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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), first described by Stein and Leventhal in 1935, is one of the most prevalent endocrine system conditions affecting women of reproductive age. It affects between 6% and 13% of women and the majority of cases are identified between the ages of 20 and 30. Unfortunately, the disease is usually diagnosed only when bothersome symptoms such as hair loss, alopecia, acne, and infertility-related problems occur. Based on the Rotterdam criteria, four phenotypes of PCOS are distinguished. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about possible treatment approaches, both non-pharmacological and pharmacological. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: "PCOS", "PCOS treatment" and "PCOS medications ". The current state of knowledge Treatments for PCOS must be tailored to the specific needs of each patient. In the management of PCOS, special attention is paid to diet, physical activity, and restoration of the Gut Microbiome. Medications used in therapy are oral contraceptives and anti-androgens, insulin sensitizers, ovulation inducers, calcium and vitamin D supplements, statins, Glucagonlike-peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, inositols and interleukin 22 (IL-22) therapy. Summary Treatment options for menstrual irregularities and hirsutism are based on the clinical goals and preferences of the patient. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The ideal would be causal treatment, but due to the ongoing lack of full understanding of the pathogenesis of the syndrome, is not entirely feasible. The most important is a multimodal approach to treat comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity, hyperlipidemia, depression, and infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Obesity is one of the major health problems of today's population and is defined as a body mass index = 30 kg/m2. For a long time, obesity is no longer treated as a result of negligence but as a disease as indicated by the millions of people around the world affected by this condition. It is known that obesity may cause many complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep, apnoea, and several cancers. The only effective treatment of obesity can be pharmacological or surgical, especially when a years-long attempt to change habits has had no effects. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about non-pharmacological and pharmacological obesity treatment methods. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: "obesity", "obesity treatment", "obesity lifestyle changes", "obesity medications" and "obesity surgery". The current state of knowledge The treatment of obesity requires a multimodal approach to treatment, including the addition of anti-obesity medications or bariatric surgery, or both, to assist people in reaching and sustaining sufficient weight loss to meet treatment goals. Nevertheless, lifestyle interventions are the cornerstone of weight maintenance. The 3 principal components of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention are diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Among available anti-obesity medications include orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, naltrexone, bupropion, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Summary The key challenge in the treatment of obesity is to maintain the effects obtained with multimodal therapy. Without proper motivation of patients and changes in eating and behavioral habits, it is impossible to achieve optimal results, therefore, in addition to medical interventions, more and more attention should be paid to psychological interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Intermittent fasting (IF) is most simply defined as periods of eating alternating with periods of not eating. It has become one of the most popular weight-loss diets in recent years. One reason for the rapid growth in popularity of intermittent fasting may be its simplicity, as this dietary regimen does not require a change in a person's current eating patterns, nor a change in foods. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about intermittent fasting and answer the question of what effect this form of diet has on the human body and sports results and its benefits to health. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: "intermittent fasting", "16/8 fasting" and "diet standards". The current state of knowledge It has been shown that intermittent fasting can be helpful in controlling body weight and reducing metabolic diseases as a result of better glucose regulation and reduced inflammation. Weight reduction can also result in improved athletic performance. In addition, IF has positive effects on the cardiovascular system, specifically improving blood pressure, lowering heart rate, and regulating the body's lipid metabolism indicators. Summary Although there is evidence of the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting, more research needs to be conducted to evaluate the mechanisms, efficacy in humans, target populations, and safety of intermittent fasting. Undoubtedly, a certain group of people may benefit greatly from this type of diet, as it does not require a change in current eating habits due to the simplicity of this diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Computed tomography (CT) is the first imaging modality in the evaluation of children in case of patients with head injury in pediatric Emergency Departments (EDs). Radiological CT reports include not only lesions that are the main cause of the child's complaints but also incidental findings. The objective of this study is to assess incidental findings observed in children who were admitted to the ED and had the head CT performed. Material and methods. This retrospective, cross-sectional study enrolled 644 children under the age of 18, from 1st January 2021 to 31st June 2021. Each child could have had one or more incidental findings in CT Results. Among all CT studies, incidental findings were found in 279 out of 644 (43.32%) cases, of which 73 (11.34%) had both lesions detected incidentally and related to the trauma. Conclusion. Head CT is an incredibly useful tool in the assessment of some head emergencies. However, evaluation of the prevalence of incidental findings is difficult. Most of them require no specific further investigation. Pediatricians, who order CTs in children, must be prepared to interpret and communicate findings to families and introduce treatment in necessary situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a compilation of various research articles and opinions related to fertility preservation in cancer patients. The articles cover a range of topics, including the impact of cancer treatments on fertility, methods of fertility preservation for both men and women, and the safety of chemotherapy during pregnancy. The document also includes information on legal aspects of fertility treatment and the use of preimplantation genetic testing. Overall, these articles provide valuable information for cancer patients and healthcare professionals regarding fertility preservation options and considerations. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction Immersing and swimming in cold water is an increasingly popular sport that has recently become a fashionable form of recreation in the winter months. People who regularly swim in cold water mention the many benefits associated with it. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about immersion and swimming in cold water and to answer questions about the impact of this phenomenon on the human body and its health benefits. Materials and methods The PubMed database was used in this study.A literature review was conducted using the keywords "ice swimming," "winter swimming," "cold water swimming," and "cold water immersion". Results Much research has been done on the effects of cold water swimming, both positive and negative. Ice swimming affects many systems of our body, including the circulatory system, the immune system, and the endocrine system, and also affects metabolic and mental changes in our body, as shown in the work below. Summary A single immersion in cold water causes a stress reaction in the human body, while regular swimming in cold water causes the body to develop many positive physiological changes. Despite the benefits, it is still important to remember the risks involved, and more research should be done to minimize these dangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms remain a problem for pediatricians because, out of a thousand trivial cases, there are rare diseases that require in-depth diagnostics and extensive knowledge to identify them. These complaints may be caused by a neoplastic process. We present the case of a 5-year-old boy whose diagnostic pathway lasted about 3 months. He was admitted to hospital due to severe abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed a bloated, hard, and painful abdomen. In the standing X-ray, the features of intestinal obstruction were visualized. An ultrasound examination showed a possible malignant lesion in the location of the left adrenal gland. After the surgical removal of the pathological mass and histopathological examination, the diagnosis of ganglioneuroblastoma intermixed was made. This tumor, along with neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, and ganglioneuroblastoma nodular, belongs to neuroblastic tumors (NTs), which originate from primitive cells of the sympathetic nervous system. NTs are quite rare, but they are still the majority of extracranial solid tumors in children, and their symptoms often appear relatively late when the neoplastic process is already advanced. The purpose of this review is to present current information about ganglioneuroblastoma, with a special emphasis on nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms as first sign of this tumor and its diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A multiresidue method for the analysis of over 140 multiclass pesticides in fruiting vegetables, based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation procedure followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), was established. In the validation study, the overall recoveries from spiked samples were 102 ± 7, 95 ± 7, and 95 ± 7 % with RSD values of 7 ± 3, 7 ± 4, and 7 ± 3 % at the spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.5 mg kg, respectively, demonstrating fitness for purpose of the method. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 mg kg for more than 90 % of the target compounds. The analysis of over 300 samples of tomatoes, sweet peppers, and cucumbers was carried out in 2006-2014. Of these samples, 52 % contained pesticide residues but the results of the assessment of dietary exposure supported the conclusion that the presence of pesticide residues was unlikely to have a negative effect on the health of consumers. Although some of the pesticides detected in years 2006-2009 are no longer approved in the European Union member countries (namely endosulfan, oxadixyl, procymidone, propargite, and tolylfluanid), the consumer dietary exposure was low and did not exceed 12 % of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) considering both adults' and children's diet. Regarding short-term exposure (acute), in only one case of procymidone in sweet pepper, the acute reference dose (ARfD) for children was exceeded by 139.6 % of the ARfD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the era of PCR analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the human parechovirus (HPeV) is an increasingly recognized cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections in infants younger than 3 months. HPeV encephalitis is a rare infection in term-born children and mainly affects premature neonates. The symptoms of HPeV infection include fever, rash, irritability, lethargy, seizures, cough, diarrhea and feeding difficulties. HPeV can also cause sepsis and even death. Parechovirus encephalitis in neonates and infants can lead to neurological sequelae or neurodevelopmental delay. Case presentation: A seven-day-old neonate (birth at 39 weeks gestation) was admitted to the Department of Neonatal Pathology due to otitis externa. The boy was noted to be reluctant to eat and severely anxious. The neonate presented insufficient weight gain, features of dehydration, erythematous-papular rash on the surface of the trunk and limbs, and a tense abdomen. The fever (38°C) with tachycardia appeared a few hours after the admission. There were two episodes of clonic hemiplegic seizures on the next day of hospitalization. The presence of HPeV was detected in the PCR test of CSF. The MRI of the CNS showed symmetrical, diffuse inflammatory lesions located in the white matter and periventricular. The boy was diagnosed with parechovirus encephalitis and received immunoglobulin treatment. After a month, a follow-up MRI showed the evolution of inflammatory lesions in the brain. Conclusion: Parechovirus encephalitis in term-born neonatea is an uncommon infection. MRI is the primary modality for imaging inflammatory lesions of the CNS especially in children. Early detection of the HPeV through the combination of the PCR--based assays for CSF and MRI scans allows the diagnosis and early application of appropriate treatment. Children after HPeV encephalitis require long-term follow-up due to possible neurological complications, such as impairment in auditory or visual functions, or gross motor function delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Splenic infarction is considered a rare cause of abdominal pain. Incomplete situs inversus is an infrequent condition in which the organs of the abdomen are arranged in a mirror image reversal of the normal positioning with the heart on the normal left side of the thorax. In 95% of cases, congenital heart disease is present. It is associated with asplenia or, less commonly, polysplenia. Case presentation: A 12-year-old female patient was admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery due to abdominal pain and multiple vomiting with gastric content since the morning. In the abdominal ultrasound, several oval areas of intermediate echogenicity were detected on the right side of the lower abdomen and between the right kidney and liver. Due to the atypical image on ultrasound and abdominal x-ray, it was decided to expand the diagnostics. The CT scan of the abdomen with contrast revealed: incomplete situs inversus with 13 spleens, of which three were not enhanced after administration of contrast (image of the splenic infarction). Three spleens measuring 41x30x62 mm, 65x33x60 mm, and 14x11x10 mm were located laterally to the right kidney. A cardiologist consulted the patient and no relevant abnormalities were found. The patient was qualified for laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: CT scan with contrast is the primary modality in the diagnosis of abdominal organs infarctions. Splenic torsion is a rare but clinically important cause of acute abdomen, that should be recognized as fast as possible by the physician. Incomplete situs inversus may be the reason for delayed diagnosis of emergencies and may require the use of extended diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]