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In 2012, the Vietnamese government enacted the institutional autonomy policy to support the reform process of the higher education system. The autonomy policy signifies the transfer of decision-making authority from ministries to public universities to increase university performance and competitiveness in the globalized knowledge economy. This paper examines the nature of autonomy as a new form of governance in Vietnamese higher education through the lens of agency theory. I used thematic analysis to analyze policy documents released by the Vietnamese government between 1993 and 2021. The findings indicate autonomy means Vietnamese public universities have authority to make decisions on primary activities; yet they must be accountable for their decision-making and responsible for funding sources. The study contributes to the literature on comparative and international higher education by providing a better understanding of autonomy in a post-Soviet context and informing a transformative approach to policy practices for the higher education reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isoelectronic molecules UN and UO+ are known to have Ω = 3.5 and Ω = 4.5 ground states, respectively (where Ω is the unsigned projection of the electronic angular momentum along the internuclear axis). A ligand field theory model has been proposed to account for the difference [Matthew and Morse, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 184303 (2013)]. The ground state of UO+ arises from the U3+(5f3(4I4.5))O2− configuration. Owing to the higher nominal charge of the N3− ligand, the U3+ ion in UN is stabilized by promoting one of the 5f electrons to the more polarizable 7s orbital, reducing the repulsive interaction with the ligand and rendering U3+(5f27s(4H3.5))N3− the lowest energy configuration. In the present work, we have advanced the characterization of the UN ground state through studies of two electronic transitions, [18.35]4.5-X(1)3.5 and [18.63]4.5-X(1)3.5, using sub-Doppler laser excitation techniques with fluorescence detection. Spectra were recorded under field-free conditions and in the presence of static electric or magnetic fields. The ground state electric dipole moment [μ = 4.30(2) D] and magnetic ge-factor [2.160(9)] were determined from these data. These values were both consistent with the 5f27s configurational assignment. Dispersed fluorescence measurements were used to determine vibrational constants for the ground and first electronically excited states. Electric dipole moments and magnetic ge-factors are also reported for the higher-energy electronically excited states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The vast majority of patients with ROS1 positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) derive clinical benefit from currently approved ROS1 therapies, including crizotinib and entrectinib. However, a small proportion of patients treated with ROS1 inhibitors fail to derive any clinical benefit and demonstrate rapid disease progression. The biological mechanisms underpinning intrinsic resistance remain poorly understood for oncogene-driven cancers. Methods: We generated a patient-derived cell line, CUTO33, from a ROS1 therapy naive patient with CD74-ROS1+ NSCLC, who ultimately did not respond to a ROS1 inhibitor. We evaluated a panel of ROS1+ patient-derived NSCLC cell lines and used cell-based assays to determine the mechanism of intrinsic resistance to ROS1 therapy. Results: The CUTO33 cell line expressed the CD74-ROS1 gene fusion at the RNA and protein level. The ROS1 fusion protein was phosphorylated at baseline consistent with the known intrinsic activity of this oncogene. ROS1 phosphorylation could be inhibited using a wide array of ROS1 inhibitors, however these inhibitors did not block cell proliferation, confirming intrinsic resistance in this model and consistent with the patient’s lack of response to a ROS1 inhibitor. CUTO33 expressed high levels of AXL, which has been associated with drug resistance. Combination of an AXL inhibitor or AXL knockdown with a ROS1 inhibitor partially reversed resistance. Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrate that AXL overexpression is a mechanism of intrinsic resistance to ROS1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the essential oil obtained from Litsea balansae Lecomte leaves and investigate its potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. Methods: Fresh L balansae leaves were collected in Quangtri, Vietnam, and subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus to extract the essential oil. The essential oil composition was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, while the inhibition of nitric oxide production was assessed in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Results: GC-MS analysis identified 71 compounds, constituting 99.3% of the essential oil. Key constituents included carvacrol (20.8%), caryophyllene oxide (11.0%), cis-β-guaiene (6.4%), khusimone (3.9%), bicycloelemene (3.7%), and spathulenol (3.7%). The essential oil exhibited a moderate antioxidant effect (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50]=208.37±10.67 μg/mL) and significant anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=28.09± 1.53 μg/mL). Conclusion: The essential oil derived from L balansae leaves showcases potential as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, as indicated by its chemical composition and biological activities. