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Laval nozzles are used in the CRESU ("Cinétique de Réaction en Écoulement Supersonique Uniforme") method to generate a collimated low temperature (5–200 K), low pressure (30–500 Pa), high Mach number (1 < M < 20) supersonic jet. Laval nozzles have been designed using the Method of Characteristics (MOC) since the development of CRESU, which is an analytical method that assumes inviscid, isentropic flow, and is routinely used to design nozzle profiles for a particular gas and temperature with a uniform shock free exit. This study aims to provide a robust computational framework to overcome the limitations of the MOC while also providing recommendations on the numerical model setup required to model a low-temperature supersonic jet. It also discusses the blockage effects when using the Pitot tube method for flow characterization, the influence of inlet turbulence and reservoir size. Numerical results are validated using two different experimental apparatuses from research groups at the University of Leeds and the University of Birmingham. Finally, a MATLAB framework was developed and has been provided as an open source toolbox to allow any user to perform computational fluid dynamics on any Laval nozzle, with the ability to change nozzle geometry, operating conditions and bath gas. The toolbox has been rigorously tested against many benchmark cases, which shows that steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes with the k-omega-shear stress transport turbulence model can be used to accurately predict global quantities, such as average temperature in the stable region of the supersonic jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Although melanoma differentiation associated (MDA)‐5 autoantibodies have been widely explored in dermatomyositis (DM), most studies have relied on MDA‐5 autoantibody testing performed in research settings, rather than the now‐available commercial laboratory tests. Aim: To characterize the clinical and histopathological data in patients with DM and circulating MDA‐5 autoantibodies, as defined by commercially available testing. Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients with DM who underwent MDA‐5 antibody testing. All available skin biopsy slides were reviewed. Results: Cutaneous features more prevalent in MDA‐5‐positive DM included Raynaud phenomenon (RP) (P < 0.001), cutaneous ulcerations (P = 0.01), mechanic hands (P < 0.02), palmar papules (P < 0.01), oral ulcers (P = 0.024) and alopecia (P = 0.03). Joint and pulmonary involvement were more common in patients with MDA‐5‐positive DM (both P < 0.001) as was dysphagia (P < 0.01). Myopathy (P = 0.4) and malignancy (P = 0.34) were not statistically different between the cohorts. Vasculopathy was more common in MDA‐5‐positive DM (P < 0.01), while spongiosis was less common (P < 0.02). Conclusion: This study not only confirms some known associations between disease manifestations and MDA‐5 autoantibody status, as determined by commercially available tests, but also identifies new associations, including RP and dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between the height and density of multi-walled carbon nanotube forests and their optical properties in the mid-infrared region was investigated using nanotube forests grown on Al/Si, Al/Nb/Si, and fused silica substrates. Measurements of the hemispherical reflectance and transmittance of carbon nanotube forests are presented. Analyses by an effective medium approximation and a circular waveguide model are compared. It is found that circular waveguides with graphite walls of reduced conductivity can generate similar spectra of the absorption coefficients as carbon nanotube forests do. Parameters from the waveguide model can describe qualitatively the density and alignment of carbon nanotubes in the forest. With a proper density, a randomly modulated forest of less than 20 µm in height can generate a hemispherical reflectance of less than 0.002 in the mid-infrared region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and performance of a room temperature electrical substitution radiometer for use as an absolute standard for measuring continuous-wave laser power over a wide range of wavelengths, beam diameters, and powers are described. The standard achieves an accuracy of 0.46% (k = 2) for powers from 10 mW to 100 mW and 0.83% (k = 2) for powers from 1 mW to 10 mW and can accommodate laser beam diameters (1/e2) up to 11 mm and wavelengths from 300 nm to 2 μm. At