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The tourism industry is highly sensitive to negative environmental factors, as can be seen in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, when many countries and regions shifted from over-tourism to under-tourism, resulting in the continuation of multiple serious impacts on destinations. To systematically reveal the specific impacts of under-tourism on tourism destinations, this study aims to (a) understand the impact of resident perceptions of under-tourism; (b) investigate the relationship between place attachment and resident perceptions of under-tourism, and (c) examine the relationships between the resident perception of under-tourism and life satisfaction. The perceived impacts of under-tourism are subdivided into positive economic impact, negative economic impact, positive social impact, negative social impact, and positive environmental impact, based on the triple bottom line and social exchange theory. The research was conducted with the involvement of 296 local residents and foreign workers in Macau. The findings show that place attachment has a positive impact on their perceived positive economic impact and positive social impact. Resident perceptions of positive economic impact, positive social impact, and positive environmental impact have a positive influence on their satisfaction with life, and negative economic impact and negative social impact have a negative influence on their satisfaction. Using the results of this study we expand the literature on social exchange theory in tourism, broaden the theory of resident perceptions of impact, and also provide relevant practical suggestions for destinations to recover and maintain sustainable development based on tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergy between high-resolution rotational spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations is essential for exploring future detection of molecules, especially when spectroscopy parameters are not available yet. By using highly correlated ab initio quartic force fields (QFFs) from explicitly correlated coupled cluster theory, a complete set of rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants for $ {D2CS} $ D 2 CS and cis/trans-DCSD isomers have been produced. Comparing our new ab initio results for $ {D_2CS} $ D 2 CS with new rotational spectroscopy laboratory data for the same species, the accuracy of the computed B and C rotational constants is within 0.1% while the A constant is only slightly higher. Additionally, quantum chemical vibrational frequencies are also provided, and these spectral reference data and new experimental rotational lines will provide additional references for potential observation of these deuterated sulfur species with either ground-based radio telescopes or space-based infrared observatories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate binding energies of molecules to water clusters are relevant for understanding intermolecular interactions and various chemical applications. They enter models of interstellar chemical processes, as binding to icy grains influences surface reactions and thus affects calculated gas-phase abundances. Unfortunately, many astrochemical molecules (especially radicals and ions) are incompletely characterised in these models. To address this, we report computational searches for optimal structures and benchmark binding and condensation energies for sets of neutral, radical, cationic, and anionic molecules of astrochemical relevance with clusters of $ N=1{\rm -}4 $ N = 1 − 4 water molecules. These calculations utilised reliable density functionals for geometry optimisation, and coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) single point calculations with large basis sets. Four energetic binding motifs (weak, intermediate, strong or covalently bonded) were observed depending on the chemical nature of the guest molecule. Neutral closed and open-shell molecules with strong dipoles and a greater potential for hydrogen bonding are more tightly bound to water clusters compared to non-polar ones. For closed-shell cationic and anionic species, barrier-less reactions with water clusters occur, which reveals radical-free routes to molecular processing in the gas phase and on amorphous ice surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the data analysis of current and future high-resolution space telescope missions, we adopt 'Best Theory + Reliable High-resolution Experiment' (BTRHE) strategy to develop highly accurate infrared line lists for nitrous oxide (N2O). The 'Ames-1' potential energy surface (PES) is a CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ PES refined using selected HITRAN experimental data, with σrms = 0.02–0.03 cm-1 for five isotopologues. The 'Ames-1' dipole moment surface (DMS) is fitted from CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(T,Q,5)Z dipoles extrapolated to one electron basis set limit. Using the Ames-1 PES and DMS, Ames-296K line lists are computed in the full range of 0–15,000 cm-1 for 12 N2O isotopologues, with S296K ≥ 10−31 cm-1/molecule.cm-2. The reliability and consistency of Ames-296K intensity predictions (SAmes) are demonstrated through comparisons with HITRAN (SHITRAN), NOSL-296 (SNOSL), recent observed intensities (Sobs) and Effective Dipole Model (EDM) intensities (SEDM). Agreements and discrepancies are discussed, along with preliminary uncertainty estimate for SAmes. The SAmes provides a good constraint to prevent substantial errors in intensity predictions (e.g. for weak bands and minor isotopologues) and can be further improved. Ames-296K and NOSL-296 may complement each other to provide improved input for future database updates, combining the strengths of EH/EDM and BTRHE approaches. Data available at and https://doi.org/10.48667/9kmk-0334. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of social support from intermediary organizations on innovativeness and subjective happiness in community-based tourism (CBT). The authors collected data from 236 residents who had participated in the Tour Dure project in South Korea. The analysis, using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), shows that social support from intermediary organizations has a positive effect on the innovativeness of residents. Further, the more innovativeness the residents showed, the more their subjective happiness increased. In other words, social support from intermediary organizations plays an important role in improving innovativeness, and in turn, the subjective happiness of residents. There have been many claims that resident participation is important in CBT, but it has usually been treated as a slogan without offering specific proposals for boosting such participation. This study discovered that the social support given by intermediary organizations to residents plays an important role in innovativeness and subjective happiness. It also shows that it is effective to encourage residents' participation in CBT by offering social support from intermediary organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the characteristics of markets segmented by the push–pull factors associated with medical tourists. The questionnaire sought information on attributes of medical tourism motivations and included eight push factor attributes, 10 pull factor attributes, and 13 demographic and medical tourism behavior variables, for a total of 31 items. The surveys were translated into Chinese, Japanese, and English. This paper proposes a market segmentation that consists of three significant segments, the quality seeker, the essential services seeker, and the rest seeker. The results indicate that these segments have strategic implications for reaching individual markets in the medical tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationships between motivation, service quality, tourist satisfaction, quality of life (QOL), and spa and wellness tourism. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) approach was used to analyze the hypotheses generated. The 'snowball' sampling technique was used to collect data via an online survey. Derived from a sample of 270 Chinese respondents, the results demonstrate that motivations positively impact service quality perception and tourist satisfaction, which in turn influence QOL. The tourists who perceived good spa and wellness services quality are more likely to be satisfied with their tourism experience. Furthermore, tourist satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and the QOL resulting from spa and wellness tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to advance the theoretical understanding of the contextual antecedents underlying abusive supervision. It provides a fresh perspective on how subordinates' perceptions of an abusive supervision climate are shaped in temporary work environments. By developing a robust model, this research examines the relationships between temporary organizational characteristics (i.e., temporariness and membership flexibility), trust in ad-hoc supervisors, and perceived abusive supervision climates. We tested the hypothesized model using data from 340 aircrew engaged in temporary and constantly shifting supervisor–subordinate relationships. The results revealed that: (a) temporariness has a direct negative relationship with trust in ad-hoc supervisors, whereas membership flexibility positively affects this trust; (b) the link between temporariness/membership flexibility and a perceived abusive supervision climate is mediated by trust in ad-hoc supervisors. Furthermore, this study highlights gender interactions in a transactional context, indicating that: (c) females perceive a stronger negative association between trust and abusive supervision climates compared to males; and (d) the relationship between temporariness/membership flexibility and trust in ad-hoc supervisors is significant for women and men, respectively. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of considering the unique organizational characteristics of temporary work settings when examining abusive supervision. It also emphasizes the role of gender in shaping subordinates' perceptions of a workplace victimization climate, particularly in situations where leader–member exchanges are ephemeral and contractual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite consistent growth, there is a gap in the literature pertaining to cruise tourists' motivation and experience. Although cruise vacationers may stay on the same ship at the same time, their motivation, perception, and experience vary. This merits further research to develop a comprehensive understanding of cruise vacationers' motivation, perception, and post-consumption experience. This study explores the major cruise tourism motivations, perceptions, and holiday experiences through a content analysis of selected research articles published in 22 tourism, environment, and marine-related journals. The research findings generate 14 major cruise tourism motivational factors, and a huge majority of cruise holiday participants express overall satisfaction with their cruise ship vacation. As a pioneering study in this area, the research findings contribute to the current body of knowledge pertaining to factors that drive cruise ship tourism holiday consumption and cruise passengers' post-consumption experience. A thorough understanding of cruise tourism holidaymakers' motivation and experience, in turn, offers substantial planning, packaging, and marketing implications to cruise line companies and cruise tourism destinations. Study implications and limitations are discussed, along with avenues for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the antecedents of sustainable development in tourism destinations and explores residents' environmental knowledge and perceived justice and how these influence pro-environmental behaviour. The study discusses: (a) environmental knowledge and environmental sensitivity; (b) perceived justice and residents' satisfaction; (c) place attachment; and (d) pro-environmental behaviour. By presenting seven hypotheses for analysis, the study develops a measurement framework that involves resident perception of justice in Kaifeng, one of the first sets of the 24 'Historical and Cultural Cities in China'. A pilot survey (103 respondents) and a final survey (558) were conducted to identify the role of the antecedents of residents' pro-environmental behaviour in a tourism destination. The results reveal the positive influence of environmental knowledge, environmental sensitivity, and perceived justice on pro-environmental behaviour. This finding expands our cognition of the inter-relationships of the dimensions that belonged to the construct. The study illustrates that perceived justice significantly influences overall community satisfaction and indirectly impacts pro-environmental behaviour in tourism destinations. This pioneering study thus expands the early framework of pro-environmental behaviour and provides practical information to amplify the concept of justice in tourism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the professional characteristics and migrant networks of Korean–Chinese returnees. A notable feature of the current Korean–Chinese migrant group in Korea is the emergence of third generation tour guides. The in-depth interviews with 12 third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides were conducted and analyzed within the grounded theory framework. A total