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research in the development of therapeutic agents from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel materials based on bio-degradable polymers have received a lot of interest owing to many potential applications. In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as a based polymer was cross-linked using 5 wt% of non-toxic citric acid. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol were used as gelation accelerants. The effect of reaction temperature on the ability to cross-link the matrix was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The cross-linking process could not be observed using DSC or TGA. However, the sample with PEG and glycerol exhibited the highest increase of storage modulus in DMA measurement. A completely gelled state (100% gel fraction) could be obtained in all sample types at the temperature of 140 °C for 10 h. The addition of PEG significantly improved the gel fraction of HPMC-based hydrogel. With a higher concentration of PEG, the increase of C = O groups which were a result of the esterification of citric acid and HPMC molecule was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The sample with 1 wt% of PEG showed the highest methylene blue adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Gene fusions involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) define an important class of genomic alterations with many successful targeted therapies now approved for ALK, ROS1, RET and NTRK gene fusions. Fusions involving the ERBB family of RTKs have been sporadically reported, but their frequency has not yet been comprehensively analyzed and functional characterization is lacking on many types of ERBB fusions. Materials and methods: We analyzed tumor samples submitted to Caris Life Sciences (n=64,354), as well as the TCGA (n=10,967), MSK IMPACT (n=10,945) and AACR GENIE (n=96,324) databases for evidence of EGFR, ERBB2 and ERBB4 gene fusions. We also expressed several novel fusions in cancer cell lines and analyzed their response to EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Results: In total, we identified 1,251 ERBB family fusions, representing an incidence of approximately 0.7% across all cancer types. EGFR, ERBB2, and ERBB4 fusions were most frequently found in glioblastoma, breast cancer and ovarian cancer, respectively. We modeled two novel types of EGFR and ERBB2 fusions, one with a tethered kinase domain and the other with a tethered adapter protein. Specifically, we expressed EGFR-ERBB4, EGFR-SHC1, ERBB2-GRB7 and ERBB2-SHC1, in cancer cell lines and demonstrated that they are oncogenic, regulate downstream signaling and are sensitive to small molecule inhibition with EGFR and HER2 TKIs. Conclusions: We found that ERBB fusions are recurrent mutations that occur across multiple cancer types. We also establish that adapter-tethered and kinasetethered fusions are oncogenic and can be inhibited with EGFR or HER2 inhibitors. We further propose a nomenclature system to categorize these fusions into several functional classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Properties of gas-phase thorium nitride, ThN, have been experimentally determined from a combined optical and microwave spectroscopic study. An intense band near 555 nm has been assigned as the [18.0]1.5–X2Σ+ (0,0) transition and recorded at high resolution in the presence of static electric and magnetic fields. The observed optical Stark shifts were analyzed to determine permanent electric dipole moments, μ → e l for the [18.0]1.5 and X2Σ+ states of 4.38 ± 0.02D and 5.11 ± 0.09D, respectively. Zeeman shifts were used to determine the magnetic g-factors. The pure rotational spectrum was recorded using a separated field optical pump/probe microwave repopulation scheme and analyzed to determine the bond length and 14N magnetic hyperfine and nuclear electric quadrupole parameters. A molecular orbital correlation diagram and ligand field electronic structure models are used to provide a qualitative interpretation of the electronic state ordering, magneto- and electro-static properties, and hyperfine interactions. Electronic structure calculations for the X2Σ+ state were performed, and results were compared with observations. Observed trends in μ → e l for the ThX (X = N, S, O, F, and Cl) series are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The KRAS(G12C) mutation is the most common genetic mutation in North American lung adenocarcinoma patients. Recently, direct inhibitors of the KRASG12C protein have been developed and demonstrate clinical response rates of 37-43%. Importantly, these agents fail to generate durable therapeutic responses with median progression-free survival of ~6.5 months. Methods: To provide models for further preclinical improvement of these inhibitors, we generated three novel murine KRASG12C-driven lung cancer cell lines. The co-occurring NRASQ61L mutation in KRASG12C-positive LLC cells was deleted and the KRASG12V allele in CMT167 cells was edited to KRASG12C with CRISPR/Cas9 methods. Also, a novel murine KRASG12C line, mKRC.1, was established from a tumor generated in a genetically-engineered mouse model. Results: The three lines exhibit similar in vitro sensitivities to KRASG12C inhibitors (MRTX-1257, MRTX-849, AMG-510), but distinct in vivo responses to MRTX-849 ranging from progressive growth with orthotopic LLC-NRAS KO tumors to modest shrinkage with mKRC.1 tumors. All three cell lines exhibited synergistic in vitro growth inhibition with combinations of MRTX-1257 and the SHP2/PTPN11 inhibitor, RMC-4550. Moreover, treatment with a MRTX-849/RMC-4550 combination yielded transient tumor shrinkage in orthotopic LLC-NRAS KO tumors propagated in syngeneic mice and durable shrinkage of mKRC.1 tumors. Notably, single-agent MRTX-849 activity in mKRC.1 tumors and the combination