low power levels, the uncertainty is dominated by sensitivity to fluctuations in the thermal environment. The core of the instrument is a planar, silicon microfabricated bolometer with vertically aligned carbon nanotube absorbers, commercial surface mount thermistors, and an integrated heater. Where possible, commercial electronics and components were used. The performance was validated by comparing it to a National Institute of Standards and Technology primary standard through a transfer standard silicon trap detector and by comparing it to the legacy "C-series" standards in operation at the U.S. Air Force Metrology and Calibration Division (AFMETCAL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the results of a comparison of reference standards between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and Laboratorio de Metrología, Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (LAMETRO-ICE, Costa Rica) for optical fiber-based power measurements at wavelengths of 1310.0 nm, 1550.2 nm, and 1625.0 nm. We compared the laboratories' reference standards by means of a commercial temperature-controlled optical-fiber power meter. Measurement results showed the largest difference of less than 5.8 parts in 10³, which is within the combined standard (k = 1) uncertainty for the two laboratories' reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: In both acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and lupus erythematosus (LE), the patient's own tissues are subjected to immunological assault via complex mechanisms influenced by interferon (IFN) and other cytokines. Although not typically confused clinically, these entities have overlapping histopathological findings in the skin. Aim: To assess whether GVHD can be differentiated from LE using molecular methods on skin specimens. Methods: We developed a quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay based on previously identified tissue‐based biomarkers of cutaneous GVHD, and compared gene expression in GVHD with that in LE. Results: Both entities showed robust expression of IFN‐induced genes and of genes encoding proteins involved in antigen presentation, cell signalling and tissue repair. Levels of gene expression differed significantly in GVHD compared with LE, particularly those of IFN‐induced genes such as MX1,OAS3,TAP1 and STAT3 (P < 0.01). Three logistic regression models could differentiate the two entities with a high degree of certainty (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 1.0). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the feasibility of distinguishing between microscopically similar inflammatory dermatoses using tissue‐based molecular techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Calciphylaxis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Palliative care (PC) is a subspecialty that treats the pain and stress of serious illness. To assess whether the role of quality of life (QoL) indices, patient‐reported outcome measures and PC have been studied in patients with calciphylaxis, we performed a systematic literature review. Several databases were searched from inception to October 2016 according to modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses criteria. We searched for papers on calciphylaxis that mentioned the symptoms and supportive needs of patients, QoL or outcome measures to report symptom severity, and the involvement of PC. Twelve papers met the inclusion criteria. Reported patient symptoms included pain, skin lesion resolution and pruritus, with the first being the most frequently reported. Four papers measured pain using a previously verified patient‐reported outcome measure, including the Visual Analogue Scale. One paper used a verified QoL measure, the Dermatology Quality of Life Index. No tool was used consistently. Eight papers reported the use of hospice care or PC in the treatment of calciphylaxis. No outcome measure was used to prompt PC involvement. Overall, QoL indices, patient‐reported outcome measures and PC are underreported in the treatment of calciphylaxis. PC may be a resource to assist in symptom management and adaptive coping strategies for patients from the onset of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that determined the optically modulated optical transmittance of gallium arsenide doping superlattices. Analysis of the relative transmittance spectra; Calculation of the change in the total transmission spectrum; Correlation between the relative change of the transmission and the optical pump power.

