inflammation and fibrohypertrophy following RH. This effect was closely linked to the expression of MMP9/COX2/TNF α/IL-17. This study sheds light on the therapeutic potential of CA for treating RH-induced myocardial hypertrophy and provides insights into its underlying mechanisms, positioning CA as a promising candidate for future drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining logical consistency in structured explanations is critical for understanding and troubleshooting the reasoning behind a system's decisions. However, existing methods for entailment tree generation often struggle with logical consistency, resulting in erroneous intermediate conclusions and reducing the overall accuracy of the explanations. To address this issue, we propose case-based deduction (CBD), a novel approach that retrieves cases with similar logical structures from a case base and uses them as demonstrations for logical deduction. This method guides the model toward logically sound conclusions without the need for manually constructing logical rule bases. By leveraging a prototypical network for case retrieval and reranking them using information entropy, CBD introduces diversity to improve in-context learning. Our experimental results on the EntailmentBank dataset show that CBD significantly improves entailment tree generation, achieving performance improvements of 1.7% in Task 1, 0.6% in Task 2, and 0.8% in Task 3 under the strictest Overall AllCorrect metric. These findings confirm that CBD enhances the logical consistency and overall accuracy of AI systems in structured explanation tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uncertainty remains about the long-term effects of air pollutants (AP) on multiple diseases, especially subtypes of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to assess the individual and joint associations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), along with its chemical components, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3), with risks of 32 health conditions. Methods: A total of 17,566 participants in Sichuan Province, China, were included in 2018 and followed until 2022, with an average follow-up period of 4.2 years. The concentrations of AP were measured using a machine-learning approach. The Cox proportional hazards model and quantile g-computation were applied to assess the associations between AP and CVD. Results: Per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5 mass, NO2, O3, nitrate, ammonium, organic matter (OM), black carbon (BC), chloride, and sulfate were significantly associated with increased risks of various conditions, with hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.06 to 2.48. Exposure to multiple air pollutants was associated with total cardiovascular disease (HR 1.75, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.62–1.89), hypertensive diseases (1.49, 1.38–1.62), cardiac arrests (1.52, 1.30–1.77), arrhythmia (1.76, 1.44–2.15), cerebrovascular diseases (1.86, 1.65–2.10), stroke (1.77, 1.54–2.03), ischemic stroke (1.85, 1.61–2.12), atherosclerosis (1.77, 1.57–1.99), diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes (1.32, 1.15–1.51), pneumonia (1.37, 1.16–1.61), inflammatory bowel diseases (1.34, 1.16–1.55), liver diseases (1.59, 1.43–1.77), type 2 diabetes (1.48, 1.26–1.73), lipoprotein metabolism disorders (2.20, 1.96–2.47), purine metabolism disorders (1.61, 1.38–1.88), anemia (1.29, 1.15–1.45), sleep disorders (1.54, 1.33–1.78), renal failure (1.44, 1.21–1.72), kidney stone (1.27, 1.13–1.43), osteoarthritis (2.18, 2.00–2.39), osteoporosis (1.36, 1.14–1.61). OM had max weights for joint effects of AP on many conditions. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to increased levels of multiple air pollutants was associated with risks of multiple health conditions. OM accounted for substantial weight for these increased risks, suggesting it may play an important role in these associations. Key messages: What was your research question?: The associations between AP and multiple diseases remain unclear, especially PM2.5 components and subtypes of CVD. What did you find?: Various AP were found to be associated with multiple diseases. OM may be the important component accounting for these associations. Why is it important?: Controlling specific constituents such as OM may be essential for preventing multiple diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cost‐effective and high‐active electrocatalysts is vital to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, traditional pyrolysis methods require complicated procedures, exact temperatures, and long reaction times, leading to high costs and low yields of electrocatalysts in potential industrial applications. Herein, a rapid and economic laser‐induced preparation strategy is proposed to synthesize three bimetallic sulfide/oxide composites (MMoOS, M=Fe, Co, and Ni) on a nickel foam (NF) substrate. A focused CO2 laser with high energy is applied to decompose Anderson‐type polyoxometalate (POM)‐based precursors, enabling the creation of abundant heteropore and defective structures in the MMoOS composites that have multi‐components of MS/Mo4O11/MoS2. Remarkably, owing to the structural interactions between the active species, FeMoOS shows superior electrocatalytic performance for OER in an alkaline medium, exhibiting a low overpotential of 240 mV at 50 