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Recent market growth in women's sport has happened as fans increasingly support brands that embrace social issues, suggesting that women's sport houses multiple logics (financial and social) that may be compatible. The purpose of this study is to explore employees' perspectives of the logics in women's sport and how these influence their workplace experiences. Using a case study design, we interviewed 15 women's sport employees. We observed that they navigate both financial and social logics, which they see as compatible. This understanding of a complementary relationship has both behavioral (e.g., collaboration) and emotional (e.g., collective anxiety) consequences for employees. Notably, collective anxiety is simultaneously associated with negative effects and positive coping mechanisms, demonstrating its complexity in shaping individuals' actions. This research advances understanding of how employees respond to multiple logics and the effects of this process. Insights from this study can help women's sport managers better support workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid 1980s, Lichtenstein, Pnueli, and Zuck proved a classical theorem stating that every formula of Past LTL (the extension of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) with past operators) is equivalent to a formula of the form \(\bigwedge _{i=1}^n {\mathbf {G}}{\mathbf {F}}\varphi _i \vee {\mathbf {F}}{\mathbf {G}}\psi _i\) , where φi and ψi contain only past operators. Some years later, Chang, Manna, and Pnueli built on this result to derive a similar normal form for LTL. Both normalization procedures have a non-elementary worst-case blow-up, and follow an involved path from formulas to counter-free automata to star-free regular expressions and back to formulas. We improve on both points. We present direct and purely syntactic normalization procedures for LTL, yielding a normal form very similar to the one by Chang, Manna, and Pnueli, that exhibit only a single exponential blow-up. As an application, we derive a simple algorithm to translate LTL into deterministic Rabin automata. The algorithm normalizes the formula, translates it into a special very weak alternating automaton, and applies a simple determinization procedure, valid only for these special automata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) and reversible logic have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional CMOS technology, offering several advantages, such as ultra-dense structures and ultra-low-power consumption. Among the crucial components of processors, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) has witnessed significant advancements in reversible computing, leading to energy-efficient and high-speed computing systems, particularly beneficial for Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications. Conventional ALUs, reliant on irreversible logic, encounter energy inefficiencies due to information loss during computations, resulting in increased power consumption. Moreover, they may face limitations in processing speed, impacting real-time processing capabilities, especially for complex DSP tasks involving intensive arithmetic and logic operations. In response to these challenges, a research paper presents a pioneering approach, proposing a novel reversible ALU design using QCA nanotechnology. The proposed design ingeniously incorporates Modified Fredkin (MF) gates, and a coplanar reversible full adder based on the HNG gate, skillfully leveraging the unique features of QCA nanotechnology to optimize the ALU's energy-efficient and high-speed performance for DSP applications. This revolutionary QCA reversible ALU comprises 330 QCA cells arranged in a compact 0.41 μm2 area, skillfully realized through the coplanar clock-zone-based crossover approach. Its core computational elements, the three MF gates, and the innovative coplanar reversible full adder empower the ALU to execute a remarkable array of 20 distinct arithmetic and logic operations, showcasing its versatility in handling diverse DSP tasks. The proposed structure undergoes extensive simulations utilizing QCADesigner version 2.0.3 to confirm its performance. The evaluation results manifest substantial improvements compared to previous designs, boasting a 30% reduction in area occupancy, a 20% decrement in cell count, a 10% reduction in latency, and a 10% decrease in quantum cost compared to the best-known previous structure. These compelling outcomes solidify the potential of the proposed reversible ALU as a transformative advancement in energy-efficient and high-speed computing for DSP applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A capability machine is a type of CPU allowing fine-grained privilege separation using capabilities, machine words that represent certain kinds of authority. We present a mathematical model and accompanying proof methods that can be used for formal verification of functional correctness of programs running on a capability machine, even when they invoke and are invoked by unknown (and possibly malicious) code. We use a program logic called Cerise for reasoning about known code, and an associated logical relation, for reasoning about unknown code. The logical relation formally captures the capability safety guarantees provided by the capability machine. The Cerise program logic, logical relation, and all the examples considered