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Cancer is a significant cause of death around the world, and for many varieties, treatment is not successful. Therefore, there is a need for the development of innovative, efficacious, and precisely targeted treatments. Here, we develop a series of Au(I) complexes (1-4) through rational manipulation of ligand structures, thereby achieving tumor cell specific targeting and orchestrated tumor eradication via chemo-phototherapy and induced immunogenic cell death. A comprehensive exploration based on in vitro and in vivo female mice experimentation shows that complex 4 exhibits proficiency in specific tumor imaging, endoplasmic reticulum targeting, and has robust therapeutic capabilities. Mechanistic elucidation indicates that the anticancer effect derives from the synergistic actions of thioredoxin reductase inhibition, highly efficient reactive oxygen species production and immunogenic cell death. This work presents a report on a robust Au(I) complex integrating three therapeutic modalities within a singular system. The strategy presented in this work provides a valuable reference for the development of high-performance therapeutic agents. Nanomedicine has promise for treatment of cancer, but achieving targeting and efficacy is challenging. Here, the authors report the development of gold-based aggregation-induced emission materials that demonstrate tumour cell specific targeting and lead to cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring hair loss for immune disorder and SALT score ≥ 50%. The guidelines for managing patients with severe AA suggest treatments: systemic steroids, JAK inhibitors, and contact immunotherapy. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating the superiority of one treatment over another. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most effective treatment for severe AA through network meta-analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a network meta-analysis. The literature search was retrieved across four databases. The Cochrane 5.1 risk of bias assessment tool and ROBINS-I tool assessed quality of the included studies. Subsequently, efficacy and safety comparisons among the three treatments were conducted using Stata 14.0 on account of the frequency method. The SUCRA rank indicated that oral dexamethasone (95.9%) > diphenylcyclopropenone(DPCP) (74.5%) > oral ritlecitinib (62.6%) > oral baricitinib (46.9%) > squaric acid dibutyl ester(SADBE) (20.1%) > placebo (0.0%) from high to low in the aspect of improving efficacy. As for safety, placebo(88.4%) > oral ritlecitinib (86.5%) > oral baricitinib (62.1%) > SADBE (37.0%) > oral dexamethasone(22.3%) > DPCP(3.8%) in the aspect of decreasing adverse events. Oral dexamethasone and DPCP showed superior efficacy compared to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib. However, in terms of safety, oral ritlecitinib was preferable. Some adverse events associated with oral dexamethasone and DPCP were intolerable to patients, whereas those related to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib were more manageable. Overall, ritlecitinib and baricitinib remain promising drugs in the future treatment of severe AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe alopecia areata (AA) is a nonscarring hair loss for immune disorder and SALT score ≥ 50%. The guidelines for managing patients with severe AA suggest treatments: systemic steroids, JAK inhibitors, and contact immunotherapy. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating the superiority of one treatment over another. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the most effective treatment for severe AA through network meta-analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a network meta-analysis. The literature search was retrieved across four databases. The Cochrane 5.1 risk of bias assessment tool and ROBINS-I tool assessed quality of the included studies. Subsequently, efficacy and safety comparisons among the three treatments were conducted using Stata 14.0 on account of the frequency method. The SUCRA rank indicated that oral dexamethasone (95.9%) > diphenylcyclopropenone(DPCP) (74.5%) > oral ritlecitinib (62.6%) > oral baricitinib (46.9%) > squaric acid dibutyl ester(SADBE) (20.1%) > placebo (0.0%) from high to low in the aspect of improving efficacy. As for safety, placebo(88.4%) > oral ritlecitinib (86.5%) > oral baricitinib (62.1%) > SADBE (37.0%) > oral dexamethasone(22.3%) > DPCP(3.8%) in the aspect of decreasing adverse events. Oral dexamethasone and DPCP showed superior efficacy compared to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib. However, in terms of safety, oral ritlecitinib was preferable. Some adverse events associated with oral dexamethasone and DPCP were intolerable to patients, whereas those related to oral ritlecitinib and oral baricitinib were more manageable. Overall, ritlecitinib and baricitinib remain promising drugs in the future treatment of severe AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of innovation emphasize the role of social networks and teams as facilitators of breakthrough discoveries1–4. Around the world, scientists and inventors are more plentiful and interconnected today than ever before4. However, although there are more people making discoveries, and more ideas that can be reconfigured in new ways, research suggests that new ideas are getting harder to find5,6—contradicting recombinant growth theory7,8. Here we shed light on this apparent puzzle. Analysing 20 million research articles and 4 million patent applications from across the globe over the past half-century, we begin by documenting the rise of remote collaboration across cities, underlining the growing interconnectedness of scientists and inventors globally. We further show that across all fields, periods and team sizes, researchers in these remote teams are consistently less likely to make breakthrough discoveries relative to their on-site counterparts. Creating a dataset that allows