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1, and good durability for 80 h. Physical characterizations after OER imply that partially dissolved Mo‐based species and new‐formed NiO/NiOOH can effectively uncover abundant active sites, fasten charge transfer, and modify defective structures. This work provides a rapid laser‐induced irradiation method for the synthesis of POM‐derived nanocomposites as promoted electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by vascular thrombosis and obstetric morbidity, with accurate laboratory examination of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) being crucial for diagnosis. This study focused on anti-β2 glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI) antibodies and aimed to establish the first population-based cutoff values for aβ2GPI IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies in non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Southwest China. The study cohort comprised 181 healthy women of reproductive age for study. Blood samples were collected on an early morning fast. Anti-β2GPI antibodies including IgA, IgM and IgG were measured in serum using the HOB® BioCLIA kit. According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, the study used non-parametric percentile methods to calculate the 95th, 97.5th, and 99th percentiles cutoff values for aβ2GPI IgA/IgM/IgG antibodies, along with corresponding 90% confidence intervals (CI), while excluding outliers. A total of 168 independent samples were collected for verification, including 85 samples from healthy subjects and 83 samples from APS patients, in order to evaluate the analytical performance of the obtained cutoff values. The 99th percentile cutoff values were 3.36 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgA, 27.54 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgM and 1.81 RU/mL for aβ2GPI IgG, which indicated that the levels of aβ2GPI IgM antibodies were generally higher compared to those of IgA and IgG antibodies. Our established reference range was confirmed to be successful in validating the detected values of aβ2GPI antibodies in all healthy controls. With the 99th percentile cutoff value, the sensitivity was 14.46% for aβ2GPI IgA, 22.89% for aβ2GPI IgG, and 9.64% for aβ2GPI IgM in APS patients. This study established population-based cutoff values that are applicable to the local population for the accurate laboratory examination of aβ2GPI antibodies in non-pregnant women of reproductive age. The study also recommends paying more attention to IgM positivity in women of reproductive age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study assessed the association between COVID-19 and new-onset obstructive airway diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and bronchiectasis among vaccinated individuals recovering from COVID-19 during the Omicron wave. Methods: This multicenter retrospective cohort study comprised 549,606 individuals from the U.S. Collaborative Network of TriNetX database, from January 8, 2022, to January 17, 2024. The hazard of new-onset obstructive airway diseases between COVID-19 and no-COVID-19 groups were compared following propensity score matching using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: After propensity score matching, each group contained 274,803 participants. Patients with COVID-19 exhibited a higher risk of developing new-onset asthma than that of individuals without COVID-19 (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.27; 95% CI, 1.22–1.33; p < 0.001). Stratified analyses by age, SARS-CoV-2 variant, vaccination status, and infection status consistently supported this association. Non-hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 demonstrated a higher risk of new-onset asthma (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.22–1.33; p < 0.001); however, no significant differences were observed in hospitalized and critically ill groups. The study also identified an increased risk of subsequent bronchiectasis following COVID-19 (aHR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.13–1.50; p < 0.001). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the hazard of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between the groups (aHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.95–1.06; p = 0.994). Conclusion: This study offers convincing evidence of the association between COVID-19 and the subsequent onset of asthma and bronchiectasis. It underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to post-COVID-19 care, with a particular focus on respiratory health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parentage testing is crucial for forensic DNA analysis, using short tandem repeats (STRs). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with high minor allele frequency (MAF) are promising for human identification. This study aimed to develop SNP markers for parentage testing in the Taiwanese population and compare their accuracy with STRs. The TPMv1 SNP microarray (714,457 SNPs) was used to screen 180,000 Taiwanese individuals and analyze the SNP data using PLINK. After quality control, allelic distribution, and MAF considerations, a set of SNPs with significant inheritance information was selected. Parentage testing was conducted on 355 single parent-child pairs using both STRs and SNPs, employing three kinship algorithms: identity by descent, kinship-based inference for genome-wide association studies, and the combined paternity index/probability of paternity (CPI/PP). An Affymetrix signature probe for kinship testing (ASP) was also used. Based on the quality control and selection criteria, 176 SNPs with MAF > 0.4995 were selected from the Taiwanese population. The CPI/PP results calculated using SNPs were consistent with the STR results. The accuracy of the SNPs used in the single-parent-child parentage testing was > 99.99%. The set of 176 SNPs had a higher identification rate in the single parent-child parentage test than in the ASP. The CPI/PP value calculated using 176 SNPs was also more accurate than that calculated using ASP. Our findings suggest that these 176 SNPs could be used for single-parent-child parentage identification in the Taiwanese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro cell culture is crucial for predicting the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2‐NP). However, assessing the toxicity of TiO2‐NPs in sturgeon remains difficult given the lack of sufficient cell lines. We established and characterized the first hepatocyte cell line from Acipenser schrenckii liver tissue (ASL). This ASL cell line proliferated well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium at 25°C and 10% fetal bovine serum. ASL cells with a chromosome number of 244 were successfully transfected with the pEGFP‐N3 plasmid. The ASL cell line's origin was verified as A. schrenckii through mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Using the ASL cell line as an in vitro model, we found that TiO2‐NP exposure decreased the viability and promoted the damage of ASL cells (96‐h LC50 = 331.8 μg mL−1). Increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in ASL cells suggested oxidative stress under TiO2‐NP exposure. We also observed dysregulation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. By detecting calcium ions and mitochondrial membrane potential indicators, we found that the apoptotic pathway induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress played a major role at low concentrations of TiO2‐NP‐induced stress. Both mitochondria‐mediated and endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted apoptosis under increasing TiO2‐NP concentrations. In conclusion, the ASL cell line established in this study is a useful in vitro model for toxicological studies of TiO2‐NP exposure in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anode‐free and anode‐less lithium (Li) metal batteries provide cell safety and afford maximum energy density. However, their practical applications are hampered by poor cycling performances. In this study, a composite of LiC6 phase in highly reduced graphene (HrGO, LC‐HrGO) is proposed as a current collector for Li metal plating. LC‐HrGO provided homogenous plating sites and favorable conductivity, which facilitated Li metal plating with reduced nucleation barrier. The LiC6 in composite is not easily delithiated, and the HrGO is not easily lithiated. The obtained anode‐free batteries based on the LC‐HrGO current collector showed a capacity retention of 60 % after 100 cycles, and the corresponding anode‐less batteries indicated a stable specific capacity of 134.5 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles and a remarkable rate capacity of 130.1 mA h g−1 at 5 C. The work provides valuable concepts for fabricating promising current collectors towards Li metal batteries and beyond for high‐level services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease with high death rates. Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside extracted from Eucommia ulmoides with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties in human diseases. This study aimed to investigate its specific function in mouse and cell models of COPD. Methods: The COPD mouse model was established by exposing mice to a long-term cigarette smoke (CS). The number of inflammatory cells and the contents of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CS-exposed mice were measured. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the lung tissues were estimated. Masson staining and hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining were utilized to evaluate pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in CS-treated mice. Cell apoptosis in the lung tissues was estimated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Western blot was applied to quantify protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and apoptotic markers. COPD cell model was established by exposing mouse lung epithelial cells (MLE12) with cigarette smoke extract to further verify the properties of aucubin in vitro. Results: Aucubin reduced the number of inflammatory cells and decreased the contents of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in BALF of CS-treated mice. The oxidative stress, lung emphysema, fibrosis, and lung cell apoptosis induced by CS exposure were ameliorated by aucubin administration. Aucubin activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Pretreatment with ML385, a specific Nrf2 inhibitor, antagonized the protective effects of aucubin on inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and cell apoptosis in COPD. Conclusion: Aucubin alleviates inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and pulmonary fibrosis in COPD mice