in the paper have been mechanized using the Iris program logic framework in the Coq proof assistant. The methodology we present underlies recent work of the authors on formal reasoning about capability machines [Georges et al. 2021; Skorstengaard et al. 2019a; Van Strydonck et al. 2022], but was left somewhat implicit in those publications. In this paper we present a pedagogical introduction to the methodology, in a simpler setting (no exotic capabilities), and starting from minimal examples. We work our way up to new results about a heap-based calling convention and implementations of sophisticated object-capability patterns of the kind previously studied for high-level languages with object-capabilities, demonstrating that the methodology scales to such reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business history provides multiple examples of similar managerial crises occurring over an extended period. Despite the growing need for improved management decision-making, managers continue to demonstrate a lack of reflexivity and revert to formulaic practices that have contributed to previous events. In response, we employ the institutional logics perspective to explain causes of managers' nonreflexive decision-making, and as a basis for a new historical focus within business schools. Specifically, we extend the model of collective memory-making to develop a pedagogical model that outlines how management educators can develop students' historical sensibility—that is, their sensitivity to and appreciation of possible pasts and the impact of managerial actions on history—to overcome the constraining influence of dominant logics on managers' decision-making. To this end, we advocate that management educators develop students' abilities to procure and evaluate historical documents with reference to context; critically analyze retrieved documents and synthesize narratives; and communicate those narratives. The harnessing of historical sensibility is assisted by articulation of specific action foci. By focusing on both the development and harnessing of historical sensibility, we go beyond the presumption that more history will (and should) ensure better management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that the three concepts of (1) firms' operant resources, (2) firms' masterful operant resources, and (3) masterful marketing academic competences extend S-D logic to the marketing discipline, itself. Specifically, this essay argues that individual marketing academics can, like firms, exhibit a masterful ability for addressing the marketing discipline's important problems. We argue that this ability, this competence, can attain the status of 'masterful' in certain individuals and provide evidence that Professor Michael J. Baker did, indeed, have a masterful marketing competence. That is, he did indeed have a significant body of marketing knowledge, and he did indeed use this knowledge in a masterful manner to address important problems of the marketing discipline. Accordingly, he deserves the appellation 'masterful marketing academic.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fit plays a key role in organizational entry decisions. However, selecting staff based on their anticipated fit is vulnerable to bias, potentially leading to inequality, stratification, and polarization. First, we focus on person–organization fit and critically examine arguments for and against the hegemonic perspective that selecting for person–organization fit is an effective, responsible, and ethically appropriate approach. This is a controversial subject with bifurcated positions. On the one hand, there should be benefits for employers and employees, such as increased performance, productivity, motivation, and engagement. On the other hand, there are some potentially major downsides, such as subjective bias, reduced diversity, and fears that greater homogeneity will bring about organizational dysfunction. We reveal that two forms of fit, organizational fit and interpersonal fit, have been conflated, and recommend disaggregating them. Second, we critically examine person–job fit and demonstrate that it too has both positive and negative sides. We produce a consolidated version of these different elements of "selecting for fit" that integrates the various literatures and informs policy. We advance five practical recommendations to improve the use of fit in personnel selection that help to realize its inclusive promise and minimize its deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA circuits are important fundamental tools for performing temporal logic operations with complex structures, but they lack sequence orthogonality. Here, we developed a simple and orthogonal hairpin exonuclease assistance signal (H-EAST) architecture to construct DNA domino circuits with time-delay characteristics and temporal logic operations, which has potential applications in biomolecular computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite research on differences in moral logics across demographic categories, the overall community structure in how Americans share standards of judgment, and hence a fundamental basis for categorical inequalities, remains unclear. To identify communities of shared moral logics, we inductively code judgments in interview transcripts from a probability sample of Americans. We then identify clusters in a network induced by similarities in how Americans