response in LLC-NRAS KO tumors was lost when the experiments were performed in athymic nu/nu mice, supporting a growing literature demonstrating a role for adaptive immunity in the response to this class of drugs. Discussion: These new models of murine KRASG12C mutant lung cancer should prove valuable for identifying improved therapeutic combination strategies with KRASG12C inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we presented the synthesis of azacrownophanes containing tetrahydropyridine or piperidone rings. The multicomponent reactions were performed and afforded tetrahydropyridine or piperidone derivatives which strongly depended on used substrates. Structure of tetrahydropyridine and piperidone derivatives was differentiated by spectrometry methods such as IR, HRMS, NMR and single‐crystal Xray diffraction. Eight synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity through Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Three tetrahydropyridine derivatives displayed the most potent cytotoxic activity against Hep‐G2 and Lu‐1 cell lines with the IC50 values around 8 μM and 31.62 μM, respectively. The screening result of antimicrobial activities of all compounds showed negative values at a tested concentration of 50 μg/ml. The ADME study was calculated to provide some useful information about the structure and bioactivity relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated significant clinical benefit for ROS1+ NSCLC patients. However, TKI resistance inevitably develops through ROS1 kinase domain (KD) modification or another kinase driving bypass signaling. While multiple TKIs have been designed to target ROS1 KD mutations, less is known about bypass signaling in TKI‐resistant ROS1+ lung cancers. Methods: Utilizing a primary, patient‐derived TPM3‐ROS1 cell line (CUTO28), we derived an entrectinib‐resistant line (CUTO28‐ER). We evaluated proliferation and signaling responses to TKIs, and utilized RNA sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect transcriptional, mutational, and copy number alterations, respectively. We substantiated in vitro findings using a CD74‐ROS1 NSCLC patient's tumor samples. Last, we analyzed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from ROS1+ NSCLC patients in the STARTRK‐2 entrectinib trial to determine the prevalence of MET amplification. Results: CUTO28‐ER cells did not exhibit ROS1 KD mutations. MET TKIs inhibited proliferation and downstream signaling and MET transcription was elevated in CUTO28‐ER cells. CUTO28‐ER cells displayed extrachromosomal (ecDNA) MET amplification without MET activating mutations, exon 14 skipping, or fusions. The CD74‐ROS1 patient samples illustrated MET amplification while receiving ROS1 TKI. Finally, two of 105 (1.9%) entrectinib‐resistant ROS1+ NSCLC STARTRK‐2 patients with ctDNA analysis at enrollment and disease progression displayed MET amplification. Conclusions: Treatment with ROS1‐selective inhibitors may lead to MET‐mediated resistance. The discovery of ecDNA MET amplification is noteworthy, as ecDNA is associated with more aggressive cancers. Following progression on ROS1‐selective inhibitors, MET gene testing and treatments targeting MET should be explored to overcome MET‐driven resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to propose a comprehensive model to help understand factors influencing the intention to participate in a destination management system (DMS) amongst tourism stakeholders in Vietnam which are considered as the determinants of the successful implementation of the system. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted to investigate key stakeholders' opinions of participating in a DMS. In total, 301 questionnaires were used for analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models of the study. Findings: Factors that influence various tourism stakeholders' intention to participate in the national DMS in Vietnam have been identified and examined. The results identify the important predictors of the tourism stakeholders' participation in the DMS including information quality, DMS operator readiness, government regulations and technology awareness. Interestingly, technology awareness was ascertained as a significant mediator for the relationship between performance expectancy, social influence, technology competency, competitive pressure and the intention to participate in the DMS. Originality/value: This study has a unique theoretical contribution by developing a comprehensive model to predict the intention to participate in a DMS amongst tourism stakeholders with the modification and combination of three theoretical models and frameworks: the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model, technology–organisation–environment (TOE) framework and updated DeLone and McLean information systems (D&M IS) success model. It is expected to be a useful reference source for tourism management departments that want to develop DMSs in Vietnam. This model also can be used as an initial investigation for DMS implementation studies at other destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been used to measure three strong vibronic bands in the near infrared spectrum of the C2H, ethynyl, radical not previously observed in the gas phase. The radical was produced by ultraviolet excimer laser photolysis of either acetylene or (1,1,1)-trifluoropropyne in a slowly flowing sample of the precursor diluted in inert gas, and the spectral resolution was Doppler-limited. The character of the upper states was determined from the rotational and fine structure in the observed spectra and assigned by measurement of ground state rotational combination differences. The upper