and CSE-treated MLE12 cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present work is to evaluate pyrolysis characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and its blends with sugarcane bagasse (SB) contents of 10 and 20 mass % for the purpose of exploring the effect of SB on pyrolysis of PMMA. Non-isothermal pyrolysis determinations of three PMMA samples were performed thermogravimetrically and the initial pyrolysis temperatures of two PMMA blends are significantly lower than that of pure PMMA while the main pyrolysis shifts to higher temperature range. Using model-free isoconversional methods, pyrolysis activation energies calculated are varying within 71.7 ~ 154.0, 107.8 ~ 192.0 and 121.3 ~ 171.0 kJ·mol−1 for PMMA and its 10 or 20 mass % SB blends, respectively. The added SB turns to increase the activation energy of PMMA and thus make pyrolysis of PMMA become more arduous to accomplish. With the model-fitting method, the order-based F2/3, F3 and F3 chemical reaction models are found to be the most appropriate pyrolysis mechanisms for PMMA and its 10 or 20 mass % SB blends, respectively. Accordingly, their pre-exponential factor values are estimated to separately span in the range of 3.23 × 104 ~ 1.76 × 1011, 3.52 × 108 ~ 7.63 × 1016 and 1.55 × 1010 ~ 1.13 × 1015 min−1. The findings acquired from present work can provide necessary information for performing potential pyrolysis designs of PMMA and its biomass blended wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is frequently accompanied by the symptoms of clinical anxiety. Since our previous research has found that n-3 PUFA supplementation alleviates anxiety in MDD, this study was aimed to further explore whether n-3 PUFA supplementation improves anxiety symptoms in depression by directly manipulating fatty acid levels. Methods: A secondary analysis of biomarker data (erythrocyte fatty acid composition) collected as part of the randomized clinical trial which investigated the adjunctive effect of n-3 PUFAs was conducted on 72 venlafaxine-treated outpatients with first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression. All participants with longitudinal biomarker data were included in the association analysis to determine how n-3 PUFA supplementation influences fatty acid composition and alleviates anxiety symptoms in depression. Results: Decreases of the C20:3n6 were found in all participants at both follow-up time points (χ2 = 96.36, p = 0.000). The n-3 index (χ2 = 10.59, p = 0.001), EPA (χ2 = 24.31, p = 0.000), and C22:5n3/C20:5n3 ratio (χ2 = 10.71, p = 0.001) were increased, while C22:4n6 (χ2 = 7.703, p = 0.006) was decreased in n-3 PUFA group compared to the placebo group. The improvement in anxiety symptoms positively correlates with the extent of reduction of C16:0, C18:0, and total fatty acid levels as well as D5 desaturase activity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that the anxiolytic effect exerted by n-3 PUFAs in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression is manipulated by erythrocyte fatty acid levels. Saturated fatty acid levels have an important role in predicting the severity of anxiety symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest defoliating pests are significant global forest disturbance agents, posing substantial threats to forest ecosystems. However, previous studies have lacked systematic analyses of the continuous spatiotemporal distribution characteristics over a complete 3–5 year disaster cycle based on remote sensing data. This study focuses on the Dendrolimus superans outbreak in the Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. Utilizing leaf area index (LAI) data derived from Sentinel-2A satellite images, we analyze the extent and dynamic changes of forest defoliation. We comprehensively examine the spatiotemporal patterns of forest defoliating pest disasters and their development trends across different forest types. Using the geographical detector method, we quantify the main influencing factors and their interactions, revealing the differential impacts of various factors during different growth stages of the pests. The results show that in the early stage of the Dendrolimus superans outbreak, the affected area is extensive but with mild severity, with newly affected areas being 23 times larger than during non-outbreak periods. In the pre-hibernation stage, the affected areas are smaller but more severe, with a cumulative area reaching up to 8213 hectares. The spatial diffusion characteristics of the outbreak follow a sequential pattern across forest types: Larix olgensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, Picea koraiensis, and Pinus koraiensis. The most significant influencing factor during the pest development phase was the relative humidity of the year preceding the outbreak, with a q-value of 0.27. During the mitigation phase, summer precipitation was the most influential factor, with a q-value of 0.12. The combined effect of humidity and the low temperatures of 2020 had the most significant impact on both the development and mitigation stages of the outbreak. This study's methodology achieves a high-precision quantitative inversion of long-term disaster spatial characteristics, providing new perspectives and tools for real-time monitoring and differentiated control of forest pest infestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]