judge. We find that competence and prosociality emerge as primary logics by which Americans judge others positively. Gender is the strongest predictor for which moral logics Americans deploy in daily life. Finally, different communities emerge in judgments of institutions, or in negative judgments, suggesting that Americans deploy various moral logics depending on context, which suggests possibilities for bridging categorical divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a lot of research in Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) technology because it promises low power consumption, low complexity, low latency, and compact space. Simultaneously, approximate arithmetic, a new paradigm in computing, streamlines the computational process and emerges as a low-power, high-performance design approach for arithmetic circuits. Furthermore, the XOR gate has been widely used in digital design and is a basic building block that can be used in many upcoming technologies. The full adder (FA) circuit is a key component of QCA technology and is utilized in arithmetic logic operations including subtraction, multiplication, and division. A great deal of research has been done on the design of approximate FA, full subtractor (FS), full adder/subtractor (FA/S), and 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) based on XOR logic, establishing them as essential components in the creation of QCA-based arithmetic circuits. This study presents three new and effective QCA-based circuits, based on XOR logic: an approximate FA, an approximate FS, an approximate FA/S, and an approximate 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA). Interestingly, some designs have inputs on one side and outputs on the other, making it easier to reach the components without being encircled by other cells and leading to a more effective circuit design. In particular, a delay of 0.5 clock phases, an area of 0.01 μm2, and implementation utilizing just 11 cells was accomplished in the approximate FA and subtractor designs. In a similar vein, the estimated FA/S designs showed 0.5 clock phase delay, 0.01 μm2 area, and 12 cells used for implementation. An approximate 4-bit RCA is proposed using 64 QCA cells. The effectiveness of these designs is evaluated through functional verification with the QCADesigner program. According to simulation results, these proposed solutions not only function well but significantly outperform previous ideas in terms of speed and space. The proposed FA, FS, and RCA designs surpassed the previous best designs by 21%, 21%, and 43%, respectively, in terms of cell count. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Signal is an end-to-end encrypted communication protocol composed of a double ratchet (DR) protocol and an extended triple Diffie-Hellman (X3DH) protocol. Its complex ratchet structure and the characteristics of protocol composition make it challenging to realize formal analysis. A formal analysis method based on logic of events theory (LoET) is proposed to conduct a security analysis of the Signal protocol. The method includes inference rules with key relation and key chain as the core to realize the formal analysis of ratchet structure, and the inference relation between sub-protocols is established by putting forward the composition theorem. The proposed method achieves a formal analysis of Signal, revealing that it does not satisfy a strong authentication property during the X3DH phase. The results show that the LoET-based method can be effectively applied in the formal analysis of Signal protocols, thus promoting the application and development of these protocols with ratchet structure and composition properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical practice has increased recently. Numerous AI models have been developed in the field of anesthesiology; however, their use in clinical settings remains limited. This study aimed to identify the gap between AI research and its implementation in anesthesiology via a systematic review of randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis (CRD42022353727). Methods: We searched the databases of Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Xplore (IEEE), and Google Scholar and retrieved randomized controlled trials comparing conventional and AI-assisted anesthetic management published between the date of inception of the database and August 31, 2023. Results: Eight randomized controlled trials were included in this systematic review (n = 568 patients), including 286 and 282 patients who underwent anesthetic management with and without AI-assisted interventions, respectively. AI-assisted interventions used in the studies included fuzzy logic control for gas concentrations (one study) and the Hypotension Prediction Index (seven studies; adding only one indicator). Seven studies had small sample sizes (n = 30 to 68, except for the largest), and meta-analysis including the study with the largest sample size (n = 213) showed no difference in a hypotension-related outcome (mean difference of the time-weighted average of the area under the threshold 0.22, 95% confidence interval -0.03 to 0.48, P = 0.215, I2 93.8%). Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that randomized controlled trials on AI-assisted interventions in anesthesiology are in their infancy, and approaches that take into account complex clinical practice should be investigated in the future. Trial registration: This study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022353727). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we regard concepts of inclusion and exclusion as epistemological obstacles for a political (rather than a critical) analysis of migration. Working with the rich conceptual innovations and scientific and philosophical genealogies developed by Denise Ferreira Da Silva in Toward a Global Idea of Race , we seek to show how concepts of inclusion and exclusion, as well as equations between migration and mobility fortify what Da Silva has called 'globality' and 'raciality'. Either explicitly or implicitly according primacy to inclusion means that what Da Silva calls 'the logic of exclusion' ultimately folds into what she terms 'the logic of obliteration', which revolves around the necessary assimilation of the European other to the Euro-white subject. As we argue, today, the racial institution of the global operates to a large extent by way of the conceptual, classificatory and ocular practices that make up what is known as 'migration', which continues to be understood (falsely but constitutively) as cross-border mobility. We seek to show how 'migration', and its concomitant binary analytic of inclusion and exclusion, has become an apparatus separating what Da Silva calls the 'transcendental I', that is, the universal, self-determining, Euro-white subject, from those primarily characterized and known by what Da Silva calls 'affectability', that is, external determination. In the hierarchy of humans that ensues, migrants become recognizable as racially inferior, affectable not-quite-subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper mobilises a personal experience of participation in a population-based health screen to explore wider aspects of subjectivity, choice and freedom. The screen is a familiar feature of contemporary society and represents a broader 'health imperative'. It intrinsically enforces a binary choice and thus, within its own remit, produces two reductive modes of being its subject characterised, respectively, by assent and refusal. Merleau-Ponty's account of a 'conditioned freedom' operating within a primordial, embodied subjectivity, however, allows a recuperation of aspects of my enactment of choice that tend otherwise to be eclipsed within the screen's binary logic. The thinking of two more recent writers deepens my understanding of how this freedom might play out within experience. David Abram helps me grasp the extent to which I encounter the screen as an ageing animal. Meanwhile a contrast with a very different historical and inter-cultural confrontation explored by Eduardo De Castro raises far-reaching questions around the bindingness of decision and the self/other relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This volume is one of two special issues collecting articles by invited speakers of the conference 'Celebrating 90 Years of Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems' held in Nürtingen (Germany) in July 2021. The conference was organized by the Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Center at the University of Tübingen with support by the ERC-funded project Gödel Enigma: Rediscovering Kurt Gödel through his unpublished works at the University of Helsinki and by the Kurt Gödel Society in Vienna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that the provability logic of all provability predicates is exactly Fitting, Marek, and Truszczyński's pure logic of necessitation |$\textsf{N}$|⁠. Moreover, we introduce three extensions |$\textsf{N4}$|⁠ , |$\textsf{NR}$| and |$\textsf{NR4}$| of |$\textsf{N}$| and investigate the arithmetical semantics of these logics. In fact, we prove that |$\textsf{N4}$|⁠ , |$\textsf{NR}$| and |$\textsf{NR4}$| are the provability logics of all provability predicates satisfying the third condition |$\textbf{D3}$| of the derivability conditions, all Rosser provability predicates and all Rosser provability predicates satisfying |$\textbf{D3}$|⁠ , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposition puzzles are pencil-and-paper logic puzzles that involve partitioning a rectangular grid into several regions to satisfy certain rules. In this paper, we construct a generic card-based protocol called printing protocol, which can be used to physically verify solutions of decompositon puzzles. We apply the printing protocol to develop card-based zero-knowledge proof protocols for two such puzzles: Five Cells and Meadows. These protocols allow a prover to physically show that he/she knows solutions of the puzzles without revealing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method of portfolio selection is provided with further higher moments, filtering with fundamentals in intelligent computing resources. The Evolutional Portfolio Optimization System (EPOS) evaluates unobtrusive relations from a vast amount of accounting and financial data, excluding hoax and noise, to select the optimal portfolio. The fundamental question of Free Will, limited in investment selection, is answered through a new philosophical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poet of Amis and Amiloun took a well-known story of lasting friendship and inflected it as one about a naive sworn brotherhood which matures into a bond of reciprocated obligations. Against the grain of existing criticism, this article argues for a poem skeptical of the friendship's