states include a ²Σ+ state at 6696 cm-1, a second ²Σ+ state at 7088 cm-1, and a ²Π state at 7110 cm-1. By comparison with published calculations [R. Tarroni and S. Carter, J. Chem. Phys 119, 12878 (2003); Mol. Phys. 102, 2167 (2004)], the vibronic character of these levels was also assigned. The observed states contain both X ²Σ+ and A 2? electronic characters. Several local rotational level perturbations were observed in the excited states. Kinetic measurements of the time-evolution of the ground state populations following collisional relaxation and reactive loss of the radicals formed in a hot, non-thermal, population distribution were made using some of the strong rotational lines observed. The case of C2H may be a good place to investigate the behavior at intermediate pressures of inert colliders, where the competition between relaxation and reaction can be tuned and observed to compare with master equation models, rather than deliberately suppressed to measure thermal rate constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript reports the synthesis, X-ray characterization and DFT study of a series of all-cis 1,4:2,3:5,8:6,7-tetraepoxynaphthalenes (decahydro-2,6:3,5-diepoxynaphtho[2,3-b:6,7-b′]bis(oxirene) derivatives) obtained by the tandem [4 + 2] cycloaddition between dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and three difurans as bis-dienes (the IMDAF reaction). The "pincer"-type adduct formation is controlled by using kinetic conditions. For this work, we were only interested in the synthesis of "pincer"-type adducts to study the formation self-assembled dimers that are governed by quite short C–H⋯O H-bonds. The existence of the "through-space" alpha-effect in the "pincer"-type adducts increases their ability to establish bifurcated C–H⋯O2 H-bonds in the solid state. That is, the close distance between the O-bridge atoms provokes an interesting through space lone pair⋯lone pair (LP⋯LP) interaction that increases the H-bond acceptor ability of the O-atoms. It has been analyzed using DFT calculations, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) and noncovalent interaction plot (NCIplot) index computational tools. This is the second study of the literature where "alpha-effect" hydrogen bonds (AEHBs) are described and studied. The novelty of the present work resides in the exhaustive epoxidation of the double bonds in the resulting "pincer"-type adducts that increases the number of possible H-bond acceptors in the target vicinal tetra-epoxynaphthalenes. The X-ray analyses of the three synthesized tetra-epoxides reveal that the AEHBs are predominant in the solid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knee arthroscopy is a complex minimally invasive surgery that can cause unintended injuries to femoral cartilage or postoperative complications, or both. Autonomous robotic systems using real-time volumetric ultrasound (US) imaging guidance hold potential for reducing significantly these issues and for improving patient outcomes. To enable the robotic system to navigate autonomously in the knee joint, the imaging system should provide the robot with a real-time comprehensive map of the surgical site. To this end, the first step is automatic image quality assessment, to ensure that the boundaries of the relevant knee structures are defined well enough to be detected, outlined, and then tracked. In this article, a recently developed one-class classifier deep learning algorithm was used to discriminate among the US images acquired in a simulated surgical scenario on which the femoral cartilage either could or could not be outlined. A total of 38 656 2-D US images were extracted from 151 3-D US volumes, collected from six volunteers, and were labeled as “1” or as “0” when an expert was or was not able to outline the cartilage on the image, respectively. The algorithm was evaluated using the expert labels as ground truth with a fivefold cross validation, where each fold was trained and tested on average with 15 640 and 6246 labeled images, respectively. The algorithm reached a mean accuracy of 78.4% ± 5.0, mean specificity of 72.5% ± 9.4, mean sensitivity of 82.8% ± 5.8, and mean area under the curve of 85% ± 4.4. In addition, interobserver and intraobserver tests involving two experts were performed on an image subset of 1536 2-D US images. Percent agreement values of 0.89 and 0.93 were achieved between two experts (i.e., interobserver) and by each expert (i.e., intraobserver), respectively. These results show the feasibility of the first essential step in the development of automatic US image acquisition and interpretation systems for autonomous robotic knee arthroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates determinants of the earnings distribution for native-born workers and immigrant workers in two countries. The authors, using data from the 2000 U.S. Census and 2001 Australian Census, employ a methodology (quantile regression) that facilitates measurement of the native-born/immigrant earnings differential and the partial effect of explanatory variables such as schooling and experience at each decile of the earnings distribution. They find evidence that schooling and labor market experience had stronger earnings effects at higher deciles. The native/immigrant earnings gap varied by decile, and in particular increased in the United States at higher deciles. The results suggest that in the United States minimum wages compressed earnings at low deciles, whereas in Australia the minimum (administered) wage system compressed earnings across the entire distribution. A pattern of higher earnings for immigrants than for the native-born at the lowest earnings decile in Australia may