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The Miami University Libraries (MUL) developed an open-source Software Checkout system to allow patrons to make use of software licenses owned by the library. The system takes advantage of user-based licensing under the Software as a Service (SaaS) license model and vendor-created APIs to easily and legally assign access to users. The service currently supports Adobe Creative Cloud, Final Cut Pro, and Logic Pro software. MUL has successfully used this software for three years. This article describes the expansion of offerings and the increasing use of the service over that time. Built on a model developed by Pixar for managing employee software licenses, the Software Checkout system is believed to be the first of its kind for circulating licenses to library patrons. Both this lending model and the open-source software developed by MUL are available to other libraries. This paper is intended to prompt libraries to take advantage of the legal and technical environment to expand software license sharing to other libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the legal support for electronic document management in Ukraine. It is determined that the introduction of innovative transformations in Ukraine in the context of information technology development involves the use of modern forms and methods of work based on electronic information exchange. Numerous forms and methods that have been used for decades in the field of information and communication relations for information processing have proven to be unjustified and ineffective in the new social and information and innovative realities. Electronic document management has replaced paper document management. The study found that the electronic document management system in Ukraine is undergoing a long path of development and formation. The introduction of electronic document management contributes to the digital modernization of Ukraine. The availability of reformed legislation is important for carrying out qualitative changes, which generates legal certainty of the status of subjects of the process of significant transformations. The electronic form of documents provides the necessary level of information security for participants in legal relations, since the exchange of documents occurs in encrypted form using a qualified electronic signature. It has been established that there is a saving of human and material resources that were previously used for printing, sending and storing documents. Remote advantages provide mobility and convenience of document transfer via electronic document management platforms or e-mail. The implementation of this document management system allows creating electronic archives for more efficient document storage. It has been established that the main effect of introducing electronic document management is resource-based. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the risks of introducing electronic document management by both state and local government bodies a nd business entities. The state of electronic document management in Ukraine in the field of public administration has been analyzed and ways of its further development have been identified. It has been established that the legal support for electronic document management requires further development, updating, balance, harmonization with international legal norms and standards. Implementation of high-quality legal, institutional, organizational, and managerial transformations in the sphere of public administration in the context of European integration requirements based on the recognition of a person as the highest social value is an urgent vital necessity, which will contribute to the development of Ukraine as a competitive state with a strong economy and advanced technologi es. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific article comprehensively examines various methods and approaches to the administrative and legal protection of personal data in the online environment. Emphasis is placed on the importance of comprehensive application of various methods of protection, as well as on the need for constant improvement of legislation in this area, taking into account the development of new technologies and challenges. The article thoroughly studies the theoretical principles of administrative and legal protection of personal data. The concepts of «personal data» and «administrative protection» are studied in the context of this topic. The provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine and the European Union, which regulate the issue of personal data protection, are analyzed. The authors pay special attention to the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights in the field of personal data protection. The powers of the Commissioner are disclosed, as well as the procedures for carrying out inspections and applying measures for administrative termination of violations of legislation in the field of persona l data protection. An important aspect of the research is the analysis of administrative liability for violation of the legislation on personal data protection. Describes the types of violations for which administrative responsibility is provided. The article offers a number of recommendations for improving the administrative and legal protection of personal data in Ukraine. These include the adoption of new and amendments to current legislation that would more clearly regulate the issue of personal data protection in the online environment; ensuring adequate financing of the activities of the Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for human rights; conducting regular trainings and seminars for civil servants and business representatives on issues of personal data protection; strengthening cooperation with international organizations in the field of personal data protection. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that administrative and legal methods of personal data protection are an important component of a comprehensive system of protection of human rights and freedoms in the digital environment. The effectiveness of personal data protection can be ensured only under the condition of comprehensive application of various methods, constant improvement of legislation and effective control over its compli ance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanuatu is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for its intense tectonic activity. The country is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, affecting about 12% of the population and causing an average loss of 42.8% of GDP. Internal displacement of population is one of the elements of the strategy to adapt to the consequences of climate change and natural disasters. This article, based on government documents and legislative acts, examines the national policy of the Republic of Vanuatu on climate change and natural disasters, analyzing it to highlight relevant aspects for Ukraine that, after critical reflection and thorough study, should be considered when developing appropriate legislation in Ukraine. It was found that the basis of this policy consists of the following documents: «National Sustainable Development Plan for 2016-2030», «Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy for 2016-2030», «National Adaptation Program of Action», «Disaster Risk Management Act No. 23 of 2019», «Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No. 25 of 2016», «Vanuatu's Revised and Enhanced 1ST Nationally Determined Contribution», «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement». From the perspective of legal support for the rights of displaced persons and the regulation of this process, the most important act is the «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement», which ensures the functioning of institutions involved in planning potential emergencies and combating their consequences, in cooperation with the government of Vanuatu to meet the needs of all affected displaced communities and host communities, including different types of displaced persons: controlled displaced, internal migrants, residents of informal settlements, as well as those threatened with displacement. It is noted that displacement occurs in accordance with international law, with mandatory adherence to fundamental human rights. Considering the limited possibilities for population displacement due to the geomorphological structure of the islands of the Republic of Vanuatu, the efforts of the government of the country are concentrated on disaster prevention and climate change control measures. This is the focus of other important foundational documents of national environmental policy, the analysis of which indicates the construction of a successful system of state management of processes, synergy between the public sector and non-governmental organizations involved, and innovative methods of economic reform. The reviewed documents address a wide range of problems caused by climate change, containing solutions that are undoubtedly useful for legislators, politicians, and executive authorities of many countries, including Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the legal duty of citizens in the tax sphere, which is constitutional. This type of obligation arises for citizens of Ukraine, resident individuals and non-resident individuals for each tax and fee in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine and current legislation. The relevance of this study is that the legal obligations of citizens in the tax sphere are one of the most important components of optimal interaction between the individual and the state. As a rule, the participants of the legal relationship bear the corresponding legal obligations. Thus, this component determines a clear law and order, any other state and manifestation of social life, the observance of discipline, especially in the conditions of martial law, because the tax on the income of natural persons is the income from the tax on the financial support of the military. The object of the research is social relations that regulate the emergence, change, and fulfillment of the legal obligation of citizens in the tax sphere. The subject of this research is the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, current tax legislation and other legal acts. The adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the TC of Ukraine) led to the normative and legal consolidation of one of the key categories of tax law-the legal obligation of citizens. This duty is one of the main duties of taxpayers to pay a certain amount to the state for the performance of the functions entrusted to state authorities and local self-government bodies to finance expenses for various spheres of citizens’ life. Also, the current legislative documents of Ukraine in the tax sphere were considered, which, according to the decree of the President of Ukraine “On the introduction of martial law in Ukraine”, in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation, underwent and noted many changes. Proper legal regulation of legal relations is of great importance for ensuring the fulfillment of legal obligations in the tax field. It was concluded that the practice of current legislation regarding the regulation and implementation of legal obligations in the tax field in the conditions of martial law requires a deeper analysis and generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated that the process of modernization of the system of criminal justice bodies is underway in Ukraine, the purpose of which is to improve the system of public administration and improve mechanisms for protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. In particular, the concept of criminal justice reform of Ukraine, approved by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 04/08/2008 No. 311/2008, was implemented in the aspect of updating criminal, criminal procedural and administrative tort legislation. As part of the humanization of criminal legislation, the following steps have been taken: felony crimes have been reclassified as criminal misdemeanors, the procedure for bringing to justice persons who have committed criminal misdemeanors has been simplified, and the work of criminal justice bodies has been optimized in the detection, investigation, and trial of cases. The scientific publication examines topical issues of the place and role of the investigator in criminal proceedings, including through a comparison of the procedural status of the investigator and the investigator. Taking into account the powers of the inquirer, defined by the law that introduces this institute, the burden on the specified subject of criminal proceedings is examined in comparison with the investigator on the example of a specific region, with statistical data on registered, completed and sent to court criminal proceedings. The norms of the current criminal procedural legislation are analyzed, which determine the authority of the inquirer in the process of carrying out a pre-trial investigation of criminal misdemeanors. The legal status of the inquirer as a subject of registration in the Unified Register of Pretrial Investigations is outlined, the imperfection of the introduced norms is noted due to the limitation of the procedural powers of the head of the inquiry in comparison with the head of the investigative unit, and the negative procedural consequences ar e indicated due to some legislative gaps that require amendments to the current Criminal Code of the procedural code of Ukraine. Based on the results of the research, conclusions and proposals regarding the improvement of national legislation were formulated, and the prospect of further research on this t opic was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the content and implementation of the principles of humanism and justice in the administrative law of Ukraine in the context of Christian values. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that these two principles are poorly understood in the science of administrative law, and that the doctrine of this science needs to be changed, given the changes associated with the war, which forced people to reconsider some of their values, their life priorities and views on the State and its importance in human life, and reinforced the need to build relations between the State and human beings based on the principles of humanism and justice. The author establishes that the principles of humanism and justice are interrelated and form the basis of the entire system of administrative law and the functioning of public relations in the field of public administration. It is summarized that justice is the initial principle of law and its essence, the basis for the rule of law. Humanism is a fundamental principle of rights and a value of a democratic society; it means humanity, love for a person, value of a person and his or her dignity, and the pursuit of his or her welfare. It is proved that the fundamental principles of law are based on love, which is the content of Christian doctrine. In the context of Christian values, the principle of justice means doing to others as you would like to be done to you. It implies the action of equality, respect, freedom, and mercy toward people. In turn, the principle of humanism in the context of Christian values means love your neighbor as yourself. It is proved that love is not only an emotion, but first and foremost an action, or an act of will. Love requires decision-making and effort. Therefore, the principles of administrative law are also an action and should be put into practice, and not just an idea. The author proposes to change some doctrinal approaches to the role of the State in relations with a person, namely, that they should be based on the principles of humanism and justice based on love, which will be the beginning of a qualitatively new role of the State and the activities of officials in relations with citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislative consolidation of the provision of electronic services in the sphere of social protection of the population in Ukraine, taking into account the trends of reforming the institute of electronic services in the state. The current state of legal regulation of the provision of electronic services in the field of social protection of the population and directions for improvement of normative legal acts in the specified field have been studied. Summarizing the legal basis regulating the provision of electronic services in the field of social protection of the population, such acts can be classified by legal force (legislative, sub-legal) and by the content of the subject of regulation (determine general theoretical provisions and some aspects of an organizational nature; administrative jurisdictional activity of public administration bodies regarding provision of electronic services in the field of social protection of the population; guarantees of legality of the provision of electronic services in the field of social protection of the population). It has been established that today there is a significant number of normative legal acts that regulate certain aspects of the provision of electronic services in the field of social protection of the population. This is natural given the wide range of social relations subject to their regulation. Instead, for further systematized reform in this area, it is necessary to determine the general principles of organizational and legal regulation of the provision of electronic services in this area on the basis of a unified legislative act with the aim of a systematic approach to the elimination of legal gaps in the regulation of such an institution in view of the special legal position of subjects of public administration of providing electronic services in the field of social protection of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid digitization of the modern world has led to an increase in the collection and processing of personal data. The principles of transparency and consent have become crucial for citizens to understand how their data is being used and to be able to give their voluntary consent to its processing. Ukraine is actively adapting its legislation to EU standards in the field of personal data protection. In particular, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) affects approaches to data collection and processing. Examining transparency and consent in the context of these changes can help identify which aspects of the law need special attention. Citizens are becoming increasingly cautious about who they trust with their data. This article analyzes and evaluates the role and impact of the principles of transparency and consent on the effective mechanism of personal data protection in Ukraine, taking into account modern technological and legislative