of 110 concepts in 27 subcategories making up 11 main categories are derived. The results of axial coding indicated that the causal condition was 'to become a tour guide in Korea'. The central phenomena that have been emerging in the characteristics and migrant networks of third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides are 'nostalgia' and 'our stressful life in Korea'. Contextual conditions are 'socio-cultural distance' and the 'vulnerabilities of the job environment', while the intervening conditions are 'transnational networks', 'use of SNS (Social network system)', 'colleagues like family', and 'comfortable life'. Actions/interactions are moderated by 'migrant networks' and consequences are shown to be 'identity formation'. The core category of this study is thus 'embracing socio-cultural realities and forming diverse identities through migrant networks'. This study provides theoretical and managerial implications for the sustainable and professional characteristics and migrant networks of third generation Korean–Chinese tour guides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first high spectral resolution mid-infrared survey in the Orion BN/KL region, covering 7.2–28.3 μ m. With SOFIA/EXES, we target the enigmatic source Orion IRc2. While this is in the most prolifically studied massive star-forming region, longer wavelengths and molecular emission lines dominated previous spectral surveys. The mid-infrared observations in this work access different components and molecular species in unprecedented detail. We unambiguously identify two new kinematic components, both chemically rich with multiple molecular absorption lines. The "blue clump" has v LSR = −7.1 ± 0.7 km s−1, and the "red clump" has 1.4 ± 0.5 km s−1. While the blue and red clumps have similar temperatures and line widths, molecular species in the blue clump have higher column densities. They are both likely linked to pure rotational H2 emission also covered by this survey. This work provides evidence for the scenario that the blue and red clumps are distinct components unrelated to the classic components in the Orion BN/KL region. Comparison to spectroscopic surveys toward other infrared targets in the region show that the blue clump is clearly extended. We analyze, compare, and present in-depth findings on the physical conditions of C2H2, 13CCH2, CH4, CS, H2O, HCN, H 13 CN , HNC, NH3, and SO2 absorption lines and an H2 emission line associated with the blue and red clumps. We also provide limited analysis of H2O and SiO molecular emission lines toward Orion IRc2 and the atomic forbidden transitions [Fe ii ], [S i ], [S iii ], and [Ne ii ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wellness lifestyle trends have entered our everyday thoughts, especially since the Covid 19 pandemic. This paper explores how the slow food concept has a vital role in making tourist trips more fun and healthier at the same time. It shows how to develop a slow food destination image. A qualitative approach using in-depth interviews was employed, and Chiang Mai, Thailand was selected as the study area. A total of 29 tourists were interviewed. Content analysis was used to analyze data. The findings revealed three components for developing a slow food destination image: (a) functional attributes, referring to five aspects: environment, authentic food, slow food community, local facilitators, and service quality; (b) psychological attributes, comprising slow food logo and signs, and value perception; and (c) unique attributes, seeking uniqueness and creating events/festivals related to the slow food concept, especially the concept of a good, clean, and fair event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Examining the influence of ethnic food tourists' perception of hygiene on their attitudinal loyalty formation is the purpose of this study. Specifically, How to demonstrate touristsʼ perception of ethnic food hygiene is the key question, and moreover, the study also investigates whether and how the stages of attitudinal loyalty in this study, which are perceived authenticity, positive emotion, and perceived value, are illustrated in this mechanism and are affected by tourist perceptions of hygiene? Design/methodology/approach: By engaging in the critical debate around the topic of hygiene perception, this study explores the influence of this factor on tourist's attitudinal loyalty, including the cognitive, affective and conative aspects, to ethnic food through the adoption of perceived authenticity, positive emotion and perceived value. A survey was conducted at the Xijiang Miao Village, a very popular ethnic tourism destination in China. Findings: This study reveals that ethnic food tourists' perceptions of hygiene have five dimensions. One of these plays a direct predictor role in developing effective conative loyalty (perceived value). Tourists' perceptions of authenticity and positive emotion representing cognitive and affective loyalty are confirmed in their direct effect on conative loyalty as well. The five dimensions of perceptions of hygiene identified have varying degrees of influence on the three stages of attitudinal loyalty. Originality/value: The unique contribution of this study lies in two points: (1) it has discovered the way that tourists' perceptions of the hygienic preparation of ethnic food in the ethnic destination is constructed, and (2) it investigated the relationship between tourists' perceptions of hygiene and the three stages of attitudinal loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism from a rational behavioral process perspective based on the theory of planned behavior. A multi‐level conceptual model of ICH tourism and its intentions for sustainable development, including formal rationality and substantive rationality, is constructed. We discovered that it is not only altruistic intention that contributes to decision‐making in the sustainable development of ICH tourism, but egoistic benefit also has an impact on such decisions. This is an explorative study that provides a hierarchical linear conceptual framework for the sustainable development of ICH tourism by discussing practitioners' decision‐making behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing full-length cystoscopy videos is challenging for documentation and research purposes. We therefore designed a surgeon-guided framework to extract short video clips with bladder lesions for more efficient content navigation and extraction. Screenshots of bladder lesions were captured during transurethral resection of bladder tumor, then manually labeled according to case identification, date, lesion location, imaging modality, and pathology. The framework used the screenshot to search for and extract a corresponding 