us to explore the division of labour in knowledge production within teams and across space, we find that among distributed team members, collaboration centres on late-stage, technical tasks involving more codified knowledge. Yet they are less likely to join forces in conceptual tasks—such as conceiving new ideas and designing research—when knowledge is tacit9. We conclude that despite striking improvements in digital technology in recent years, remote teams are less likely to integrate the knowledge of their members to produce new, disruptive ideas.Analysis of research articles and patent applications shows that members of teams that collaborate remotely are less likely to make breakthrough discoveries than members of on-site teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop effective strategies for controlling both PM 2.5 and O3 levels, it is crucial to understand their synergistic mechanisms and key precursors and the atmospheric physiochemical processes involved. In this study, a wintertime co-occurring O3 and PM 2.5 pollution event in a coastal city in southeast China was investigated based on high-time-resolution measurements of criteria air pollutants and chemical compositions of PM 2.5 , and O3 precursors, such as NOx , HCHO, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results of this study revealed the characteristics of positively correlated PM 2.5 and MDA8 O3 concentrations, and an increase in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) during the cold seasons. Strong correlations (R2= 0.415–0.477) between HCHO, Fe, Mn, and sulfate concentrations were observed, suggesting the influence of catalyzed oxidation processes in the coastal city. Through an observation-based model (OBM) analysis coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism, version 2 (RACM2) and the Chemical Aqueous-Phase Radical Mechanism, version 3.0 (CAPRAM 3.0), we found that high concentrations of precursors (SO2 and HCHO), high relative humidity, and moderately acidic pH conditions enhanced the heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in PM 2.5. Furthermore, by employing an OBM coupled to the Master Chemical Mechanism (OBM-MCM), we verified that disabling the HCHO mechanism could decrease daytime net O3 production rates by reducing the production rates of HO2 + NO. These results were consistent with the daily values of AOC, OH, HO2 , and RO2 concentrations. This study contributes to a better understanding of the significance of HCHO in photochemical reactions and the formation of HMS in a coastal city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress impedes viticultural plant growth and development by modifying various metabolic pathways. However, the regulatory network response underlying drought stress is not yet clear. In this study, the leaves and roots of "Shine Muscat" ("SM," Vitis labruscana × Vitis vinifera) and "Thompson Seedless" ("TS," V. vinifera L. cv.) were subjected to drought stress to study the regulatory network used by drought stress. Morphophysiological results showed that the malondialdehyde content after 28 days of drought stress increased more significantly in "TS" than "SM." Furthermore, the multiomics analysis studies showed that a total of 3036–6714 differentially expressed genes and 379–385 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in "SM" and "TS" grapevine cultivars under drought stress. Furthermore, the retained intron was the major form of differential alternative splicing event under drought stress. The photosynthesis pathway, antioxidant system, plant hormone signal transduction, and osmotic adjustment were the primary response systems in the two grapevine cultivars under drought stress. We have identified GRIK1, RFS2, and LKR/SDH as the hub genes in the coexpression network of drought stress. In addition, the difference in the accumulation of pheophorbide‐a reveals different drought resistance mechanisms in the two grapevine cultivars. Our study explained the difference in drought response between cultivars and tissues and identified drought stress‐responsive genes, which provides reference data for further understanding the regulatory network of drought tolerance in grapevine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress impedes viticultural plant growth and development by modifying various metabolic pathways. However, the regulatory network response underlying drought stress is not yet clear. In this study, the leaves and roots of "Shine Muscat" ("SM," Vitis labruscana × Vitis vinifera) and "Thompson Seedless" ("TS," V. vinifera L. cv.) were subjected to drought stress to study the regulatory network used by drought stress. Morphophysiological results showed that the malondialdehyde content after 28 days of drought stress increased more significantly in "TS" than "SM." Furthermore, the multiomics analysis studies showed that a total of 3036–6714 differentially expressed genes and 379–385 differentially abundant metabolites were identified in "SM" and "TS" grapevine cultivars under drought stress. Furthermore, the retained intron was the major form of differential alternative splicing event under drought stress. The photosynthesis pathway, antioxidant system, plant hormone signal transduction, and osmotic adjustment were the primary response systems in the two grapevine cultivars under drought stress. We have identified GRIK1, RFS2, and LKR/SDH as the hub genes in the coexpression network of drought stress. In addition, the difference in the accumulation of pheophorbide‐a reveals different drought resistance mechanisms in the two grapevine cultivars. Our study explained the difference in drought response between cultivars and tissues and identified drought stress‐responsive genes, which provides reference data for further understanding the regulatory network of drought tolerance in grapevine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface ozone (O3) pollution under global climate change has become one of the top environmental issues. In this study, we focused on the coastal