When q is a solution of f(x) ≡ 0 (mod p) for some f(x) in Z[x] and prime number p, we show that there is an e ⩾ 1 and a polynomial g(x) so that for all k ⩾ 0, every root r ≡ q (mod p) of f(x) modulo pk+e can be expressed explicitly in terms of the roots of g(x) modulo pk. We demonstrate that when e ⩾ 2 these "seeding" polynomials provide an extension of the standard Hensel lifting method of constructing roots of f(x) modulo prime powers that is particularly effective for counting those solutionsmodulo arbitrary powers of p. If f(x) is quadratic, we establish a formula for the number of roots of f(x) modulo pk in terms of the discriminant of f(x), and we show how these roots can be calculated from those of a "well-behaved" polynomial. We also illustrate the process of finding the number of roots of cubic and higher degree polynomials modulo prime powers, using a formula connecting the discriminant of a polynomial with that of a seeding polynomial, but show by example that the number of solutions is not generally determined by the discriminant of f(x). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We study laser irradiation behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and chemically modified graphene (rGO)-composite spray coatings for use as a thermal absorber material for high-power laser calorimeters. Spray coatings on aluminum test coupon were exposed to increasing laser irradiance for extended exposure times to quantify their damage threshold and optical absorbance. The coatings, prepared at varying mass % of MWCNTs in rGO, demonstrated significantly higher damage threshold values at 2.5 kW laser power at 10.6 mmwavelength than carbon paint or MWCNTs alone. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of irradiated specimens show that the coating prepared at 50% CNT loading endure at least 2 kW.cm-2 for 10 seconds without significant damage. The improved damage resistance is attributed to the unique structure of the composite in which the MWCNTs act as an efficient absorber of laser light while the much larger rGO sheets surrounding them, dissipate the heat over a wider area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION What are the characteristics of the pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy (RALM) for symptomatic leiomyomata uteri? SUMMARY ANSWER Despite a high prevalence of women with advanced maternal age, obesity and multiple pregnancy in our cohort, the outcomes are comparable with those reported in the literature for laparoscopic myomectomy. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Reproductive outcomes after traditional laparoscopic myomectomy are well documented. However, reproductive outcomes following robotic myomectomy are not well studied. This paper describes the pregnancy outcomes for a large cohort of women after robotic myomectomy. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a retrospective cohort of women who became pregnant after robot-assisted myomectomy at three centers. Of the 872 women who underwent robotic myomectomy during the period October 2005–November 2010, 107 subsequently conceived resulting in 127 pregnancies and 92 deliveries through 2011. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIAL, SETTING, METHODS Women of reproductive age with fibroids who wanted a minimally invasive treatment option and desired uterine preservation were recruited. We conducted a multicentre study with three centers, two in a private practice and one in an academic setting. Pregnancy outcomes and their relationship to myoma characteristics were analyzed. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE Mean ± SD age at myomectomy was 34.8 ± 4.5 years and 57.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 48.0, 66.3] of women were overweight or obese. The mean number of myomas removed was 3.9 ± 3.2 with a mean size of 7.5 ± 3.0 cm and mean weight of 191.7 ± 144.8 g. Entry of the myoma into the endometrial cavity occurred in 20.6% (95% CI 15.0, 27.7) of patients. The mean time to conception was 12.9 ± 11.5 months. Assisted reproduction techniques were employed in 39.4% (95% CI 32.6, 46.7) of these women. Seven twin pregnancies and two triplet pregnancies occurred, for a multiple pregnancy birth rate of 9.8% (95% CI 5.0, 17.8). Spontaneous abortions occurred in 18.9% (95% CI 13.0, 26.6). Preterm delivery prior to 35 weeks of gestational age occurred in 17.4% (95% CI 10.9, 26.5). One uterine rupture (1.1%; 95% CI 0.3, 4.7) was documented. Pelvic adhesions were discovered in 11.4% (95% CI 7.0, 18.0) of patients delivered by Cesarean section. Higher preterm delivery rates were significantly associated with a greater number of myomas removed and anterior location of the largest incision (compared with all other sites) in logistic regression analyses (P = 0.01). None of the myoma characteristics were related to spontaneous abortion. BIAS, CONFOUNDING AND OTHER REASONS FOR CAUTION Given the retrospective nature of the data collection, some pregnancies may not have been captured. In addition, owing to the high prevalence of infertility patients in this cohort, the data cannot be used to counsel women who are undergoing RALM about fertility rates after surgery. GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS Prospective studies are needed to determine if the results shown in our cohort are generalizable to all women seeking a minimally invasive option for the conservative treatment of symptomatic fibroids with pregnancy as a desired outcome. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) There was no funding source for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accurate data on West Nile virus (WNV) cases help guide public health education and control activities, and impact regional WNV blood product screening procedures. During an outbreak of WNV disease in Arizona, records from patients with meningitis or encephalitis were reviewed to determine the proportion tested for WNV. Of 60 patients identified with meningitis or encephalitis, 24 (40%) were tested for WNV. Only 12 (28%) of 43 patients aged <50 years were tested for WNV compared to 12 (71%) of 17 patients aged ⩾50 years (P<0·01). Patients with clinical signs of weakness or paralysis, elevated CSF protein, admitted to an inpatient facility, or discharged to a rehabilitation facility were also more likely to have WNV testing performed. The lack of testing in younger age groups and in those with less severe disease probably resulted in substantial underestimates of WNV neuroinvasive disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the results of a comparison of reference standards between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-USA) and National Institute of Metrology (NIM-China). We report optical fiber-based power measurements at nominal wavelengths of 1310 nm and 1550 nm. We compare the laboratories' reference standards by means of a commercial optical power meter. Measurement results showed the largest difference of less than 2.6 parts in 10³, which is within the combined standard (k = 1) uncertainty for the laboratories' reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a report on West Nile virus (WNV) activity in the U.S. as reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2009. 720 cases of WNV disease were reported from a total of 38 states and the District of Columbia. It lists the five states with the highest incidence of WNV neuroinvasive disease including Mississippi and South Dakota. A figure that shows the annual incidence of cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease in the country from 1999 to 2009 is presented.

We describe the results of a comparison of reference standards between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-USA) and Centro Nacional De Metrología (CENAM-Mexico). Open beam (free field) and optical-fiber-based measurements at wavelengths of 1302 nm and 1546 nm are reported. Both laboratories' reference standards were compared by means of a temperature-controlled optical trap detector. Measurements showed a largest difference of less than 3.4 parts in 103, which is within the combined expanded (k = 2) uncertainty for the laboratories' reference standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes provisional West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data for 2006 reported to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention. In 2006, WNV transmission to humans or animals expanded into 52 counties that had not previously reported transmission. There were 1,491 cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease reported in the U.S. during the period. A total of 4,106 dead WNV-infected birds were reported from 701 counties in 43 states during 2006.

The article presents an update on the detection, transmission and control of the West Nile virus (WNV) in the U.S. as of December 2005. The number of cases of WNV disease in humans reportedly increased in the U.S. Statistical data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention regarding WNV human infection are presented. Surveillance data on WNV-infected animals are provided.

The purpose of this study was to determine the average time school children spend on computers and electronic games, the positions they assume, and any associated discomfort related to their use. A twenty three-point questionnaire was distributed to 476 children in first to eighth grade from three parochial schools in one of the New York City boroughs. The findings of this study suggest that children use the computer and electronic games differently than adults and that more boys than girls engage in electronic game playing. Results clearly indicated that children are experiencing discomfort from the use of computers or electronic games, and that the discomfort is largely concentrated in the neck region. Occupational therapy could be instrumental in terms of educating the children, their parents/guardians, and their teachers on proper body mechanics, applications of ergonomically suited workstations, and the use of rest/stretch breaks while engaged in computing and electronic game playing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the results of a comparison of reference standards between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-USA) and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB-Germany) at nominal wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm using an optical-fiber cable. Both laboratories used thermal detectors as reference standards. A novel temperature-controlled, optical-trap detector was used as a transfer standard to compare two reference standards. Measurement results showed differences of less than 1.5 x 10-3, which is within the combined uncertainty for both laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over three decades, physical abnormalities have been noted in the chronic psychiatric population. Yet, as occupational therapy conceptual models currently emphasize the application of occupation to role performance while minimizing direct focus on component deficits, therapists may be neglecting attention to the sensory motor deficits that many clients exhibit. This article provides a case study, and reports on a series of recent studies that underscore the importance of attending to hand function in the chronic psychiatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which compared national HIV/AIDS reporting system (HARS) data on race/ethnicity and transmission mode to self-reported data collected during a survey of people with AIDS in the U.S., to assess the accuracy of 12 HARS variables. The study also examined the association between HIV reporting policies and timeliness of testing and medical care using data from the AIDS Patient Survey conducted in Arizona, Colorado, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon and Texas. Data from HARS and the AIDS Patient Survey were compared.