early incarnation and reformative in its handling of the pair's crisis and recovery. This puts Amis and Amiloun on a tangent in relation to analogues and other narratives of promises and loyalty but aligns the poem with mainstream political concerns about confederacy and interference with justice in late medieval England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escape the Math Room is a fun, interactive, sequence of puzzles designed to encourage mathematical collaboration, team work, and ingenuity. Using advanced mathematical topics in an accessible way, Escape the Math Room appropriately challenges students ranging from high school to advanced undergraduate. The activity can be adjusted by adding or removing hints and explanations to accommodate the audience. This activity can be used on its own for a mathematical event, in class on a "free day" or as a team building exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the overall topic of the S.I. Difference-Making and Explanatory Relevance and provide brief summaries of the twelve contributed articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding social space is a prerequisite for analyzing local environmental protection. A new theorized social space – the environmental field - is proposed to analyze local environmental protection practices in China, as the existing three types (environmental state, community, and network) can miss the main logics, actors, or practices. First, the actors' positions in the field, where environmental and political-economic capital operate, significantly affects their perceptions, practices, and power relations. Second, the field transforms – in terms of new power relations and orders – if certain actors have accumulated significant temporary successes from the struggles with others after rupturing moments. This theory is illustrated by Latent Transition Analyses of the two species of capital in County T, China, from 2014 to 2019. I then analyze selected actors to examine whether their environmental protection practices echo the LTA results and whether the theory could explain their practices and transformation. This theory can help practitioners understand and evaluate environmental protection in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I attempt to explain one of the most controversial views attributed to the Stoic Chrysippus: that the impossible can follow from the possible. My solution finds in Chrysippus a distinction later made by the medieval logician John Buridan: that between beingpossible (there being a state of affairs that may occur) and beingpossibly-true (there being some proposition whose truth-conditions are that state of affairs). Buridan and Chrysippus have radically opposing views on the nature of propositions. What their conceptions share is the conclusion that at least some propositions must be contingent beings. They argue for this while maintaining a rigorous commitment to the view that propositions are strictly bivalent. In 2. I explain the Chrysippean passage in terms of a distinction Buridan makes explicitly. In 3. I show how the distinction follows implicitly from the Stoic theory of quantification. In 4. I compare the modality with other aspects of Stoic logic. In 5. I discuss how the distinction behaves in the future tense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a common interpretation, most explicitly defended by Onora O'Neill and Patricia Kitcher, Kant held that epistemic obligations normatively depend on moral obligations. That is, were a rational agent not bound by any moral obligation, then she would not be bound by any epistemic obligation either. By contrast, in this paper, I argue that, according to Kant, some epistemic obligations are normatively independent from moral obligations, and are indeed normatively absolute. This view, which I call epistemicism, has two parts. First, it claims that in the absence of other kinds of obligations, rational agents would still be bound by these epistemic obligations, i. e., that the latter are normatively independent. Second, it claims that, no matter what other obligations are at stake, rational agents are bound by these epistemic obligations, i. e., the normativity of these epistemic obligations is absolute in that it cannot be undercut by any moral or other sort of obligation. The argument turns on an exploratory reading of Kant's remarks in "What Is Orientation in Thinking?" (1786) about the maxim of "thinking for oneself" as the "supreme touchstone of truth". In contrast to O'Neill and Kitcher, I argue that if we interpret this maxim as stating the unifying principle of theoretical and practical reason, then we must interpret it as stating an epistemic, and not merely practical imperative. This result, I argue, vindicates epistemicism and illuminates interesting lessons about Kant's conception of the category of "epistemic" norms. Further, it helps us make headway with Kant's enigmatic remarks about the unity of practical and theoretical reason in the Groundwork, the first and second Critiques, and the Lectures on Logic. On my proposal, principles of the practical and theoretical uses of reason are unified through a formal epistemic principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to discuss the work of non-executive directors (NEDs) as inherently paradoxical. Paradox refers to the presence of persistent contradictions between interdependent forces. Those persistent