challenges. Studying these principles demonstrates their importance and relevance in today’s digital society. The principle of transparency determines the need for accessible and understandable information for data subjects regarding the processing of their data. Openness is a fundamental requirement for maintaining trust between organizations and citizens. Providing the ability to control and regulate their data allows data subjects to play a more active role in the processing and use of their personal data. The principle of consent, in turn, emphasizes the voluntary and informed nature of consent to data processing. The consent of the data subject determines the basis for the legal processing of personal data, ensuring harmony between the rights of citizens and the interests of organizations. As technology advances and legislation changes, transparency and consent become even more important aspects. They help build trust between organizations and citizens, ensure responsible use of personal data, and empower individuals to control their own information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the international and national legal guarantees for the implementation of the status of groups of people with low mobility. The article identifies the key principles of international normative acts in the field of rights and freedoms of groups of people with low mobility. Their significance lies in guaranteeing the relevant areas of activity of Ukraine as a State party to create legal, economic, social, and other conditions for ensuring the rights and opportunities of persons with low mobility on an equal footing with other participants in legal relations. The status of implementation of international guarantees of the status of groups of people with low mobility in national legislation is analysed. The Constitution of Ukraine, the primary laws of Ukraine ‘On the Fundamentals of Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Ukraine’, ‘On the Status of War Veterans, and Guarantees of Their Social Protection’, normative acts of the President of Ukraine “On the National Program of Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities for 2001-2005”, “On Measures to Strengthen Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities; the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine’s regulations on Measures to Improve the Situation of Persons with Disabilities, On Approval of the Action Plan for Creating an Unhindered Living Environment for Persons with Disabilities and Other Low-Mobility Groups for 2009-2015 ‘Barrier-Free Ukraine’, and many others are studied. The implementation of the regulations has resulted in the creation of an unhindered living environment for groups of people with low mobility, the functioning of training courses on creating an unhindered environment for the life of people with disabilities, etc. The author substantiates the view that the provisions of the analysed current legal acts are the basis for the further formation and implementation of the State policy on the development and adoption of State social guarantees in general and for groups of people with low mobility in particular, national standards and technical specifications, and also for conducting research and development and research work on the implementation of the principles of reasonable accommodation and universal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the literature on racism denial through an analysis of the political discourse in defense of 2010's Arizona Revised Statute 15-112 (ARS § 15-112), which can be considered a key antecedent to political moral panics centered on the presentation of history and identity in US schools. ARS § 15-112 was designed with the expressed intent of terminating Mexican American Studies education, and eventually all ethnic studies, in Arizona public and charter K-12 schools. This paper considers the discursive maneuvering used by political actors to simultaneously justify this legislation and dodge accusations of racial animus, both prior to the legislation's signing and in the years following. It further analyzes the political discourse that allows for racism denial in certain spheres, including the legal realm, despite politically benefiting from the use of the Latino Threat Narrative. This paper discusses four primary forms of racism denial pervasive in this political discourse: 1) Absence discourse; 2) Framing racism around 'extremes'; 3) Positive self-presentation; 4) Helping discourse. In addition to exploring how all four forms of denial are used in this case, the paper teases out helping discourse from positive selfpresentation, showing how the former focuses on reframing the actor while the latter reframes the action. Importantly, anti-MAS political actors and members of their shielding institutions attempted to frame racism and racial animus as inherently individual rather than systemic in every form of denial discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The advancement of health apps and wearables has garnered substantial academic attention, particularly in examining why individuals decide to use or not use them. In response to the extensive body of research on this topic, we conducted a scoping review of 61 articles published from 2007 to 2022, aiming to examine the dominant theoretical frameworks and antecedents of health apps and wearables use. The findings demonstrated that the dominant theoretical frameworks within this domain were rooted in the human-computer interaction theories, notably the Technology Acceptance Model and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Next, our review identified four levels of antecedents: technological, individual, societal, and policy. At the technological level, emphasis was placed on functionality, reliability, and technological infrastructure. Individual antecedents encompassed socio-demographics, personality traits, cognitive responses to benefits and risks, emotional and affective responses, self-efficacy, and digital literacy. Societal antecedents highlighted the role of social networks and social norms, while policy antecedents elaborated on laws, regulations, and guidelines that encouraged health technology adoption. Our discussion illuminated that the evolving trend of theoretical frameworks in health apps and wearables use research, initially rooted in human-computer interaction, is progressively moving toward more comprehensive perspectives. We further underscored the importance of delving into societal and policy antecedents, which often are overshadowed by the more commonly discussed technological and individual factors. In conclusion, we advocated for a multi-stakeholder collaborative network approach, as this would enable communication researchers to understand the use of health apps and wearables more comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empowering parents of children with special needs emerges from supporting their decision-making processes and choices regarding the child's placement through legislation. The latest amendment of the Special Education Law in Israel aims to ensure the inclusion of students with special needs in the general education system, granting parents the option to decide on their child's placement, and allocating budgets in accordance with the 'funding follows the child' principle. The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences in levels of satisfaction from the educational setting between the pre- and post-amendment groups, the differences in levels of parental stress, well-being and distress between the groups, and to predict parental well-being and distress. Parents completed an online survey, measuring parental satisfaction from the child's educational setting, mental health, and parental stress. Parents in the post amendment group believed that the educational setting was more suited to the child and contributed to the child academically, emotionally, and socially on a higher level compared to parents from the pre-amendment group. They also reported lower levels of distress than the pre-amendment group. Findings suggest the amendment promotes family-school system relationships, leading to higher levels of satisfaction and mental health and lower levels of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, social campaigns and high-profile cases have brought increased attention to violence against women. Athletes can be role models, shaping both prosocial and antisocial attitudes. Their engagement in violence prevention could be an effective tool to tackle violence against women through bystander intervention. This part of a mixed-method feasibility study reports on the quantitative evaluation of an evidence-led bystander program, Football Onside, implemented at a football club in South West England in June 2018 to February 2020. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with intervention and control groups. Football coaches and club members (n = 50) completed measures of rape and domestic abuse myths, bystander intent and efficacy, self-reported bystander behaviors, readiness for change, perceptions of peer helping and myth acceptance, law knowledge, and program evaluation. Fidelity was also assessed. The analysis compared between- and within-group differences in mean changes over time using mixed-effects models. Participant ratings of learning outcomes were high, and fidelity was maintained throughout the intervention. Between-group comparison revealed mixed results, with greater improvements in the intervention group for bystander intent and efficacy at post-test and follow-up, domestic abuse myths at post-test, and rape myth acceptance at follow-up. Model contrasts for within intervention group revealed improvements in rape and domestic abuse myth acceptance, bystander intent and efficacy, perceived law knowledge at both time points, and perceived peer myths and helping at post-test. At follow-up, intervention participants reported significantly higher engagement in bystander behaviors. No significant effects were found for perceived importance of legal knowledge. Our research highlights the potential efficacy of a bystander program tailored for football club members. Cluster-randomized control trials are now required to examine bystander attitudes and behavior change processes among professional athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: "Kidfluencer" is a relatively new term and refers to where young people actively exert influence on lifestyle and consumer behaviour through the use of social media. This study focused on capturing the complexities of this phenomenon, and issues of concern for policymakers that subsequently occur. Design/methodology/approach: The study used semi-structured interviews to capture the retrospective experiences of ten young people as "kidfluencers" on the social media platforms, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube. Findings: The findings identified several issues associated with being a kidfluencer, such as affecting individuals' work-life balance, their education, how safe they felt online and physically, how they maintained friendships, pressure to increase their profile and their mental health well-being. Overall, the study suggests that kidfluencing has specific negative effects on kidfluencers and their childhood experiences, which should be of concern to policy makers. Research limitations/implications: All participants were above the age of eighteen. Therefore, their contributions reflect upon their past, rather than speaking about their recent experiences, which can lead to retrospective bias. The sample size is small, reflecting the difficulties in accessing this sensitive area for study. Practical implications: The study provides support for the decision taken in France to introduce legislation that protects kidfluencers, which may suggest a need for legislation in other countries. Originality/value: The study is relevant in the context of the new law adopted by the French National Assembly in 2020 to provide a legal framework for the activities of child influencers on a range of online platforms. To date, France is the only country where such laws have been enacted. So far, there has been no specific evaluation of this law, and very little research on welfare issues experienced by kidfluencers themselves, making this study timely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the characteristics of the main institutions of the EuropeanUnion. It was found that the main institutions of the European Union were established in accordance with the EU treaties. In addition, it was analysed, that each institution acts within the limits of its competences, provided in accordance with the procedures, conditions and goals set in the treaties. It was also determined that among the legislative bodies, the most important institutions are the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament. The European Commission is an important body responsible for the executive branch of the EU. The European Council is responsible for meetings at the highest level. The judicial branch of government is represented by the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the monetary policy of the eurozone is realised by the European Central Bank. The European Court of Auditors is responsible for financial control. In addition, it was found that the European Parliament is the only EU institution that is the only elected body and the largest democratic assembly in the world. The activities of the European Parliament take place in a sessional manner. It is possible to convene regular and extraordinary sessions. It was also analysed that the main role of the European Council is to determine the general directions of development and policy of the European Union. It was analysed that the Council of the EU and the European Parliament have the same legislative and budgetary powers. In some cases, the Council of the EU has the right to independently initiate the discussion and adoption of a new law. It was found that the European Commission controls the implementation of the EU law, implements the budget in cooperation with the member states and manages funding programs. In addition, its competence also includes coordination, executive and management functions in accordance with the founding agreements. The organization also represents the EU at international negotiations. It was analysed that the Court of Justice of the European Union is responsible for the judiciary. The European Central Bank is important from the point of view of the implementation of the monetary policy and the implementation of the policy to reduce unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is increasing awareness of the importance of the transformation of mental health systems. Launched in 2019, the WHO Special Initiative for Mental Health seeks to accelerate access to quality and affordable care for mental health conditions as an integral component of Universal Health Coverage. Nine countries are currently engaged with the initiative. Methods: This study reviewed processes of implementation—and progress achieved—across all settings by late 2022. It involved review of 158 documents provided by WHO relating to Special Initiative activities and 42 interviews with country-level stakeholders, WHO Regional and HQ personnel engaged with the initiative, and core donors. Documents were thematically coded using a template based upon the WHO framework of health system building blocks. Responses to structured interviews were coded based on an emergent thematic framework. Results: Documentation reported similar achievements across all domains; however challenges were reported most frequently in relation to service delivery, leadership and governance, and workforce. Issues of financing were notable in being twice as likely to be reported as a challenge than a success. Interviews indicated four major areas of perceived achievement: establishing a platform and profile to address mental health issues; convening a multi-stakeholder, participatory engagement process; new, appropriate services being developed; and key developments in law, policy, or governance around mental health. The planning process followed for the initiative, senior country-level buy-in and the quality of key personnel were the factors considered most influential in driving progress. Ambivalent political commitment and competing priorities were the most frequently cited challenges across all interviewees. Conclusions: The role of the Special Initiative in raising the profile of mental health on national agendas through a participatory and inclusive process has been widely valued, and there are indications of the beginnings of transformational shifts in mental health services. To secure these benefits, findings suggest three strategic priorities: increasing political prioritisation and funding for systems-level change; clearly articulating sustainable, transformed models of care; and promoting feasible and contextualised measures to support accountability and course correction. All are of potential relevance in informing global strategies for mental health systems transformation in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the surge in China's registered nurse population, defining their rights and responsibilities is crucial for ensuring the quality of medical services. However, challenges such as unresolved medical disputes and unclear duties persist due to the inadequacy and lack of transparency in current nursing laws and policies. This study evaluated nurses' legal awareness, legislative needs, and views on laws and policies affecting their practice, providing insights for future improvements in nursing legislation. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing purposive sampling to select 16 nurses for in-depth exploration of their experiences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between December 2023 and March 2024. Data analysis was performed using directed content analysis. Results: A total of 16 nurses with various positions and titles were interviewed. The analysis revealed three main themes and nine sub-themes, focusing on existing issues in the nursing environment, legal training needs, and attitudes towards legislative empowerment. Conclusions: In China, there is a gap in legal knowledge and training among nurses. Enhancing their legal literacy is crucial for elevating their professional status and the quality of their work. Our findings underscore strong support for the enactment of the Nurse Act with a focus on practice conditions, rights protection, and career development. National authorities and experts must expedite this legislation to safeguard the rights of nurses, bolster their professional confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current status of China's legislation on safeguarding sovereignty and security, resource security, navigation security, ecological security, and regulating law enforcement and judicial activities, and summarizes the characteristics of existing marine security legislation. This paper utilizes literature analysis and comparative analysis methods, under China's Overall National Security Outlook, this paper proposes a path of improvement by consolidating marine-related norms, promoting the formulation of a basic law on the seas, refining the legal provisions on marine security, improving the marine data classification and grading system and safeguarding marine data security, and pushing forward the reform of the adjudication mechanism of the maritime courts to enhance the ability to actively safeguard the rights and interests of the oceans and seas through the use of the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current status of China's legislation on safeguarding sovereignty and security, resource security, navigation security, ecological security, and regulating law enforcement and judicial activities, and summarizes the characteristics of existing marine security legislation. This paper utilizes literature analysis and comparative analysis methods, under China's Overall National Security Outlook, this paper proposes a path of improvement by consolidating marine-related norms, promoting the formulation of a basic law on the seas, refining the legal provisions on marine security, improving the marine data classification and grading system and safeguarding marine data security, and pushing forward the reform of the adjudication mechanism of the maritime courts to enhance the ability to actively safeguard the rights and interests of the oceans and seas through the use of the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), many countries are implementing restrictive regulations to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production. Although these measures are effective at the national level, their implementation may generate challenges for producers and veterinarians. The objective of this study was to explore the barriers and facilitators of implementing a new regulation restricting the use of antimicrobials of very high importance for human health in the dairy production sector in the province of Québec, Canada. Individual interviews were conducted with fifteen veterinarians and twenty-seven dairy producers. Thematic analysis was performed based on the COM-B model of behavior change (capability-opportunity-motivation-behavior). Our results indicated that the lack of availability of alternative treatments, the long delays related to diagnostic tests and the fear of economic consequences were major barriers to the implementation of the regulation. A small number of producers also perceived that the regulation negatively impacted the health and wellbeing of their animals. Additionally, participants acknowledged the importance of early education and training to better understand the purpose of the regulation and increase its acceptability. Lastly, most participants reported that they had not only reduced their use of antimicrobials of very high importance for human health following the regulation, but they had also increased preventive practices on their farm. This study reveals that the implementation of restrictive regulations to reduce AMU in animal production can lead to multiple challenges in practice. Our results highlight the need for better communication and training of producers and veterinarians before and during the implementation of similar regulations in the future and underline the importance of measuring the direct and indirect impacts of those regulations on productivity and on animal health and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transgender individuals often face stigma, discrimination, and various forms of abuse, which negatively impact their mental and physical health. They face a significantly greater risk of HIV, with a higher prevalence than the general population. Despite these challenges, transgender people have limited access to healthcare due to violence, legal barriers, and societal stigma, further exacerbated in countries like Uganda, where transgender identities are criminalized. Therefore, this study explored the lived experiences of HIV researchers working with gender minority populations in criminalizing contexts. Methods: This was an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) qualitative study. Twelve (12) research team members at all levels were involved in the study. Participants had less than five years of involvement in HIV research among gender minority populations. Data were collected using field notes, reflective journals, documentation from daily team debriefing sessions, and semi-structured interviews. The analysis used NVivo software. Results: Positive experiences, barriers, and challenges were captured. The positive experiences were 'respecting cultural diversity', 'expanding networks', 'addressing misconceptions' and 'finding allies'. The barriers included 'experiencing stigma', 'lengthy research processes', 'feeling isolated', 'fearing for personal safety', 'unexpected logistical costs', and 'criminalization of sexual and gender minorities'. The key themes that emerged from the lessons learned were: 'dealing with gatekeepers', 'diversity and sensitivity training', 'leveraging networks', 'meaningful community engagement', 'reflexivity', 'ensuring safety', 'equal partnership', 'giving feedback' and 'awareness of legal implications'. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and reflexivity in research design and implementation. The findings emphasize the need for innovative strategies to navigate legal, social, and logistical barriers that researchers and participants face. Despite these challenges, the study demonstrates that meaningful collaboration with community members and building trust can significantly enhance the research process and outcomes. Future research should continue to explore these strategies while addressing ethical and safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of multi-species families is increasingly linked to the growing awareness of the benefits of emotional support and service animals. As more people adopt various animals into their homes, it becomes crucial to understand how these family arrangements influence travel experiences. The presence of these animals during travel directly impacts the well-being and safety of travellers, contributing to the emotional and behavioural dynamics of multi-species families in transit. Consequently, the hospitality, tourism, and transportation industries must adapt to accommodate the growing number of tourists travelling with their animals, whether for work or leisure. The United States is the focus of this research due to its significant role in regulating emotional support and service animals, allowing for comparisons with the diverse regulations across European countries. This study aims to: (1) investigate current U.S. legislation regarding emotional support and service animals; (2) explore the challenges faced by owners of these animals during travel; and (3) highlight the practical experiences of owners travelling with emotional support and service animals. The methodology used is an exploratory qualitative review. The research highlights the experiences of Em and Jennifer, Brazilian students who travelled to the USA with their animals, illustrating the variations in travel experiences with emotional support and service animals. In conclusion, while acceptance and accommodation of these animals are evolving, particularly in the US hospitality industry and tourist attractions, challenges and a lack of understanding still exist in some establishments. This underscores the importance of studies like this to raise awareness and educate about the needs of families that rely on their animals. The increasing prevalence of multi-species families positively influences the availability of pet-friendly services, which can significantly impact travellers' choice of accommodation when accompanied by their pets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Local governments are well‐placed to respond to communities' health and wellbeing needs. However, in the Australian state of Tasmania, the sector's roles in that respect are unclear. Methods: We interviewed 10 municipal personnel in Tasmania to understand their views on local governments' community health and wellbeing functions. Results: Participants had an integrative understanding of community health and wellbeing and recognised that collective effort from all tiers of government, community members, and other place‐based stakeholders would improve outcomes. They identified several roles local governments have to support and drive such improvements, including in relation to diverse place‐specific determinants of health and wellbeing. Capacity and capability to fulfil what is needed varied, with rural and remote councils generally less able than urban counterparts to respond consistently or comprehensively to community members' complex needs. However, in the presence of clear expectations and parameters, and appropriate support from other tiers of government, participants were eager for their councils to do more to improve their communities' health and wellbeing, including via a mandate in legislation. Conclusion: Local governments have the potential to do more to improve health and wellbeing outcomes in