Presents a study that assessed the effects of radiation on the electrical performance of micro-electromechanical systems radio frequency (RF) relays. Examination of the Rockwell Scientific Co. (RSC) RF relay standard configuration; Analysis of the RSC RF relay alternate configuration; Details on suggested charging mechanisms.

Through sequential cross-sectional surveys, we examined intent to use home HIV test collection kits, actual use and barriers to use among persons at high risk for HIV infection. Interest in kits was assessed in the 1995-96 HIV Testing Survey (HITS, n=1683). Kit use, knowledge of kits and barriers to use were assessed in the 1998-99 HITS (n=1788), after kits had become widely available. When asked to choose among future testing options, 19% of 1995-96 participants intended to use kits. Untested participants were more likely than previously tested HIV-negative participants to choose kits for their next HIV test (p < 0.001). Among 1998-99 participants, only 24 (1%) had used kits; 46% had never heard of kits. Predictors of not knowing about kits included never having been HIV tested and black or Latino race. Common reasons for not using kits among participants aware of home test kits were concerns about accuracy, lack of in-person counselling and cost. Despite high rates of anticipated use, kits have had minimal impact on the testing behaviour of persons at high risk for HIV infection. Increasing awareness of kits, reducing price and addressing concerns about kit testing procedures may increase kit use, leading to more HIV testing by at-risk individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the dynamics of soil organic carbon following deforestation and cultivation in Ethiopia. Domination of Podocarpus in natural forests; Replacement of natural forests by agroecosystem; Application of chemical fractionation and characterization methods to describe soil organic matter dynamics.

A case of an epidural spinal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) in a 13-year-old girl is presented. The tumor was disseminated at the moment of diagnosis, thus only diagnostic oligobiopsy of the epidural mass was performed. Histologically the tumor was composed of small round blue cells. The neoplastic cells expressed MIC2 and features of neural differentiation on immunohistochemical staining (neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin and NCAM positivity). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed for the final diagnosis and the translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) was detected. The present case emphasizes the usefulness of FISH in differential diagnosis of tumors, especially when only routinely fixed material is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the time use of subjects on a mixed diagnosis inpatient rehabilitation unit. Twelve subjects were observed during two days: one weekday and one weekend day for 8 hours each observational day. Seven subjects had sustained a stroke (CVA) and 5 subjects had other diagnoses (non-CVA). The observers used the behavioral mapping technique to obtain an objective description of the subject's time use and the admission, discharge, and efficiency scores of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) to obtain a measure of functional activity level.During the weekday observations, the subjects who had a stroke spent more time inactive, 25.0%, as compared to the subjects who had other diagnoses, 15.0%. In addition, the subjects who had a stroke spent more time alone, 53.6%, while the other subjects spent 38.8% time alone. While both amounts of inactivity and time alone increased during the weekend observation, the pattern remained the same. All FIM measures were lower for the subjects who had a stroke as compared to subjects who had other diagnoses.It appears that those who are recovering from a stroke show a discrepancy in self-directed activity level from those who did not have a stroke, while hospitalized on the same unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of meningioangiomatosis, resected from the parietal lobe in a 31-year-old female is presented. Macroscopically, the lesion was composed of five calcified nodules embedded within hardened elastic tissue. Histologically, cortical and subcortical calcified masses were found surrounded by a palisade of spindle and/or oval cells. In adjacent nervous tissue many pathological microvessels were observed and some were ensheathed by a perivascular proliferation of spindle cells. Moreover, gliosis with Rosenthal fibers and prominent connective tissue elements were observed. Immunohistochemical analysis based on monoclonal antibodies was performed. The spindle cells both within the palisades and the perivascular proliferations were vimentin and usually epithelial membrane antigenpositive. The possible pathogenesis of meningioangiomatosis is discussed and the role of angiogenesis