tensions are explored, and approaches are indicated to stimulate the adaptive use of paradoxes as forces of innovation and renewal. Design/methodology/approach: This conceptual approach can be read as an invitation for corporate governance scholars to embrace the logic of paradox to expand the understanding of this topic. Paradox is not conceptualized as an alternative to dominant structural views, including board composition, but as a complementary conceptual perspective, a meta-theoretical lens to shed light on the tensions inherent to governance. Findings: The authors propose that paradox theory offers a fresh conceptual lens to study the role of NEDs. This approach may help NEDs to turn tensions and paradoxes visible to develop a rich understanding of their work, as well as helping them navigate the complexities of organizing, a process rich in inherent paradoxicality. Originality/value: Organizational paradox theory is a bourgeoning field of study, but the conceptual lens of paradox has still been underexplored in the study of corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperdimensional (HD) computing (also referred to as vector symbolic architectures, VSAs) offers a method for encoding symbols into vectors, allowing for those symbols to be combined in different ways to form other vectors in the same vector space. The vectors and operators form a compositional algebra, such that composite vectors can be decomposed back to their constituent vectors. Many useful algorithms have implementations in HD computing, such as classification, spatial navigation, language modeling, and logic. In this letter, we propose a spiking implementation of Fourier holographic reduced representation (FHRR), one of the most versatile VSAs. The phase of each complex number of an FHRR vector is encoded as a spike time within a cycle. Neuron models derived from these spiking phasors can perform the requisite vector operations to implement an FHRR. We demonstrate the power and versatility of our spiking networks in a number of foundational problem domains, including symbol binding and unbinding, spatial representation, function representation, function integration, and memory (i.e., signal delay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a tension between the pedagogical aim of comparative and cross-cultural inclusion and teaching an introductory-level deductive logic course. On the one hand, those who are interested in including non-"Western" sources are doing so in order to expand the philosophical content under consideration in their courses. On the other, it seems that the student learning objectives for deductive logic classes aimed at novices are narrow and specific for the purpose of developing a particular skill. This paper highlights the challenge of teaching logic cross-culturally by arguing that it is inadvisable to do so. Using Jain logic as a case study, it illustrates that even though there is depth available in the content, the contextual support needed to compare logics without being reductive would interfere with the amount of time needed to develop deductive logic skills in students in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a Ternary Logic Processor using CNTFETs (Carbon-Nanotube-Field-Effect-Transistor) is a challenging task, but it also has the potential to offer significant advantages over the traditional binary logic processors based on CMOS (Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology. This paper presents the design and implementation of a Ternary Logic Processor (TLP) using CNTFETs. The TLP is a single-cycle processor that operates on three-trit data. An Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is defined, at first, for this TLP that consists of instructions of the Register type, Load-store type, Immediate type, and branch type. Based on the ISA, the architecture of the CNTFET-based TLP is proposed and the transistor level designs of the TLPs' fundamental blocks like the Ternary Instruction Fetch (TIF), Ternary Register File (TRF), Ternary Arithmetic and Logic Unit (TALU) and Ternary Data Memory (TDM) are presented. HSPICE simulations using a standard CNTFET model, are performed for the TLP and the TLPs' individual blocks and the performance parameters like the power consumption, propagation delay, and the number of CNTFETs required are calculated. In addition to this, the functionality of the processor is verified using a few of the standard programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrea Kelly Henderson, "Harriet Martineau's Realized Abstractions" (pp. 81–105) Critics have long noted—and often lamented—the formal incoherence of Harriet Martineau's Illustrations of Political Economy (1832–34). This essay argues that the tales' formal bifurcations can be understood not as a failing but as a conscious response to the absence of a contemporary consensus regarding the groundedness of economic abstractions. Martineau's aesthetic of what I call "realized abstraction" offers a solution of sorts to this epistemological problem: unable to mediate between abstractions and particulars, she simply insists on the importance of both. Berkeley the Banker, her tale devoted to banking and currency, vividly dramatizes this dichotomizing logic. In this work, the relationship of concrete value to its abstract representation in paper money is analogized to a troubled marriage, one in which the husband forces his virtuous