Tasmania, and the greatest gains could be made by addressing spatial inequalities faced by the sector. That insight is extensible to other comparable jurisdictions. So What?: We argue the need both for a shared societal goal of equitable wellbeing supported by all tiers of government and for actions proportionate to the needs of council areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the role of preventive legal advocacy in promoting justice for families and redefining child welfare to focus on family and community‐based systems which prioritize community‐based support and to forego government oversight, regulation and punishment? Given the timeline for systemic reforms and the necessity of providing access to justice for families presently struggling to protect their family autonomy, preventive legal advocacy is a critical piece of reform efforts and scholarly attention. This article advocates for the expansion of existing preventive legal advocacy models and legislation codifying early access to counsel with the goal of disrupting the traditional pathways into the child welfare and family regulation system, enforcing the rights of parents and children to their family autonomy and meaningfully supporting families to thrive. Key points for the family court community: Preventive legal advocacy can interrupt the traditional path of a child neglect or maltreatment report and investigation by identifying legal issues and providing civil legal support.Programs such as medical‐legal partnerships and early family defense provide a model for addressing the unmet legal needs and underlying issues which traditionally bring families into contact with the child welfare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: National Wetland Parks (NWPs) are a unique form of protected areas in China that have experienced a rapid increase in number from zero to more than 900 over the past two decades. Aims: We examine the underlying causes of the boom in NWPs and assess their far-reaching ecological and socio-economic impacts. Methods: Utilising GIS information and vector maps, we analysed the spatial distribution of pilot and approved NWPs from 2005 to 2019. Document analysis was employed to explore resource-orientated and legal drivers that have prompted the growth of NWPs. Key results: China's NWPs developed in three phases, namely, the exploration phase (2005–2007), the expansion phase (2008–2014) and the normalisation phase (2015–present). The demand for outdoor recreation and improved wetland legislation were the primary facilitators for the growth of NWPs. Conclusions: The expansion of NWPs is an important contributor to nature conservation and ecological civilisation, yielding a range of ecological, economic and social benefits. Implications: China's experiences in NWPs offers valuable lessons and implications for global nature conservation. Implementing a long-term management mechanism for NWPs is recommended to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The number of National Wetland Parks (NWPs) distributed across China has grown from zero to more than 900 over the past two decades. Is this unlimited growth always beneficial? After analysing the distribution and dynamic trends of China's NWPs, we examined the resource-orientated and legal drivers that prompted the growth and its far-reaching ecological, economic, social outcomes and impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of a study of the difference between political actors and ordinary citizens as language users, and based on three moral arguments (consequence-based, recognition-based, and complicity-based), we propose that democratic representatives have an imperfect duty to use gender-fair-language in their public communication.In the case of members of the executive, such as ministries, prime ministries, and presidents, such an imperfect duty could also be justified on democratic grounds. Their choice of using a gender-unfair language, we argue, can cast doubts on the fundamental democratic commitment to respect the agency of all present and future citizens as potential participants in the law-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper deals with criminal court cases of intimate partner violence in queer families (IPV) in Russia. It aims to uncover ways for these families to be recognized in law, even if only for the purposes of deciding cases of violence among LGBT + partners. Methods: The study deploys methods of discourse analysis to uncover powers which produce the texts of court rulings. The article is based on close examination of nine cases of IPV occurred in various places across Russia. Eight cases concern bisexual and lesbian women; one case is about men in a same-sex partnership. Results: The analysis suggests that only the most severe cases of IPV reach criminal courts in Russia (murder, manslaughter, and serious injuries). As courts deal with violence among intimate same-sex partners, they have to discuss LGBT + identities, queer sexualities, and same-sex families more broadly, as well as such forms of violence which are not criminalized but build up to the ultimate violent act (psychological and financial violence, battery). Conclusions: Regardless of reluctance to recognize queer families in family law, same-sex relationships are already recognized in the legal discourse with the help of various categories for the purposes of processing criminal cases. However, this recognition casts queer families as subordinate and pathological, especially through the widespread invocation of traditional values rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "love jihad" conspiracy theory in India purports that Muslim men are deceptively seducing or kidnapping non-Muslim women in large numbers to convert and marry them. State laws in India have moved to control conversions—resulting in legislation as disinformation—and sparked violent attacks against Muslims. We identify this as the third wave of state-level anti-conversion laws in India and study how the conspiracy theory is embedded into the text of the law and its relation to the current period of Hindu nationalist ascendancy. Combining narrative analysis of the 2021 Gujarat amendment and interrogating the everyday experiences of interfaith couples who face administrative, police, and vigilante violence we analyze the infrastructure and frameworks of Hindu nationalist ideological dominance in India today. Our study questions the presumptions that underlie the characterization of India as a "democracy" considering the current political, ideological, and legal configurations in the country under the BJP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State governments have the purview to interpret federal special education policies as they see fit. Interpretations of these policies to music education rarely are addressed within state special education policy. The authors selected four states to analyze and compare state special education policies; Illinois, Michigan, Texas, and Virginia. Policies highlighted by the authors include funding, LRE, access to information, and professional development. The authors outline how these policies may apply to music education settings and what music educators can do to more fully support students with disabilities. Additionally, the authors offer policy and practice recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: E-cigarettes smoking is a global health concern due to its associated risks and unexpected rise in e-cigarette smoking among adults and nonsmokers. This study aims to investigate gender differences in e-cigarette knowledge, attitude, and practice among adults in Bahrain. Methods: The data was collected using an online questionnaire covering demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, reporting mean and SD for continuous variables, frequencies, and percentages for categorical variables. A chi-square test was conducted to assess the association between variables and gender with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: A total of 555 participants completed the questionnaire, with the majority being females (66.8%), with a mean age of 31 (SD 8.5). Among respondents, 23.2% were smokers with a higher percentage of male smokers 58.7% compared to female smokers 5.7%. E-cigarette smoking was prevalent among 18% of participants, with 86% of them being male e-cigarette smokers compared to 14% of female e-cigarette smokers. The chi-square test showed that there was statistical significance between males and females when it comes to knowledge and attitudes toward e-cigarette smoking (p = 0.000). Males have inadequate knowledge and positive attitudes toward e-cigarette smoking compared to females. There was no statistical difference in the analysis of practice between both genders. Conclusion: E-cigarette smoking is very prevalent among adults in Bahrain, especially among males. Educational interventions and robust laws and policies should be implemented to address this issue and contribute to improving community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Patient rights are basic rules of conduct between patients, medical care providers, and the institutions and the people supporting them. Patient Right Education program provides an opportunity to improve nurses knowledge about patient rights. It fosters communication between patients and nurses, which helps achieve patient satisfaction and reduce the number of violations