reflect favorable selectivity in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On-line vehicle dispatching rules are widely used in many facilities such as warehouses and manufacturing facilities to control vehicles' movements. Single-attribute dispatching rules, which dispatch vehicles based on only one parameter, are usually used. However, multi-attribute dispatching rules prove to be better in general. In this paper, we study the impact of reassigning moving vehicles on some good dispatching rules, both single- and multi-attribute, in the literature. Results suggest that reassigning moving-to-park vehicles has a significant positive effect on reducing the average load waiting time. We evaluate the dispatching rules' performance using the experimental design of a real-life case study. The performance criteria are: minimizing the average load waiting time, keeping the maximum load waiting time as short as possible and utilizing better vehicles. The results show that the combined dispatching rules which integrates multi-attribute dispatching and vehicle reassignment yields the best performance overall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of Vietnamese international students who have returned to Vietnam after graduation from a U.S. higher education institution. The findings suggest that participants found it harder to readjust to Vietnam than to adjust to the U.S. even though they had lived most of their lives in Vietnam. Time in the U.S. had changed them considerably, making it difficult for them to fit back into their old lives in Vietnam. Most of them did not expect to experience reserve culture shock, and most had made real efforts to fit back into the Vietnamese environment and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a disease in which tumor growth is commonly driven by alterations along the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS-RAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (A) MET-GAB1 proximity ligation assay (PLA) analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples from the HLA-DRB1-MET patient, two different MET exon 14 (ex14) skipping-positive patients, and an ALK rearrangement-positive patient (negative control). 12 Paik PK Drilon A Fan PDet al: Response to MET inhibitors in patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinomas harboring MET mutations causing exon 14 skipping. [Extracted from the article]

International female graduate students have to negotiate multiple aspects of their identities as non-native learners and women in a society with different gender norms than their home countries. However, their experiences have not been well researched within the scholarship on international students. In this study, using the phenomenological approach, we explored the phenomenon of being an international female graduate student in the U.S. The seven participants are diverse in terms of countries of origin, academic programs, and life situations. Using open-ended questions, we conducted in-depth one-on-one interviews with the participants. The findings indicate that the participants perceived being international female graduate students at this university as a positive, life-changing, and transformative experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of attitudes toward economic risk on occupational choice. Workers with a more favourable disposition toward economic risk have a higher probability of being employed in the more prestigious, high-paying Professional and Administrative occupations. Potential biases associated with omitted genetic and family background factors are considered. The marked differential in attitudes toward economic risk between males and females, however, makes only a minor contribution to the considerable occupational segregation on the basis of gender in the contemporary Australian labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The targeting of oncogenic ‘driver’ kinases with small molecule inhibitors has proven to be a highly effective therapeutic strategy in selected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, acquired resistance to targeted therapies invariably arises and is a major limitation to patient care. ROS1 fusion proteins are a recently described class of oncogenic driver, and NSCLC patients that express these fusions generally respond well to ROS1-targeted therapy. In this study, we sought to determine mechanisms of acquired resistance to ROS1 inhibition. To accomplish this, we analyzed tumor samples from a patient who initially responded to the ROS1 inhibitor crizotinib but eventually developed acquired resistance. In addition, we generated a ROS1 inhibition-resistant derivative of the initially sensitive NSCLC cell line HCC78. Previously described mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors including target kinase-domain mutation, target copy number gain, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and conversion to small cell lung cancer histology were found to not underlie resistance in the patient sample or resistant cell line. However, we did observe a switch in the control of growth and survival signaling pathways from ROS1 to EGFR in the resistant cell line. As a result of this switch, ROS1 inhibition-resistant HCC78 cells became sensitive to EGFR inhibition, an effect that was enhanced by co-treatment with a ROS1 inhibitor. Our results suggest that co-inhibition of ROS1 and EGFR may be an effective strategy to combat resistance to targeted therapy in some ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identified new gene fusions in patients with lung cancer harboring the kinase domain of the NTRK1 gene that encodes