wife to subscribe to his false representations. Martineau's story will explicitly argue for the usefulness of economic theory and paper money, but she resists the tendency of abstractions to render the concrete invisible in an act of metaphoric coverture; instead, she presents the abstract and the particular as autonomous realms. Martineau's aesthetic of juxtaposition thus aspires to virtues quite different from those of Romantic organic wholeness or realist transparency: her tales aim not only to educate readers in abstract principles and historical particulars but also to train them to discriminate between the two. In subsequent decades, philosophers of science would formulate compelling new ways to bind abstractions to particulars, and the success of that project would mean that despite the Illustrations's enormous popularity during the 1830s, they would seem to later generations to be marred by formal fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The theory of mental models and its computer implementations have led to crucial experiments showing that no standard logic—the sentential calculus and all logics that include it—can underlie human reasoning. The theory replaces the logical concept of validity (the conclusion is true in all cases in which the premises are true) with necessity (conclusions describe no more than possibilities to which the premises refer). Many inferences are both necessary and valid. But experiments show that individuals make necessary inferences that are invalid, e.g., Few people ate steak or sole; therefore, few people ate steak. Other crucial experiments show that individuals reject inferences that are not necessary but valid, e.g., He had the anesthetic or felt pain, but not both; therefore, he had the anesthetic or felt pain, or both. Nothing in logic can justify the rejection of a valid inference: a denial of its conclusion is inconsistent with its premises, and inconsistencies yield valid inferences of any conclusions whatsoever including the one denied. So inconsistencies are catastrophic in logic. In contrast, the model theory treats all inferences as defeasible (nonmonotonic), and inconsistencies have the null model, which yields only the null model in conjunction with any other premises. So inconsistences are local. Which allows truth values in natural languages to be much richer than those that occur in the semantics of standard logics; and individuals verify assertions on the basis of both facts and possibilities that did not occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon the rich tradition of research on governmentality, this paper introduces the notion of market-based governance (i.e. the coordinated efforts of companies to align the conduct of its constituents with the institutional norms, values and interests of the company), and presents an empirical investigation of market-based governance in the context of a sharing economy platform, Airbnb. Whereas existing governmentality research has focused on specific discourses or aspects of governance in the marketplace, our aim is to develop broader-spectrum conceptual tools for 'ordering' the increasingly multifaceted forms of marked-based governance. We show that Airbnb mobilizes three distinct logics of governance (i.e. the regulatory, competitive and communitarian) which subsume diverse modes of power (i.e. the sovereign, disciplinary and pastoral) that contribute to the cultivation of governable subjects (i.e. the compliant subject, entrepreneurial subject and community member). The theoretical framework developed in this work is applied to critically reflect on emergent forms of market-based governance, the dilemmas of multi-logic governance and the uneven geographies of market-based governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern e-commerce systems are more likely focused on mechanisms of security, such as secure transactional protocols, cryptographic schemes and parameter sanitization, and it is assumed that putting these in place will guarantee a secure e-commerce application. However, vulnerabilities in the business application logic itself are often ignored which can make the effect of these security mechanisms null and void. Essentially, the weakest link can be at the server rather than client because of business logic and insecure server-side business components, its security ignoring is another factor, which is done at developer's peril. This paper focuses on the weakest link (component's logic subversion) in the e-commerce system. We outline a logical attack (subversion attack, class Design Flaw) that would not be prevented by the deployment of the mechanisms commonly used in e-commerce systems. To further investigate this problem, we propose a security assurance methodology for service component-oriented application that will be practiced through threat modeling and component fault detection model with further modeling component and its application using unified modeling language secure-design approach with a valid technique (verification, validation model for security-by-design testing) for design flaw detection to avoid the business logic problem in component-based e-commerce applications from existing application logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data support is already driving the development of artificial intelligence. But it cannot solve the semantic problem of artificial intelligence. This requires improving the