cases of patient's rights in the hospital. This study aims to find the effectiveness of patient rights education programs among nurses. Materials and Methods A quasiexperimental approach and one group pretest posttest design were adopted for this study. One hundred subjects were selected through a convenient sampling technique in the selected tertiary Hospital, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. A pretest was conducted on the first day using a structured knowledge questionnaire, and the patient rights education program was conducted for the participants on the same day. The posttest was conducted on the 7th day after the education program. Results Among 100 nurses, the posttest knowledge score (9.67 + 1.67) regarding patients' rights was more than the pretest knowledge (7.43 + 1.67) score. The paired t -test showed that the calculated p -value was 19.381, more than the tab value of 1.98. Hence, it was found that the program effectively improved the knowledge by showing the difference in mean knowledge score at a 5% significance level. For item-wise comparison, McNemar's test was used, and there was an improvement in 50% of patient rights items. Conclusion This study concluded that nurses need a proper awareness system about patient rights for nurses in hospital settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: This article examines the EU's function as a political determinant of health (PDoH) in national-level regulation of forced migrants' access to health(care), with a focus on Germany. It sheds light on the role the EU has come to play—and has been assigned—in national policy making under the impact of different crises. Methods: By applying the concepts of claims and frames/framing, the article examines in a document analysis how and to what end(s) the EU as a polity and specific EU legislation were invoked in German draft legislation. Findings: Increasing Europeanization in the areas of health and migration has not only forced national legislators to adapt legislation to abide by EU rules and standards, it has also prompted governmental actors to shift responsibility for policy reforms to the EU—even in cases where not all of these reforms were legally required. Conclusions: The EU's role as a PDoH must be considered from two angles: the EU's active potential to determine public health through its policies and laws, and its passive—to some extent involuntary—potential to do so through the strategic invoking of EU norms, rules, and (in)competences by actors across the EU multilevel governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is one of the most common forms of youth violence and is associated with myriad adverse consequences over the life course. There has been increasing interest in examining whether anti-bullying legislation is effective in preventing bullying victimization and its negative effects. However, a lack of data structures that comprehensively and longitudinally assess anti-bullying legislation and its provisions has hampered this effort. We provide 18 years of data (1999–2017) on anti-bullying legislation and amendments across 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, which we are making publicly available at LawAtlas.org. This article describes how the legal content analysis was conducted, provides information on the reliability of the coding, and details provisions of the legislation that were coded, such as funding provisions and enumerated groups (a total of 122 individual codes are provided). Over 90% of states had at least one amendment to their legislation during this 18-year period (range: 0–22; Mean = 6.1), highlighting both the evolving content of anti-bullying statutes and the importance of tracking these changes with longitudinal data. Additionally, we offer illustrative examples of the kinds of research questions that might be pursued with these new data. For instance, using survival analyses, we show that a variety of state characteristics (e.g., political leaning of state legislatures) predict time to adoption of key provisions of anti-bullying legislation (e.g., the comprehensiveness of legal provisions). Finally, we end with a discussion of how the dataset might be used in future research on the efficacy of anti-bullying legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US food supply is increasingly associated with diet-related diseases, toxicity, cancer, and other health harms. These public health concerns are partly attributable to a loophole in federal law. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluates the premarket safety of ingredients regulated as food additives but allows the food industry to self-regulate and determine which substances to classify as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on undisclosed data and conclusions that the FDA never sees. Furthermore, the FDA lacks a formal approach for reviewing food additives and GRAS substances already found in the food supply. Substances in the food supply thus include innocuous ingredients (e.g., black pepper), those that are harmful at high levels (e.g., salt), those that are of questionable safety (e.g., potassium bromate), and those that are unknown to the FDA and the public. A recent court decision codified these gaps in the FDA's current approach, leaving states to try to fill the regulatory void. The FDA and Congress should consider several policy options to ensure that the FDA is meeting its mission to ensure a safe food supply. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(10):1061–1070. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307755) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To demonstrate the spatially uneven effects of abortion restriction laws in Texas. Methods. We used network analysis to determine the change in distance to the nearest surgical abortion provider for 5253 Texas neighborhoods after the passing of Texas Senate Bill 8 (SB8; 2021) and the US Supreme Court's Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) decision. We identified associations between key measures of neighborhood socioeconomic context and change in distance to providers using multivariable linear regression models. Results. After the Dobbs decision, Texas residents experienced an average change in distance to the nearest provider of 457 miles (SD = 179). Neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage experienced the greatest increase in distance to abortion providers after SB8's passing, and neighborhoods with high levels of income inequality experienced the greatest increase in distance after the Dobbs decision. Conclusions. We document the rapidly changing abortion landscape in a highly restrictive state and show that women living in more disadvantaged and unequal areas are most affected by the increasing distance to providers. Public Health Implications. Our methods and findings will continue to be relevant in understanding the burden placed on women in areas where medical abortion has been restricted because of the Dobbs decision. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(10):1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307652) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is widespread scientific evidence that validates tonic immobility (TI) as part of the trauma response in victims of rape, and criminal justice practitioners are increasingly trained in trauma-informed approaches. Yet, legal and policy definitions of consent do not fully recognize TI during the incident as evidence of nonconsent. Using a systematic review of U.S. law and policy regarding sexual violence and consent, this paper analyzes the substantial legal reform of rape law and definitions of consent, suggesting ways to further integrate TI into existing law and legal practices to improve public health approaches and justice responses for victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the connection between human rights and elder abuse, employing a human rights-based approach. Through a critical examination of a fictional case study on elder abuse, the discussion highlights the vital role of nurses when safeguarding the rights of older individuals in residential care settings. The PANEL framework – encompassing Participation, Accountability, Non-discrimination, Empowerment and Legality – is a comprehensive guide for safeguarding practice and is applied to the example provided. By applying this human rights-based approach, nurses can proactively address elder abuse, ensuring individuals' rights are protected, promoted and supported. Through accountability measures, non-discriminatory practices, empowerment strategies and adherence to legal standards, the authors advocate for a holistic approach to enhance the quality of care and foster a safe environment for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seafood is abundant in high-quality protein, healthy fats (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs), minerals (calcium, magnesium, copper, selenium, and so on), and vitamin D. Functional compounds in seafood can protect against lifestyle-related diseases. Having had all the merits mentioned, it is also a highly putrefiable food item. To maintain quality and prolong seafood's shelf life, various chemicals have been added, including nitrite, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde. In this review, we summarize the uses, the incidence of added formalin contamination, and the approved limit for seafood