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The stature of the character of Gauvain in the novels of Chrétien de Troyes aroused number of studies which conclude in a degradation of the image of the hero the status of which seemed inviolable. It is not that with the Cart that a collection parallel to that of Lancelot, hero of the novel, is committed by Gauvain who fails straightaway in the Bridge under the water where he is close to the drowning and makes sorry figure. The appeal to a functional analysis of the structure of the novel leads to identify Gauvain as the false hero of the wonderful tales which had analyzed Propp. This analysis heuristics clarifies the intuitions of the previous critics which saw in Gauvain an anti-hero. The "sun of the chivalry" flooded in the water of the Bridge "Évage" made so by the tale of the Cart the origin wanted by Christian of this Gauvain's downgrading among the heroes as he makes act. The Cart is the novel-key of the evolution of the sense to be given to the chivalrous exploit as well as to worldly courtesy in the continuity of the work of the novelist champenois. Sense of Lancelot's adventures in the Cart is the proDrôme of the spiritual orientations of Perceval which relegate in the background the "ground" chivalries which illustrated Gauvain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the influence of a passive rider on the lateral dynamics of a bicycle model and the controllability of the bicycle by steer or upper body sideway lean control. In the uncontrolled model proposed by Whipple in 1899, the rider is assumed to be rigidly connected to the rear frame of the bicycle and there are no hands on the handlebar. Contrarily, in normal bicycling the arms of a rider are connected to the handlebar and both steering and upper body rotations can be used for control. From observations, two distinct rider postures can be identified. In the first posture, the upper body leans forward with the arms stretched to the handlebar and the upper body twists while steering. In the second rider posture, the upper body is upright and stays fixed with respect to the rear frame and the arms, hinged at the shoulders and the elbows, exert the control force on the handlebar. Models can be made where neither posture adds any degrees of freedom to the original bicycle model. For both postures, the open loop, or uncontrolled, dynamics of the bicycle–rider system is investigated and compared with the dynamics of the rigid-rider model by examining the eigenvalues and eigenmotions in the forward speed range 0–10 m/s. The addition of the passive rider can dramatically change the eigenvalues and their structure. The controllability of the bicycles with passive rider models is investigated with either steer torque or upper body lean torque as a control input. Although some forward speeds exist for which the bicycle is uncontrollable, these are either considered stable modes or are at very low speeds. From a practical point of view, the bicycle is fully controllable either by steer torque or by upper body lean, where steer torque control seems much easier than upper body lean. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background:We performed a cross-sectional study in Indonesia to evaluate the performance of a single-visit approach of cervical cancer screening, using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), histology and cryotherapy in low-resource settings.Methods:Women having limited access to health-care facilities were screened by trained doctors using VIA. If the test was positive, biopsies were taken and when eligible, women were directly treated with cryotherapy. Follow-up was performed with VIA and cytology after 6 months. When cervical cancer was suspected or diagnosed, women were referred. The positivity rate, positive predictive value (PPV) and approximate specificity of the VIA test were calculated. The detection rate for cervical lesions was given.Results:Screening results were completed in 22 040 women, of whom 92.7% had never been screened. Visual inspection with acetic acid was positive in 4.4%. The PPV of VIA to detect CIN I or greater and CIN II or greater was 58.7% and 29.7%, respectively. The approximate specificity was 98.1%, and the detection rate for CIN I or greater was 2.6%.Conclusion:The single-visit approach cervical cancer screening performed well, showing See and Treat is a promising way to reduce cervical cancer in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent observations of a bicyclist riding through town and on a treadmill show that the rider uses the upper body very little when performing normal maneuvers and that the bicyclist may, in fact, primarily use steering input for control. The observations also revealed that other motions such as lateral movement of the knees were used in low speed stabilization. In order to validate the hypothesis that there is little upper body motion during casual cycling, an in-depth motion capture analysis was performed on the bicycle and rider system. We used motion capture technology to record the motion of three similar young adult male riders riding two different city bicycles on a treadmill. Each rider rode each bicycle while performing stability trials at speeds ranging from 2 km/h to 30 km/h: stabilizing while pedaling normally, stabilizing without pedaling, line tracking while pedaling, and stabilizing with no-hands. These tasks were chosen with the intent of examining differences in the kinematics at various speeds, the effects of pedaling on the system, upper body control motions and the differences in tracking and stabilization. Principal component analysis was used to transform the data into a manageable set organized by the variance associated with the principal components. In this paper, these principal components were used to characterize various distinct kinematic motions that occur during stabilization with and without pedaling. These motions were grouped on the basis of correlation and conclusions were drawn about which motions are candidates for stabilization-related control actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pistil development was studied in transgenic tobacco plants in which the stigma is ablated by expression of a stigma-specific cytotoxic gene. These plants offer a tool to investigate the process of differentiation of the secretory zone, in that cell death caused by barnase activity provides a marker to follow cell fate at high resolution. After fusion of the carpel walls in the region most distal from the ovary, the epidermal cells begin to divide in both wild-type and stigmaless plants. Divisions of the L1 layer of the pistil are immediately followed by the morphogenetic events that lead to three different cell types: rounded-angular cells showing an equal number of anti- and periclinal divisions, cells that are more oblong forming the transition zone, and the square cells of the transmitting tissue dividing mostly anticlinally with respect to the original carpel wall. In the stigmaless plants, cell death caused by the expression of STIG 1-barnase begins at stage −1 and proceeds gradually, but is always associated with round epidermal cells and with angular-rounded cells underneath them. Studies at the ultrastructural level show that cell death caused by barnase activity occurs first in solitary cells and gradually extends to groups of cells. In situ hybridizations using the STIG 1 RNA probe in wild-type pistils confirm these results. Most likely, the cells in which STIG 1 is expressed are those that have just differentiated into the secretory cell type. Our results indicate that the transition zone or neck is autonomously differentiated from the secretory zone and the transmitting tissue. Furthermore, our results indicate that in both wild-type and stigmaless pistils secretion of lipids most likely occurs through the plasmodesmata. This observation suggests that bulk transport can occur via plasmodesmata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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