semantic understanding ability of artificial intelligence. Therefore, a question answering system based on semantic problem processing is proposed in this study. The question answering system utilizes an improved unsupervised method to extract keywords. This technology integrates the semantic feature information of text into traditional word graph model algorithms. On this basis, semantic similarity information is used to calculate and allocate the initial values and edge weights of each node in the PageRank model. And corresponding restart probability matrices and transition probability matrices are constructed for iterative calculation and keyword extraction. Simultaneously, an improved semantic dependency tree was utilized for answer extraction. The improved keyword extraction method shows a decreasing trend in P and R values. The improved answer extraction method has a maximum P -value of 0.876 in the training set and 0.852 in the test set. In a question answering system based on keyword and answer extraction, the improved method has lower loss function values and running time. The improved method has a larger area under ROC. The results of the validation analysis confirm that the improved method in this experiment has high accuracy and robustness when dealing with semantic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous behaviors may raise ethical issues that agents must consider in their reasoning. Some approaches use deontic logics, while others consider a value-based argumentation framework. However, no work combines both modal logic and argumentation to reason about ethics. Hence, we propose a new argumentation framework where arguments are built from a n-ary multi-modal logic. It allows to express different kinds of operators, e.g. nullary choice or moral worth operators, dyadic deontic operators or mental states. However the standard attacks based on logical contradictions are no longer sufficient to catch an intuitive meaning for attacks. Hence, we enrich standard attacks by characterizing how oppositions between modal operators arise. Furthermore we show the standard logic-based attacks have a quasi-symmetry property, i.e. when an argument attacks another, this argument is necessarily attacked by another one. Our modal attacks do not have this property, which is highly relevant to decide a dilemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the degree to which citizenship in the early Turkish Republic was informed by a biopolitical logic of the administration of population as a social body. How this larger biopolitical logic is connected to understandings of the national project being 'modern' and/or 'scientific' is also explored, as well as how this approach is preferable to an account based on the perspective of Agamben. Furthermore, this analysis examines how limits to belonging were understood in the period, especially in relation to minority populations, and how they were categorized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much has been said on the connection between dominant rationality standards and systemic oppression, the specific role of logic in supporting epistemic injustice has not received much explicit attention. In this paper I highlight several ways in which it is possible for logic – as a discipline, as a particular system and as a gloss for rational common sense – to be implicated in epistemic injustice. Concrete examples are given for testimonial, content-based, hermeneutical and contributory injustices. I conclude by elaborating on how the need to address these injustices affects the attitudes we should carry toward logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐temporal grounding is a type of grounding whereby present facts about the past (for example that Caesar was alive) are explained in terms of past facts (for example that Caesar is alive) rather than in terms of other present facts. This paper lays the foundations for a theory of cross‐temporal grounding. After introducing the general idea of a type of grounding connecting facts to past facts, we offer two arguments that past‐directed facts require cross‐temporal grounds—the 'argument from intimacy' and the 'argument from past explanation'. We then go on to show that cross‐temporal grounding statements can be understood as instances of a type of explanation which is perfectly legitimate and intelligible, even if somewhat unusual. Finally, we explain how the logic of grounding can be extended to accommodate cross‐temporal grounding statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is some consensus on the claim that imagination as suppositional thinking can have epistemic value insofar as it's constrained by a principle of minimal alteration of how we know or believe reality to be – compatibly with the need to accommodate the supposition initiating the imaginative exercise. But in the philosophy of imagination there is no formally precise account of how exactly such minimal alteration is to work. I propose one. I focus on counterfactual imagination, arguing that this can be modeled as simulated belief revision governed by Laplacian imaging. So understood, it can be rationally justified by accuracy considerations: it minimizes expected belief inaccuracy, as measured by the Brier score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Yangtze Normal University is the property of Journal of Yangtze Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)