region in Southeast China with relatively low O3 precursor's emissions and complicated synoptic conditions, where the O3 trends and meteorological contributions remain unclear. An increasing trend of O3 concentrations in the cities (0.3–4.6 μg m−3 yr−1) from 2015 to 2020 was observed. Twenty‐three synoptic patterns were clustered based on weather typing method, in which cyclone‐related types and southwesterly type were generally associated with low O3 concentrations, and high O3 levels occurred with anticyclone‐related types. Considering both frequency and intensity of synoptic patterns, reconstructed O3 series captured 46.0%–58.3% of the observed variability. Using Kolmogorov‐Zurbenko filter, an increasing trend of long‐term O3 was found. By implementing the multiple linear regression model between O3 concentrations and meteorological factors, the meteorological contributions to O3 variabilities (44.7%–66.1%) were quantified. The results indicated the meteorological conditions were particularly important in O3 pollution with the reductions of O3 precursor's emissions, among which relative humidity, boundary layer height, solar radiation along with low cloud cover were proved to play important roles. The weakening southwest winds along with more anti‐cyclone systems under climate change could increase surface O3. This study elucidated the crucial meteorological drivers on the O3 variability in relatively clean areas and implied the challenges for local governments to mitigate O3 pollution under global climate change. Plain Language Summary: Ozone (O3) pollution has become one of the top environmental issues in recent years and can be affected not only by O3 precursors (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides) but also meteorological condition. Under global climate change, there is a need to deeply understand the impact of meteorological factors on surface O3 concentrations with the decrease of O3 precursors. In this study, we focus on the coast area of Southeast China with relatively low O3 precursors emissions and influenced by the East Asia monsoon. Temporal and spatial variations of O3 concentrations along with the meteorological impacts on O3 variabilities from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. The results show that the relative meteorological contributions on O3 trends were 44.7%–66.1%. The higher temperature, lower relative humidity, more solar radiation, weakening southwest winds along with more anti‐cyclone systems under climate change could increase surface O3. This study is beneficial to understand different mechanisms of meteorological impacts on O3 variations in the relatively clean areas, and find out the key drivers to cause O3 pollution with the decrease of O3 precursors emissions and climate change. Key Points: Temporal and spatial variations of O3 concentrations in the coastal of southeast China from 2015 to 2020 were analyzedWeather typing was applied to identify the dominant synoptic patterns and related meteorological factors lead on high O3 concentrationThe contributions of synoptic patterns and meteorological factors on long‐term O3 trends were quantified [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop the effective strategies for controlling both PM2.5 and O3 levels, it is crucial to understand their synergistic mechanisms, key precursors, and atmospheric physiochemical processes involved. In this study, a wintertime co-occurring O3 and PM2.5 pollution event in a coastal city in southeast China was investigated based on high-time resolution measurements of criteria air pollutants, chemical compositions of PM2.5, and O3 precursors, such as NOx, HCHO, and VOCs. The results of this study revealed a positive correlation between PM2.5 and MDA8 O3 concentrations during the whole periods, suggesting an increase in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) during the cold seasons. Strong correlations (R2 = 0.415–0.477) were observed between HCHO, Fe, Mn, and sulfate concentrations, suggesting the influence of catalyzed oxidation processes in the coastal city. Through an observation-based model (OBM) analysis coupled with the regional atmospheric chemistry mechanism version 2 (RACM2) and the chemical aqueous-phase radical mechanism version 3.0 (CAPRAM 3.0), we found that high concentrations of precursors (SO2 and HCHO), high relative humidity, and moderately acidic pH conditions enhanced the heterogeneous formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in PM2.5. Furthermore, by employing the Master Chemical Mechanism (OBM-MCM), we verified that disabling the HCHO mechanism could decrease daytime net O3 production rates by reducing the production rates of HO2+NO. These results were consistent with the daily values of AOC, OH, HO2, and RO2 concentrations. This study contributes to a better understanding of the significance of HCHO in photochemical reactions and the formation of secondary aerosols in a coastal city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution patterns of biodiversity and environmental interactions are dominant themes in ecology. In montane ecosystems, biodiversity is closely associated with altitudinal gradients. However, studies of biodiversity in montane ecosystems are focused on plants and vertebrates, with relatively less on invertebrates. Here, the present study used a Vortis arthropod suction sampler to explore the biodiversity patterns of soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida and their drivers along an altitudinal gradient (600, 800, 1600, 2000, and 2300 m) from typical temperate forests, evergreen coniferous forests, subalpine birch forests to alpine tundra on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. Trichoribates berlesei, Platynothrus peltifer, and Oribatula tibialis were the dominant soil surface‐dwelling species on Changbai Mountain. Generally, alpha diversity and beta diversity of soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida decreased with the rising altitude, with a peaking density value at 2000 m. The result of beta diversity showed that the structures of community were more influenced by the species turnover component than the nestedness component. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination showed that the community structure of soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida varied significantly along the altitudinal gradient. The variance partitioning showed that the elevation and climatic conditions determined the soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida community. Spatial filtering represented by geographic and elevation distances was particularly associated with soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida community variation between altitudes on Changbai Mountain. However, the variation of the Oribatida community between adjacent altitudes was only associated with geographic distance. Our study provides supportive evidence for the biodiversity analyzing of soil surface‐dwelling Oribatida in montane ecosystems along an altitudinal gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated how people evaluate behavioral interventions (BIs) that are targeted at themselves, aiming to promote their own health and wellbeing. We compared the impact on people's assessments of the acceptability of using BIs to change their own behavior of: the transparency of the BI (transparent or opaque); the designer of the BI (researchers, government policy-makers, advertisers); and three types of arguments regarding their efficacy (positive, positive + negative, negative). Our target BIs were actual interventions that have been used in a range of policy domains (diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, smoking, personal finances). We found that transparent BIs were considered more acceptable than opaque BIs. On average, all BIs were considered acceptable for changing participants' own behavior, except for the opaque BI in the finance context; there was differential acceptability of BIs across contexts, with finance clearly least acceptable. However, the perceived effectiveness of the BIs was at least as influential a predictor of acceptability ratings as the ease of identification of the behavior change mechanism across the five contexts. Furthermore, effectiveness was partially mediated by desire to change, suggesting that people do think BIs make them better off, 'as judged by themselves'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aerospace engineering, it is attractive to combine additive manufacturing (AM) with lightweight design to reduce the weight of primary load-bearing structures. In this paper, a double-layer pyramidal lattice truss sandwich cylinder was designed and printed by selective laser melting (SLM) method, which has advantages in integrally manufacturing end frames and bolt holes. With diameter of 0.493 m, this cylinder is one of the lattice truss sandwich structures with the largest diameter at present. Free vibration testing was carried out to reveal the free vibration responses of the cylinder. The first-order vibration turns from a circle to an oval in the plane of the cross section. The fundamental frequency is 133.9 Hz. An equivalent shell free vibration theory was proposed and finite element models (FEMs) based on discrete model and equivalent shell model were applied to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the cylinder. Advantages of the AM method in making light and stiff large-sized aerospace structures are confirmed through this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to cover three things: (1) to introduce the context behind why a report prepared by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 2017 would be of such importance to researchers in various academic disciplines and public policy, (2) to present the details of a simple classification system that was applied to all 111 case studies of behavioural interventions (better known as nudges) referred to in the OECD (2017a) report, and (3) to discuss what needs to be done to help advance practitioners' pursuit of effective behavioural interventions. This article aims to highlight the importance of accurately cataloguing the types of behavioural interventions that have been trialled/implemented across the world. By adopting an agreed classification system, researchers and practitioners can benefit from knowing what can work, and where it can work, as well as what does not work, in order to be better armed when considering the use of behavioural interventions to solve social policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 3 million people in Hong Kong and 21 million people in the UK are saving for retirement under the mandatory provident fund and individual savings account schemes, respectively. Yet, we know little about how individual preferences, such as risk attitudes (risk-seeking and risk-averse) that are known to impact highly consequential decisions in a variety of real-world contexts, impact retirement investment choices. In two experimental studies (Study 1—Hong Kong sample and Study 2—United Kingdom sample), we show that personal risk attitudes were a strong predictor of the profile of retirement investment portfolios. Specially, risk-averse people allocated more of their savings to low-risk funds than risk-seeking people. The pattern of findings is consistent in both Hong Kong mandatory and the UK voluntary retirement investment schemes. These findings are considered in light of policy decisions made in Hong Kong retirement and UK pension schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nudges are psychologically informed tools designed to promote behavioral change in order to improve health and well-being. In this review, we focus on three areas of concern: theory, evidence base, ethics. We begin by discussing the problems arising from the theoretical framework that nudges are based on and propose an alternative framework that helps to classify nudges into two types (Type 1 and Type 2). We then evaluate the evidence for nudges in the health domain, drawing