products. Additionally, worldwide regulations or standards for the use of formalin in seafood products, as well as recent changes relevant to new methods, are highlighted. Although strict limits and regulations have been placed on the utilization of formaldehyde for seafood preservation, there are few incidences reported of formalin/formaldehyde detection in seafood products around Asian countries. In this context, various qualitative and quantitative detection methods for formaldehyde have been developed to ensure the presence of formaldehyde within acceptable limits. Besides this, different rules and regulations have been forced by each country to control formaldehyde incidence. Although it is not an issue of formaldehyde incidence in European countries, strict regulations are implemented and followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management Analysis / Revista Gestão em Análise is the property of Revista Gestao em Analise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the importance of forensic science in public safety, in relation to its huge role in discovering the truth regarding the most serious miscarriage of justice in Romania. We analyzed the case of Marcel undrea, who was unjustly sentenced to 25 years in prison for murder and rape, to show how the justice system failed at all levels to find the real culprit. We showed how the safety of citizens was harmed, but also how an innocent man's life was destroyed forever. In the end, it was forensic science that led to the discovery of the true perpetrator and restored public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing expansion of information systems and the emergence of new sources of gathering data and information from the general public is inevitable. This situation creates responsibility for the government in two ways: firstly, the management and how to manage this level of data and information for maximum optimization, and secondly, the proper and easy sharing of governance data between government institutions and the private sector. In response to this issue, the Parliament passed the National Data and Information Management Law, which, considering the importance of the issue, needs to be analyzed to analyze the main reasons for the formation and approval of this law, along with the consequences and real effects of its implementation. This research was conducted with the method of qualitative content analysis and two antecedents of proponents and opponents of moderators, and two consequences of positive consequences and possible threats were extracted. Also, according to the calculated factors, suggestions have been made to avoid unintended consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Mining Magazine is the property of China Mining Magazine Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pennsylvania was a pioneer in the forestry conservation movement, as one of the earliest states to develop forestry legislation, a forestry commission, state forestry reservations, and a forestry association. There are well-known early forestry leaders, like Gifford Pinchot, first chief of the US Forest Service, and Joseph T. Rothrock, the father of Pennsylvania forestry. However, much of the early foundation of the forestry movement in the state is not readily recognized. Bernhard Fernow, third chief of the federal Division of Forestry, had Pennsylvania roots. John Birkinbine, a founder and president of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association (for nearly a quarter-century), quietly provided much of the leadership for the early forestry movement. Surprisingly, Pennsylvania's charcoal iron industry had connections to all four of these forestry leaders. Charcoal production in the state is sometimes associated with forest devastation, but a deeper look shows it is more closely associated with forest conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the 100 million refugees and displaced persons in 2022, the category of "climate refugees" has become more salient, yet countries still do not know how to handle it. Two aspects of climate refugees also remain understudied; how climate refugees are perceived, since they are viewed through the dual lenses of climate risks and migratory flows and how these perceptions impact policies. Climate refugees are thus doubly impacted by the spill-over effect of securitization processes in the fields of climate change and immigration. This paper analyzes how climate- and migration-security legislation in a resource-constrained nation conceptualizes climate refugees, and how their diverse conceptual categories spill over into policymaking and create a mutually beneficial and humanitarian approach for host and migrant populations. This paper uses India as a case study based on its historical practice of refugee protection despite significant resource constraints, high risk of inbound climate refugees, participation in key global agreements, and domestic discourse over climate and immigration securitization. Using policy analysis and expert interviews, this study demonstrates that India successfully exemplifies a broadly humanitarian climate mobility regime in the South Asian region through relocations, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations, and ad hoc legal protection. Despite crucial structural limitations, India illustrates a democratic global south template implicitly recognizing migrants' vulnerability to climate change and attempts to minimize risk, with potential for replication in other developing and developed nations. This normative policy framework, notwithstanding its limitations, presents an alternative to the threat-centric and unsustainable securitization of climate migration practiced in the Global North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A study was undertaken to describe South African dietitians and key role players' perceptions regarding their role in reporting food labelling legislation transgressions. Design: A multimethod study design was employed to explore a previously unstudied topic. Setting: Dietitians registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) together with key role players in food labelling in South Africa. Methods: Quantitative data were collected using a self-administered electronic questionnaire and qualitative data using a semi-structured interview guide. Quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel and qualitative data using ATLAS.ti software. Data were analysed independently in the results section but integrated for interpretation of the findings. Results: In total, only 6% (n = 7) of the included dietitians (n = 126) reported food labelling transgressions, and 12% (n = 15) believed dietitians have a role to play in reporting transgressions. Interestingly, half of the included dietitians (50%, n = 63) stated they would report an identified transgression. Dietitians demonstrated a lack of awareness of the current food labelling regulations, with 43% wrongly identifying the draft regulation to consult. Almost all (99%, n = 125) of the included dietitians reported that their transgression reporting practices would improve if a clear guideline from the Department of Health: Directorate Food Control (DoH DFC) was available. Key role players (n = 8) cited enforcement issues and a perceived gap in dietitians' understanding of legislation and reporting processes as barriers to reporting non-compliance. Key role players identified enablers such as awareness of regulations, contacts within the DoH DFC and familiarity with the reporting process for transgressions. They also provided insight on the proper procedure for reporting food labelling transgressions. Conclusion: The low prevalence of food labelling transgression reporting by dietitians stems from several barriers, including a perceived lack of confidence regarding the current regulation, awareness of the applicable legislation, uncertainty regarding the correct reporting procedure and scepticism that transgression reports will be acted upon. Regular communication regarding food and nutrition regulations and the development of an easy-to-use transgression reporting framework could support the implementation and impact of food labelling regulations in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive samplers have long been used to measure atmospheric pollutants in both indoor and outdoor environments. They are simple to operate, and can now monitor several chemical species. However, their use is limited because they usually require a long exposition time and provide a mean value that cannot control or evidence expected or non-expected events of environmental significance. A new apparatus specifically developed for exposing Analyst© passive samplers has been used to monitor ozone and nitrogen dioxide by automatically selecting a sampling duration of 8 h, as most legislation requires. The instrument was designed to accumulate ozone or NO2 in one passive sampler for 8 h over each day, and in another passive sampler for the remaining hours. This allows for a long-time accumulation of the 8 h ozone or nitrogen dioxide in a dedicated sampler. Measurements were carried out NE of Rome at a rural site. A description of the experiments is given, with special emphasis on the quality controls. Very low uncertainties and good comparability of the data with the reference methods were obtained for both pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]