within this lesion emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Name-based surveillance of HIV infection is the law in 31 U.S. states but remains controversial. This policy can be advocated solely to support surveillance of the epidemic, but a frequent argument is that it also provides a public health benefit by allowing follow-up of HIV-infected persons. These persons can then receive timely medical care and can be assisted with notifying sex and needle-sharing partners. Few comparative data are available to evaluate the outcomes of these interventions. In five states with name-based surveillance of HIV infection, the Multistate Evaluation of Surveillance for HIV Study Group surveyed a cross-sectional probability sample of persons with AIDS who tested positive for HIV before the date of their AIDS diagnosis. Health department follow-up of a reported HIV infection was not associated with more timely receipt of medical care after a positive HIV test result. Only 8.6% of persons who delayed medical care after their first positive HIV test result gave concern about being reported by name as a reason; no person gave it as the main reason. Persons who were tested anonymously and those who were tested confidentially did not differ in the mean number of sex and needle-sharing partners notified: Those tested anonymously reported personally notifying 3.85 sex and needle-sharing partners, and those tested confidentially reported notifying-personally and through the health department-3.80 partners. Many researchers and policymakers believe that name-based surveillance of HIV infection will have positive or negative effects on partner notification and access to health care. These results suggest that the potential for such effects has been exaggerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National unlinked sentinel surveillance data were used to describe trends in prevalent human immunodeficiency virus infection among injection drug users entering drug treatment programs in the United States from 1988 through 1993. During this 6-year period, unlinked testing was performed on 70,882 specimens from injection drug users at 60 sentinel sites. The annual change in seroprevalence was estimated for each site by odds ratios obtained from logistic regression models fit within site-specific age and race/ethnicity subgroups. Overall trends for age and race/ethnicity subgroups across sites were described by summary odds ratios calculated using the inverse variance method. A decrease was observed among younger (age less than 30 years) whites both in areas with high (10% or higher) and low (less than 10%) prevalence, although this decrease was significant only in high-prevalence areas (odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.81−0.99). Seroprevalence also decreased among older whites in high-prevalence areas, although this decrease was not significant (odds ratio = 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.89−1.00). Seroprevalence remained stable among all other age and race/ethnicity subgroups. Stable seroprevalence among the dynamic population of injection drug users entering treatment suggests continued transmission among these individuals in both high- and low-prevalence areas of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case of a child with allergic asthma and mucocele of the paransal sinus who developed orbital hypertelorism is presented. The association between allergy and asthma and the formation of mucoceles is discussed and a possible mechanism for the development of orbital hypertelorism during adolescence is suggested. The management of mucoceles of the paranasal sinuses during craniofacial surgery is described. The need for long-term follow-up is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that American national security strategy needs major overhaul, with substantial reduction in numbers of strategic and theater nuclear weapons. Reconfiguration away from heavy positional forces; Toward more flexible and deployable forces; Need for higher percentage of reserve manning; Interdependence; New spectrum of deterrence; Naval forces; Airlift forces; Sealift forces; Land-based tactical air forces; Ground forces; Marine corps; Post-Cold War military configuration.

The difference in DNA content of peripheral lymphocytes from normal males, normal females, and an individual with a 48 (xxxy) chromosome constitution was determined by rapid flow microfluorometric techniques. A similar comparison was performed using tissue culture fibroblasts derived from an individual with a 49 (xxxxy) chromosome constitution and WI-38 cells as a normal control. Less than 60 min were required to isolate the lymphocytes, to stain the cells fluorescently, and to measure the increased DNA content. The measured increase in DNA content is consistent with chromosome DNA analyses and chromosome length measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]