the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (TRKA protein). Both the MPRIP-NTRK1 and CD74-NTRK1 fusions lead to constitutive TRKA kinase activity and are oncogenic. Treatment of cells expressing NTRK1 fusions with inhibitors of TRKA kinase activity inhibited autophosphorylation of TRKA and cell growth. Tumor samples from 3 of 91 patients with lung cancer (3.3%) without known oncogenic alterations assayed by next-generation sequencing or fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated evidence of NTRK1 gene fusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the 2006 Australian Time Use Survey to examine the allocation of time to personal care, employment-related activities, home duties, leisure and child care of lone mothers, in comparison to the time allocations of single women, women in childless couples and partnered mothers. Both primary and secondary time allocations are considered. The satisfactions that women report concerning their current time allocations are also analysed. The time use and satisfaction data are described using both tabulations and multiple regression methods. Lone mothers are shown to have similar time allocations as the other types of households, even though they have different financial and time resources. This raises the concern that lone mothers- desire or need to maintain such time allocations may lead to task overload. Consistent with this, lone mothers are found to be less satisfied with the way they allocate their time than single women and partnered mothers. The tensions associated with time use among lone mothers discussed in the literature are real, and important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter describes the status of community colleges in Vietnam in the current context of the Vietnamese higher education system. Historical background and suggestions for the future development of Vietnamese community colleges are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the well-documented advantages of additional years of education, many Australians still leave school before completing Year 12, and less than one-half of high-school graduates complete tertiary studies. The reasons for this have been the subject of considerable research, with one of the primary aims being to investigate the role of inequality of opportunity as a determinant of educational attainment. Where inequality of opportunity adversely affects educational outcomes, appropriate policy intervention may be able to increase both efficiency and equity ( ). In this article, we use information on twins to assess the role of family background (or environment) in determining educational attainment in Australia, and to assess the changes in this role over recent decades. Our best estimate is that environmental diversity accounts for as little as 8 per cent of the variance in educational outcomes. Moreover, in the face of rather substantial changes in the arrangements for financing tertiary education in Australia, the influence of common family background on educational outcomes has not changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study employs multiple regression models based on DeFries and Fulker (1985), and a large sample of twins, to assess heritability in attitudes towards economic risk, and the extent to which this heritability differs between males and females. Consistent with Cesarini et al. (2009), it is found that attitudes towards risk are moderately heritable, with about 20 percent of the variation in these attitudes across individuals being linked to genetic differences. This value is less than one-half the estimates reported by Zyphur et al. (2009) and Zhong et al. (2009). While females are more risk averse than males, there is no evidence that heritability in attitudes towards risk differs between males and females. Even though heritability is shown to be important to economic risk-taking, the analyses suggest that multivariate studies of the determinants of attitudes towards risk which to not take heritability into consideration still provide reliable estimates of the partial effects of other key variables, such as gender and educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender pay issues in the US labour market are examined using 1990 and 2000 US Census data for three groups: the native born, immigrants from English-speaking countries and immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. Quantile regression estimates reveal different patterns of wage effects across the wage distribution. Females have lower rates of pay across the entire wage scale. There is minimal evidence of glass ceiling effects. Immigrant women from non-English-speaking countries are argued to experience a double disadvantage effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the employability and labour market aspirations of prisoners. The results suggest that repeat prisoners are less likely to be employed than non-repeat prisoners. However, a large proportion of the employment differential between repeat and non-repeat prisoners is due to differences in coefficients. There is no evidence to suggest that the frequency of incarceration affects individual characteristics that may limit prisoners’ labour market aspirations after their release from prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional wisdom in Australia is that policy aimed at reducing imbalances in the representation of different socioeconomic classes in the tertiary sector should be aimed at encouraging completion of high school. The analyses in this paper suggest, however, that most of the differences in the socioeconomic mix of tertiary students are due to different propensities of high school graduates to pursue