10-seconds video clip. Each video clip included a one-second space holder with a QR barcode informing the video content. The success of the framework was measured by the secondary use of these short clips and the reduction of storage volume required for video materials. From 86 cases, the framework successfully generated 249 video clips from 230 screenshots, with 14 erroneous video clips from 8 screenshots excluded. The HIPPA-compliant barcodes provided information of video contents with a 100% data completeness. A web-based educational gallery was curated with various diagnostic categories and annotated frame sequences. Compared with the unedited videos, the informative short video clips reduced the storage volume by 99.5%. In conclusion, our framework expedites the generation of visual contents with surgeon's instruction for cystoscopy and potential incorporation of video data towards applications including clinical documentation, education, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to apply legitimacy theory and self-identity theory to the online food delivery (OFD) app service and then to investigate the impact of green brand legitimacy and biospheric value orientation perceived by customers on eco-friendly behavior. Design/methodology/approach: This study focuses on the mediating role of trust in green brands and its perceived benefits (including psychological and environmental benefits). This study involved an online survey of 445 customers who had experienced using OFD services in the past six months. Findings: The platform's green brand legitimacy and consumer perceived biospheric value orientation positively impact trust in green brands. Trust in green products and services significantly affects customers' perceived benefits and has a positive impact on eco-friendly service using behavior. Mediating effect analysis indicated that brand legitimacy and biospheric value have a positive indirect influence on the psychological benefits of supporting green activities and utilitarian environmental benefits. Research limitations/implications: The convenience sampling method is used, and its purely quantitative nature may limit the generalization of the research results. Practical implications: The OFD platform should encourage online catering retailers to use more eco-friendly packages for packaging food and minimize the provision of disposable tableware. The platform manager can provide consumers with knowledge and information on lowering related environmental pollution sources when ordering food. Originality/value: This study innovatively introduces brand legitimacy into the green consumption literature. This is an essential expansion of the content of brand legitimacy and a supplement for the research field of eco-friendly behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infrared (IR) emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) permeates our universe; astronomers have detected the IR signatures of PAHs around many interstellar objects. The IR emission of interstellar PAHs differs from their emission as seen under conditions on Earth as they emit through a collisionless cascade down through their excited vibrational states from high internal energies. The difficulty in reproducing interstellar conditions in the laboratory results in a reliance on theoretical techniques. However, the size and complexity of PAHs require careful consideration when producing the theoretical spectra. In this work, we outline the theoretical methods necessary to lead to fully theoretical IR cascade spectra of PAHs including: an anharmonic second order vibrational perturbation theory treatment, the inclusion of Fermi resonances through polyads, and the calculation of anharmonic temperature band shifts and broadenings (including resonances) through a Wang–Landau approach. We also suggest a simplified scheme to calculate vibrational emission spectra that retain the essential characteristics of the full IR cascade treatment and can directly transform low temperature absorption spectra in IR cascade spectra. Additionally we show that past astronomical models were in error in assuming a 15 cm−1 correction was needed to account for anharmonic emission effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the issue of properly describing the out-of-plane bends (OPBs) in sp2 hybridized carbon atoms has reappeared for c-SiC2H2, the present quantum chemical study provides a new characterization of this molecule in order to aid in its potential detection in astrophysically relevant studies. Combining the previous, high-level approach with MP2-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ gives exceptionally accurate results for the comparison of experimental rotational constants and seemingly reliable vibrational frequencies. Most notably, the brightest fundamental vibrational frequency in c-SiC2H2, the b1 OPB, is predicted to lie at 673.4 cm−1, within 4.0 cm−1 of the previous matrix isolation experiment. As with c-C3H2, CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ appears to be quite susceptible to over estimating the OPB anharmonic correction in c-SiC2H2 and may also do such for in-plane bends, as well. MP2-F12/aug-cc-pVDZ is less susceptible to these errors, and increasing the step size reduces this positive anharmonicity issue in both the cases. The OPB underestimation, however, likely still remains. Finally, estimates for some anharmonic vibrational frequencies are provided for the methylated form, c-SiC2HCH3, which is likely also a product of gas phase reactions of ·SiH with various alkynes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As COVID-19 has spread throughout the world, it has caused unprecedented disruption to community-based tourism (CBT). The purpose of this study is to identify local reactions to COVID-19 in CBT destinations using social representation theory (SRT) as a framework for analysis. Furthermore, this paper uses Q methodology to shed light on residents' reactions to COVID-19. A demonstration of this method is used to analyze a Q set of 36 statements and a P set of 30 respondents working in the CBT business in Seochon Village, Seoul, Korea from 10 May to 21 May in 2021. As a result of the analysis, three distinct clusters are identified: fear of stigmatization as a plague spreader, maladaptation to environmental change, and threats to livelihoods. Based on the findings, the theoretical and practical implications are discussed to aid the local community to build a more sustainable and safer CBT during and after the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the contribution of animal-based cultural ecosystem services to tourist well-being within the authentic cultural heritage experience. We assess the construction of tourists' cultural ecosystem services through their cocreation of animal-based experience and its integrative direct links with objective authenticity, existential authenticity, and well-being. The objective is to provide empirical evidence of the cross-category tourist experiences of interactions with animals at cultural heritage sites within the context of those with the cats of the Forbidden City, China. Building on this relationship model, the study further examines and identifies the significant and important parallel mediation effects on the relationship between the cocreation experience and the well-being of the three combinations of (a) attention and objective authenticity, (b) involvement and existential authenticity, and (c) cultural ecosystem service and memorability. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided along with a discussion of research limitations and suggestions for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-carbon multiply bonded systems are improperly described with standard,wave function-based correlation methods and Gaussian one-particle basis sets implying that thermochemical, spectroscopic, and potential energy surface computations are consistently erroneous. For computations of vibrational modes, the out-of-plane bends can be reported as imaginary at worst or simply too low at best. Utilizing the simplest of aromatic structures (cyclopropenylidene) and various levels of theory, this work diagnoses this known behavior as a combined one-particle and n-particle basis set effect for the first time. In essence, standard carbon basis sets do not describe equally well sp, sp², and sp³ hybridized orbitals, and this effect is exacerbated post-Hartree-Fock by correlation methods. The latter allow for occupation of the π and π* orbitals in the expanded wave function that combine with the hydrogen s orbitals. As a result, the improperly described space is non-physically stabilized by post-Hartree-Fock correlation. This represents a fundamental problem in wavefunction theory for describing carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the theories of parasocial interaction, perceived authenticity, and self‐congruity to analyze the antecedents of source credibility and to confirm the positive effects of this on travel influencers when constructing travel platforms. The respondents are Chinese travelers who had used an online travel agency and who read influencer‐generated content to search for tourism‐related information. The results from the 420 valid questionnaires showed that users' perceived parasocial interaction, perceived authenticity, and self‐congruity have positive effects on source credibility for influencers. The study provides theoretical and managerial backup for influencer marketing efforts and the content marketing of online travel platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been heavily promoted in Thailand, particularly in rural communities. Tourism transforms the natural and culturally significant attractions of rural communities into consumer products. Tourism development also makes a direct connection between tourism and the community. Therefore, before starting a tourism development project, the interests of local residents need to be investigated and allowances made for their inclusion. This paper introduces foresight tools, community arts, and a community goal-setting technique for putting the authority of future tourism development in the hands of the local community, which is appropriate for tourism development in rural Thailand. This study aims to give the local community useful tools to design their own future development by helping its members develop an understanding of what tourism is and how it impacts their community. A series of inclusive workshops was used to emphasize the need to understand the opportunities and repercussions of tourism as a community, what is at stake, and how important it is to participate in development projects. This methodology was chosen to advance the community members' ability to generate ideas about what kind of tourism products the community has the potential to develop. Furthermore, it aims to get locals to understand that tourism development is more than just getting that development started. Reaching their future goals requires continuing their tourism activities. Therefore, the two workshops we held advocated community arts and community goal-setting techniques as foresight tools to empower communities to design their future and gave support to those communities to improve the quality of their participation in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NS2 radical is a simple arrangement of atoms with a complex electronic structure. This molecule was first reported by Hassanzadeh and Andrew's group [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 83 (1992)] through Ar matrix isolation experiments. In the quarter century since this seminal work was published, almost nothing has been reported about nitrogen disulfide even though NS2 is isovalent with the common NO2. The present study aims to shed new insight into possible challenges with the characterization of this radical. No less than three potential energy surfaces all intersect in the C2v region of the SNS radical isomer. A type-C Renner-Teller molecule is present for the linear 2πu state where the potential energy surface is fully contained within the 2.05 kcal/mol lower energy X ²A1 state. A C2v, 1 ²B1 state is present in this same region, but a double excitation is required to access this state from the X ²A1 state of SNS. Additionally, a 1 ²A' NSS isomer is also present but with notable differences in the geometry from the global minimum. Consequently, the rovibronic spectrum of these NS2 isomers is quite complicated. While the present theory and previous Ar matrix experiments agree well on isotopic shifts, they differ notably for the absolute fundamental vibrational frequency transitions. These differences are likely a combination of matrix shifts and issues associated with the neglect of non-adiabatic coupling in the computations. In either case, it is clear that high-resolution gas phase experimental observations will be complicated to sort. The present computations should aid in their analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dialectical relationship between authenticity and alienation in intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism studies, based on an evaluation of the role cultural values play in the provision of tourism in China. Data were obtained via a multi‐phase, mixed‐method project derived from specific respondents. An examination of chorus tourism performances in the Zhaoxing Dong Villages allows for insight into the subjective authenticity of the practitioners