attention to critical empirical issues (internal and external reliability) that explain the limited evidence base for their effectiveness. The review ends with an examination of the implications of the theoretical and empirical issues we discussed with respect to current debates regarding the ethics of nudge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this piece is to clarify three key matters: (a) the extent to which, as citizens, our volition is impacted as a result of the implementation of nudges in the health domain; (b) the efficacy of educational campaigns as a means of behavioral change relative to other nudges as well as typical regulatory instruments; and (c) the empirical, theoretical, and practical details that ethical debates concerning nudges might want to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conflict-avoiding code (CAC) of length $$n$$ and weight $$w$$ is defined as a family $${\mathcal C}$$ of $$w$$ -subsets (called codewords) of $${\mathbb {Z}}_n$$ , the ring of residues modulo $$n$$ , such that $$\Delta (C) \cap \Delta (C') = \emptyset $$ for any $$C, C' \in {\mathcal C}$$ , where $$\Delta (C) = \{ j-i \pmod {n} : i, j \in C, i \ne j\}$$ . A code $${\mathcal C}$$ in CACs of length $$n$$ and weight $$w$$ is called an equi-difference code if every codeword $$C \in {\mathcal C}$$ has the form $$\{ 0, i, 2i, \ldots , (w-1) i \}$$ . A code $${\mathcal C}$$ in CACs of length $$n$$ and weight $$w$$ is said to be optimal if $${\mathcal C}$$ has the maximum number of codewords. In this article, we investigate sizes and constructions of optimal codes in equi-difference CACs of weight four by using properly defined directed graphs. As a consequence, several series of infinite number of optimal equi-difference CACs are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Q&A social media have gained a lot of attention during the recent years. People rely on these sites to obtain information due to a number of advantages they offer as compared to conventional sources of knowledge (e.g., asynchronous and convenient access). However, for the same question one may find highly contradicting answers, causing an ambiguity with respect to the correct information. This can be attributed to the presence of unreliable and/or non-expert users. These two attributes (reliability and expertise) significantly affect the quality of the answer/information provided. We present a novel approach for estimating these user's characteristics relying on human cognitive traits. In brief, we propose each user to monitor the activity of his peers (on the basis of responses to questions asked by him) and observe their compliance with predefined cognitive models. These observations lead to local assessments that can be further fused to obtain a reliability and expertise consensus for every other user in the social network (SN). For the aggregation part we use subjective logic. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of this kind in the context of Q&A SNs. Our proposed approach is highly distributed; each user can individually estimate the expertise and the reliability of his peers using his direct interactions with them and our framework. The online SN (OSN), which can be considered as a distributed database, performs continuous data aggregation for users expertise and reliability assesment in order to reach a consensus. In our evaluations, we first emulate a Q&A SN to examine various performance aspects of our algorithm (e.g., convergence time, responsiveness etc.). Our evaluations indicate that it can accurately assess the reliability and the expertise of a user with a small number of samples and can successfully react to the latter's behavior change, provided that the cognitive traits hold in practice. Furthermore, the use of the consensus operator for the aggregation of multiple opinions on a specific user, reduces the uncertainty with regards to the final assessment. However, as real data obtained from Yahoo! Answers imply, the pairwise interactions between specific users are limited. Hence, we consider the aggregate set of questions as posted from the system itself and we assess the expertise and realibility of users based on their response behavior. We observe, that users have different behaviors depending on the level at which we are observing them. In particular, while their activity is focused on a few general categories, yielding them reliable, their microscopic (within general category) activity is highly scattered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A t-spontaneous emission error design, called t-SEED for short, is a combinatorial design introduced by Beth et al. (Des Codes Cryptogr 29:51-70, ) in relation to a quantum jump code. In this article, firstly, it is shown that an optimal t-SEED attaining a given upper bound is a large set of Steiner t-designs. Secondly, we present some recursive constructions of t-SEEDs. Moreover, an application to secret sharing scheme by utilizing the properties of a t-SEED is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, atmospheric ozone pollution has become more and more serious in many areas of China due to the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization. The increase in atmospheric ozone concentration will not only cause harm to the human respiratory tract, nervous system and immune system, but also cause obvious harm to crops, which will lead to reductions in crop production. Therefore, the study of atmospheric ozone pollution should not be ignored in research on the atmospheric environment. In this paper, we summarized the formation mechanisms of atmospheric ozone, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of atmospheric ozone in some areas of China, the relationship between atmospheric ozone and its precursors, and the main factors affecting the concentration of atmospheric ozone. Then, the control countermeasures against atmospheric ozone pollution were put forward in combination with the actual situation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]