tertiary studies. The relatively low rate of university participation among rural students, however, needs to be addressed by encouraging the completion of high school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the determinants of high school graduation in Australia. It uses two main approaches to estimation. The first of these is a conventional probit model based on a range of family background and demographic variables. This approach is then extended through consideration of a random parameters probit model. The results show that schools matter to the chances of completing high school in Australia. However, the school effects seem to have more to do with the selection of more able students with superior socioeconomic backgrounds than with the independent creation of favourable school or classroom climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to invest in education is influenced by a large number of economic, social, family, personal and institutional factors. Many of these changed in Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. Several of the more important of these changes, such as the Equal Pay for Equal Work decision of 1969, the Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value decision of 1972 and the Sex Discrimination Act of 1984, are not expected to have impacted equally on the schooling decisions of males and females. The broader economic environment of this period also seems to have favoured females. Using the Youth in Transition Survey, this paper attempts to explain differences in the schooling decisions of two cohorts, namely individuals born in 1961 and 1970, which would have made their school-leaving decisions during the 1970s and 1980s. The aims are to establish whether the way in which education decisions are made differ across cohorts, and to assess whether any such differences can be related to the institutional reforms and labour market changes that occurred over the 1960-1980 period. The analyses show that females have a higher probability of completing year 12 than males and the gender difference in rates of year 12 completion widened over the decade under review. The increase in the probability of females completing year 12 relative to that of males is due almost entirely to differential rates of change in the characteristics of males and females. Changes in the estimated coefficients play a minor role in explaining the gender difference in school-leaving decisions. This suggests that major changes in the labour market with a focus on females per se during the 1970s and 1980s have had little impact on the difference in school-leaving decisions between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the Wellington (1993) and Smith and Welch (1989) decompositions of changes in labour market outcomes over time. The two examples considered are differences by gender in educational attainment and the gender wage differential. The results suggest that even though the procedure developed by Wellington (1993) has been favoured in recent research, the Smith and Welch decomposition is a more informative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the determinants of school choice (government, Catholic or other independent schools) as well as the success in completing year 12 for cohorts of students born in 1961 and 1970. The results show that those attending Catholic and other independent schools have favourable socio-economic backgrounds. Ability has a significant and positive effect on the probability of completing year 12. There is no evidence of unobserved selection effects on the probability of completing year 12 for the 1961 cohort. For the 1970 cohort, there is negative selection into other independent schools and positive selection into Catholic schools. Decomposition results further reveal that selection on the basis of observed characteristics accounts for only a small part of the observed differences in year 12 completion rates across the three school systems. In comparison, selection on the basis of unobserved factors is an important part of the difference in year 12 completion rates. The school effects for both cohorts are much larger than those reported in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ways that productivity, personal characteristics such as birthplace and gender, structural factors and labour market history impact on the distribution of the burden of unemployment. It is shown that labour market history is a major explanator of unemployment outcomes in the Australian labour market. The results from the empirical analyses of unemployment outcomes are used to identify individuals at risk of being unemployed. When individuals classified as at risk of being unemployed are followed through time, it is found that they spend considerable time looking for work and have short working spells. This suggests a risk index approach may have considerable merit as a way of identifying the relative difficulty individuals experience in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the Australian labour market during the 1980s reported that the gender wage differential narrowed. However, a different story emerged during the 1990s when the gender pay gap persisted. A large part of the pay gap is attributable to different ‘treatments’ of men and women in the labour market. This article examines whether the female wage-disadvantaged state is a temporary or permanent phenomenon. The results show that while there is some mobility in the female wage distribution, there also exists a high degree of stickiness. It is argued that the wage-disadvantaged state for females is generally not a temporary phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]