of ICH performances. The study has implications for tourism marketing that seeks to understand the authenticity issues on the supply side of ICH tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine an integrative model of historical nostalgia, brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity based on the case of the Shaolin Temple, a heritage destination in China. The discussion is based on 470 responses collected from visitors to the historical place. The results demonstrate the positive mediating effect of brand authenticity and brand attachment on historical nostalgia and destination brand equity. This study contributes to the literature constructing the brand equity of heritage tourism destination by investigating the positive role of historical nostalgia. It helps heritage tourism stakeholders implement policies on brand authenticity and brand attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) relies heavily on theoretically predicted infrared spectra. Most earlier studies use scaled harmonic frequencies for band positions and the double harmonic approximation for intensities. However, recent high-resolution gas-phase experimental spectroscopic studies have shown that the harmonic approximation is not sufficient to reproduce experimental results. In our previous work, we presented the anharmonic theoretical spectra of three linear PAHs, showing the importance of including anharmonicities into the theoretical calculations. In this paper, we continue this work by extending the study to include five non-linear PAHs (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and triphenylene), thereby allowing us to make a full assessment of how edge structure, symmetry, and size influence the effects of anharmonicities. The theoretical anharmonic spectra are compared to spectra obtained under matrix isolation low-temperature conditions, low-resolution, high-temperature gas-phase conditions, and high-resolution, low-temperature gas-phase conditions. Overall, excellent agreement is observed between the theoretical and experimental spectra although the experimental spectra show subtle but significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleobases are the carriers of the genetic information in ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for all life on Earth. Their presence in meteorites clearly indicates that compounds of biological importance can form via non-biological processes in extraterrestrial environments. Recent experimental studies have shown that the pyrimidine-based nucleobases uracil and cytosine can be easily formed from the ultraviolet irradiation of pyrimidine in H2O-rich ice mixtures that simulate astrophysical processes. In contrast, thymine, which is found only in DNA, is more difficult to form under the same experimental conditions, as its formation usually requires a higher photon dose. Earlier quantum chemical studies confirmed that the reaction pathways were favorable provided that several H2O molecules surrounded the reactants. However, the present quantum chemical study shows that the formation of thymine is limited because of the inefficiency of the methylation of pyrimidine and its oxidized derivatives in an H2O ice, as supported by the laboratory studies. Our results constrain the formation of thymine in astrophysical environments and thus the inventory of organic molecules delivered to the early Earth and have implications for the role of thymine and DNA in the origin of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current efforts to characterize and study interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) rely heavily on theoretically predicted infrared (IR) spectra. Generally, such studies use the scaled harmonic frequencies for band positions and double harmonic approximation for intensities of species, and then compare these calculated spectra with experimental spectra obtained under matrix isolation conditions. High-resolution gas-phase experimental spectroscopic studies have recently revealed that the double harmonic approximation is not sufficient for reliable spectra prediction. In this paper, we present the anharmonic theoretical spectra of three PAHs: naphthalene, anthracene, and tetracene, computed with a locally modified version of the SPECTRO program using Cartesian derivatives transformed from Gaussian 09 normal coordinate force constants. Proper treatments of Fermi resonances lead to an impressive improvement on the agreement between the observed and theoretical spectra, especially in the C-H stretching region. All major IR absorption features in the full-scale matrix-isolated spectra, the high-temperature gas-phase spectra, and the most recent high-resolution gas-phase spectra obtained under supersonically cooled molecular beam conditions in the CHstretching region are assigned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The profile of the 11.2 μm feature of the infrared (IR) cascade emission spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules is investigated using a vibrational anharmonic method. Several factors are found to affect the profile including: the energy of the initially absorbed ultraviolet (UV) photon, the density of vibrational states, the anharmonic nature of the vibrational modes, the relative intensities of the vibrational modes, the rotational temperature of the molecule, and blending with nearby features. Each of these factors is explored independently and influence either the red or blue wing of the 11.2 μm feature. The majority impact solely the red wing, with the only factor altering the blue wing being the rotational temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though quartic force fields (QFFs) and highly accurate coupled cluster computations describe the OCHCO+ cation at equilibrium as a complex between carbon monoxide and the formyl cation, two notable and typical interstellar and atmospheric molecules, the prediction from the present study is that the equilibrium C8v structure is less relevant to observables than the saddle-point D∞h structure. This is the conclusion from diffusion Monte Carlo and vibrational self-consistent field/virtual state configuration interaction calculations utilizing a semi-global potential energy surface. These calculations demonstrate that the proton "rattle" motion (v6) has centrosymmetric delocalization of the proton over the D∞h barrier lying only 393.6 cm-1 above the double-well OCHCO+ C∞v minima. As a result, this molecule will likely appear D8h, and the rotational spectrum will be significantly dimmer than the computed equilibrium 2.975 D center-of-mass dipole moment indicates. However, the proton transfer fundamental, determined to be at roughly 300 cm-1, has a very strong intensity. This prediction as well