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The study aims to measure the profitability of spice crops, their marketing channels, marketing efficiency, and price spread effects. The study was based on a field survey of 320 spice farmers of Haryana state in India carried out between 2020 and 2021. The authors presented analytical purposes, compound growth rate, cost–benefit ratio, marketing channels, marketing efficiency and price spread effect. The growth of area and production of spice crops is not very strong compared to the profitability of spice crops. Cost–benefit ratio shows that spice crops are more profitable than traditional crops for farmers. However, due to high cost of cultivation, volatile prices, and fear of crop failure, area under spices cultivation is very small. Price spread effect is very high in channel I and II. The majority of farmers adopted inefficient marketing channel (low price for producer and high price for consumer) due to lack of storage facility and weak financial health. The role of government is important for protecting the rights of producers as well as consumers. Mediators' role should be minimized by government policy in the marketing of spice crops in Haryana so that farmers can charge the right price for their spice crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical issue of farmer indebtedness as the primary cause of agrarian distress in Haryana, India. The pervasive challenge of debt negatively impacts farmers' livelihoods and agricultural sustainability, creating a cycle that hampers investment in modern farming technologies and sustainable practices. The study highlights the disproportionate access to credit, with institutional lenders favoring semi-medium, medium, and larger farmers, while small and marginalized farmers resort to non-institutional sources with higher interest rates. This unequal access perpetuates financial strain on the latter group. The findings emphasize the urgent need for government intervention and institutional support to assist marginalized and small farmers. The study advocates for comprehensive measures, including risk mitigation strategies, enhanced credit access, minimum support prices, and sustainable agricultural policies, to break the cycle of farmer debt and ensure the well-being of those crucial to our food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to identify the constraints in credit accessibility from Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies in Haryana State, India. The primary data were used for achieving the objective of the study. The primary data were collected in the second quarter of 2022 by employing the schedule. The multistage purposive cum proportionate random sampling techniques were adopted to select a sample of 540 respondents. The percentage was used for data analysis. The constraints in accessing credit are identified faced by beneficiary farmers and nonbeneficiary farmers. The major constraints faced by the beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS are inadequate credit limit (87.40%), short time to repayment of loan (66.29%), high penalty rate (55.92%), and unavailability of medium-term loans (50.00%). While inadequate credit limit (80.00%), no new accounts opened (72.22%) and fear of being a defaulter (47.78%) were the major constraints faced by the non-beneficiary farmers in accessing credit from PACS. The various constraints were identified in accessing credit from PACS. Credit limits should be extended on the basis of the scale of the finance. Medium-term loans need to be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject and purpose of work: T he s tudy a ims t o identify t he constraints in t he f unctioning of PACS in Haryana, India. Materials and methods: The study was based on primary data collected from nine PACS managers through schedule. The purposive sampling technique was employed for the selection of PACS. The percentage was used for data analysis. The data were collected in the second quarter of 2022. Results: The study found that 100 % of PACS managers regarded lack of adequate funds, a low level of deposits, and increased day-to-day government intervention as constraints in the functioning of PACS. Subsequently, the respondents mentioned inability to mobilise resources (77.77%), lack of managerial skills (77.77%), lack of trained staff (55.55%), improper channel of recovery system (44.44%), untimely repayment and poor recovery percentage of the loan (44.44%), political interference (33.33%), difficulties due to low educational level of borrowers (22.22%), and uncooperative attitude of borrowers (11.11%). Conclusions: Main constraints in the functioning of PACS are lack of adequate funds, a low level of deposits, increased day-to-day government intervention, inability to mobilise resources, and lack of managerial skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject and purpose of work: The study aims to analyse the existing marketing system along with marketing channels, costs, margins, and marketing efficiency. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the districts of Sirsa, Sonipat and Yamuna Nagar in Haryana during the year 2020–21. The study was based on primary data collected from a field survey with the help of a pre-tested questionnaire. A simple tabulated method, price spread, and market efficiency analyses were employed. Results: The study revealed that the producer share in terms of consumer rupees is the highest in Channel VI, followed by Channels IV, V and II. Channel VI is the most efficient channel due to the absence of intermediaries. Channel I is the least efficient due to the greatest number of intermediaries present in this channel. Conclusions: The study has suggested that the government should regulate the fruit trade so that the involvement of mediators in the fruit market may be reduced. Cold storage should be provided at a reasonable price. The government should provide transportation facilities (refrigerated lorries) for fruit products at a reasonable cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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