as those of other fundamentals should provide useful guides for laboratory detection of this cation. Finally, it is shown that the two highest energy QFF-determined modes are actually in good agreement with their vibrational configuration interaction counterparts. These high-level quantum chemical methods provide novel insights into this fascinating and potentially common interstellar molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full derivation of the analytic transformation of the quadratic, cubic, and quartic force constants from normal coordinates to Cartesian coordinates is given. Previous attempts at this transformation have resulted in non-linear transformations; however, for the first time, a simple linear transformation is presented here. Two different approaches have been formulated and implemented, one of which does not require prior knowledge of the translation-rotation eigenvectors from diagonalization of the Hessian matrix. The validity of this method is tested using two molecules H2O and c-C3H2D+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the types of habitus possessed by wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants in China and locates the capital they receive from this within the appropriate field relations. Bourdieu's field theory on habitus, capital, and relationships was applied in an ethnographic survey of Poyue village, Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China. The paper identifies the capitals related to the field relationships that determine and structure interaction in a destination community. This analysis reveals the relationships between wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants and other stakeholders from micro, meso, and macro perspectives. Conclusions and suggestions are presented for policymakers and future researchers to utilize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Favorable resident perceptions of the development of social capital resulting from hosting community-based tourism is an important issue for the Chinese authorities. This study aimed to develop and test a multidimensional scale to evaluate the perceived social impacts from tourism on social capital from sustainable community-based tourism in China. A questionnaire was distributed to host community residents (430) in Fanhe village, Guangdong Province. Analysis from this survey resulted in the development of a six-factor model incorporating 20 items in the six groups. This allowed the researchers to assess perceived social impacts on social capital: covering collective efficacy, community belonging, traditional social regulations, community cohesion, social networking, and community competence. The study reveals the multidimensional nature of perceived tourism social impacts on social capital in the Chinese tourism community and contributes to a better understanding of how residents view the social capital associated with community-based tourism as part of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A purely ab initio potential energy surface (PES) was refined with selected 32S16O2 HITRAN data. Compared to HITRAN, the root-mean-squares error (σRMS) for all J = 0-80 rovibrational energy levels computed on the refined PES (denoted Ames-1) is 0.013 cm-1. Combined with a CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(Q+d)Z dipole moment surface (DMS), an infrared (IR) line list (denoted Ames-296K) has been computed at 296 K and covers up to 8000 cm-1. Compared to the HITRAN and CDMS databases, the intensity agreement for most vibrational bands is better than 85%- 90%. Our predictions for 34S16O2 band origins, higher energy 32S16O2 band origins and missing 32S16O2 IR bands have been verified by most recent experiments and available HITRAN data. We conclude that the Ames-1 PES is able to predict 32/34S16O2 band origins below 5500 cm-1 with 0.01-0.03 cm-1 uncertainties, and the Ames-296K line list provides continuous, reliable and accurate IR simulations. The Ka-dependence of both line position and line intensity errors is discussed. The line list will greatly facilitate SO2 IR spectral experimental analysis, as well as elimination of SO2 lines in high-resolution astronomical observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a CCSD(T)/cc-pCV5Z quartic force field (QFF) and a semi-global CCSD(T)-F12b/aug-cc-pVTZ potential energy surface (PES) for singlet, cyclic C4. Vibrational fundamentals, combinations, and overtones are obtained using vibrational second-order perturbation theory (VPT2) and the vibrational configuration-interaction (VCI) approach. Agreement is within 10 cm-1 between the VCI calculated fundamentals on the QFF and PES using the MULTIMODE (MM) program, and VPT2 and VCI results agree for the fundamentals. The agreement between VPT2-QFF and MM-QFF results is also good for the C4 combinations and overtones. The J = 1 and J = 2 rovibrational energies are reported from both VCI (MM) on the PES and VPT2 on the QFF calculations. The spectroscopic constants of 12C4 and two C2v-symmetry, single 13C-substituted isotopologues are presented, which may help identification of cyclic C4 in future experimental analyses or astronomical observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies the multidimensional scale of spiritual tourism among Chinese girlfriend getaway (GGA) tourists. The 379 questionnaires were distributed using convenience sampling at Wutai Mountain, one of the most important Buddhist sites in China. Through factor analysis and structural modeling, a six‐factor model that includes escapism, leisureliness, happiness, personal enrichment, nothingness, and sense of connection (27 items) is developed and validated. Using Buddhist destinations, the study discusses GGA tourism from the spiritual point of view and reveals the significance of this experience. Implications and limitations for theory and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the motivations of people travelling to North Korea, and to determine the effects these have on the travel decision‐making process. An on‐site survey was conducted with Chinese tourists in Dandong, China. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified four motivation factors: red (communist identity), uniqueness, convenience, and escape. The results suggest that motivations for tourism to North Korea have at least a partial influence on attitudes. "Uniqueness" has the greatest impact on tourist attitudes, implying that the most powerful motive stimulating Chinese tourists to North Korea is their "curiosity" about that isolated society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to (a) analyze the diverse views held about slow tourism in the Caribbean islands of Antigua and Barbuda, and (b) to propose a conceptual basis for slow tourism as a beneficial component of sustainable development. Using evidence from stakeholder interviews, this paper illustrates how local businesses, products, and the dynamic nature of the tourism industry can be provided with opportunities to propel a regions' sustainability. The results of the study can contribute to the development agendas of many small islands, as they show how to establish effective development policy, management systems, and marketing strategies for sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the roles and characteristics of Korean-Chinese tour guides during the rapid socio-political changes between China and Korea. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 12 guides working in South Korea and were analyzed using the grounded theory framework. Open coding gave 98 conceptual labels, 30 subcategories, and 13 main categories. This study allows us to innovatively investigate the psychological changes in Korean-Chinese tour guides affected by political influences. However, most of the data was collected from males in their 30s using cross-sectional analysis, a longitudinal study would therefore strengthen the value of our approach in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to: (a) identify the motivation to travel for medical reasons and the quality of the medical services received; and (b) examine the relationship between the quality of medical services and the attitudes held by tourists about these. It fills the gap in the literature by contributing to our knowledge of medical tourists' behavior. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed at 25 hospitals and travel agencies within Korea. The results deliver insightful messages in the fields of travel behavior and motivation in the medical tourism industry, and for health marketers and planners of medical tourism services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interstellar presence of protonated nitrous oxide has been suspected for some time. Using established high-accuracy quantum chemical techniques, spectroscopic constants and fundamental vibrational frequencies are provided for the lower energy O-protonated isomer of this cation and its deuterated isotopologue. The vibrationally-averaged B0 and C0 rotational constants are within 6 MHz of their experimental values and the DJ quartic distortion constants agree with experiment to within 3%. The known gas phase O-H stretch of NNOH+ is 3330.91 cm-1, and the vibrational configuration interaction computed result is 3330.9 cm-1. Other spectroscopic constants are also provided, as are the rest of the fundamental vibrational frequencies for NNOH+ and its deuterated isotopologue. This high-accuracy data should serve to better inform future observational or experimental studies of the rovibrational bands of protonated nitrous oxide in the interstellar medium and the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth mechanisms of organic molecules in an ionizing environment such as the interstellar medium are not completely understood. Here we examine by means of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) computations the possibility of bond formation and molecular growth upon ionization of van der Waals clusters of pure HCN clusters, and mixed clusters of HCN and HCCH, both of which are widespread in the interstellar medium. Ionization of van der Waals clusters can potentially lead to growth in low temperature and low-density environments. Our results show, that upon ionization of the pure HCN clusters, strongly bound stable structures are formed that contain N⋯H bonds, and growth beyond pairwise HCN molecules is seen only in a small percentage of cases. In contrast, mixed clusters, where HCCH is preferentially ionized over HCN, can grow up to 3 or 4 units long with new carbon–carbon and carbon–nitrogen covalent bonds. Moreover, cyclic molecules formed, such as the radical cation of pyridine, which is a prebiotic molecule. The results presented here are significant as they provide a feasible pathway for molecular growth of small organic molecules containing both carbon and nitrogen in cold and relatively denser environments such as in dense molecular clouds but closer to the photo-dissociation regions, and protoplanetary disks. In the mechanism we propose, first, a neutral van der Waals cluster is formed. Once the cluster is formed it can undergo photoionization which leads to chemical reactivity without any reaction barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to interpret the relationships among the various actors (human including residents, tourists, artists, and so on, and non‐human environments including blogs, topographical features, and destination images) at a tourist site, in which those actors come together. Using the perspectives of actor‐network theory, the research observes how networks surrounding destinations are formed and changed by human and non‐human actors. It was discovered that once a tourism‐industry‐directed network had been newly introduced, the actors actively participated in network activities to achieve continuing benefits greater than those that would have been possible without this network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the stakeholder networks that have developed in the medical tourism industry centered around South Korea. The network that 14 leading Korean medical tourism stakeholders have with China and the United States are investigated considering General Agreement on Trade in Services four modes and analyzed via social network analysis. The stakeholders of each mode with China and the United States depict relational structures that vary in their degree of similarity and disparity on the basis of their centralization. This study contributes to the literature by bringing order to and providing a structural framework for the network complexity of the medical trade in relation with the medical tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of the use of photographs in online marketing for tourism through a case study based on Japanese-style inns. Nowadays, most Japanese-style inns present photographs of what they think are their key appealing elements on their own social networking and/or video/photo-sharing websites, while guests upload their photographs and write comments on travel or social networking websites and/or on the websites of e-travel agents. Through the medium of 'netnography', this research has identified that the photographs presented online by Japanese-style inns can affect decision-making processes of guests and/or expectations in both a positive and a negative way, and e-word of mouth can work together with the photographs to influence prospective guests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]