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While the two types of intransitive verbs, i.e. unergative and unaccusative, are hypothesised to be syntactically represented, many have proposed a semantic account where abstract properties related to agentivity and telicity, often conceptualised as binary properties, determine the classification. Here we explore the extent to which graded, embodied features rooted in neurobiological systems contribute to the distinction, representing verb meanings as continuous human ratings over various experiential dimensions. Unlike prior studies that classified verbs based on categorical intuition, we assessed the degree of unaccusativity by acceptability of the prenominal past participle construction, one of the unaccusativity diagnostics. Five models were constructed to explain these data: categorical syntactic/semantic, feature-based event-semantic, experiential, and distributional models. The experiential model best explained the diagnostic test data, suggesting that the unaccusative/unergative distinction may be an emergent phenomenon related to differences in underlying experiential content. The experiential model's advantages, including interpretability and scalability, are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have directly investigated a 2 delta L as the diffusion length in a‐IGZO TFT using a scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) technique at the cross section of TFTs instead of indirect normal transmission line method (TLM). Moreover, we revealed that the difference of 2 delta L leads the variation of total parastic capacitance in devices, which play a key role in the properites of EL currents in case of display devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We found that, among relapsed or refractory patients after second-line therapy, the novel CAR-T therapy led to 41% reduction in the risk of death compared with South Korean patients who received conventional third-line chemotherapy and above. In addition, patients were required to have received at least third-line therapy as an index treatment, and excluded if they were outside the age range of JULIET study (22-76 years) at index treatment or had missing value for the variables included for computing propensity score weights. As an ad-hoc sensitivity analysis, we attempted to align treatment period of the conventional treatment group to tisa-cel group, which was between 2015 and 2017, to account for potential impact of changing treatment landscapes across time on the study outcome. [Extracted from the article]

In recent years, with the approval of preventative vaccines for pandemics, lipid nanoparticles have become a prominent RNA delivery vehicle. The lack of long-lasting effects of non-viral vectors is an advantage for infectious disease vaccines. With the introduction of microfluidic processes that facilitate the encapsulation of nucleic acid cargo, lipid nanoparticles are being studied as delivery vehicles for various RNA-based biopharmaceuticals. In particular, using microfluidic chip-based fabrication processes, nucleic acids such as RNA and proteins can be effectively incorporated into lipid nanoparticles and utilized as delivery vehicles for various biopharmaceuticals. Due to the successful development of mRNA therapies, lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals of various types (DNA, mRNA, short RNA, proteins) possess expression mechanisms that are suitable for manufacturing personalized cancer vaccines, while also requiring formulation with lipid nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the basic design of lipid nanoparticles, the types of biopharmaceuticals used as carriers, and the microfluidic processes involved. We then present research cases focusing on lipid-nanoparticle-based immune modulation and discuss the current status of commercially available lipid nanoparticles, as well as future prospects for the development of lipid nanoparticles for immune regulation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the amount of documents has exploded in the Internet era, many researchers have tried to understand the relationships between documents and predict the links between similar but unconnected documents. However, existing link prediction techniques that use the predefined links of documents might provide incorrect results, because of the generic problem of citation analysis. Moreover, they may fail to reflect important contents of documents in the link prediction process. Thus, we propose a new link prediction approach that employs the Doc2vec algorithm, a document-embedding method, in order to predict potential links between documents, by reflecting the functional context of technological words. For this, first, we collected both citation information and documents of patents of interest, and generated a patent network by using the citation relationship between patents. Second, we identified unconnected links between nodes and transformed the patent document into document vectors, based on the Doc2vec algorithm. In particular, since patent documents include useful functions for solving technological problems, the proposed approach extracts subject-action-object (SAO) structures that we used to generate document vectors. Then, we calculated the similarity between patents in the unconnected links of a patent network, and could predict potential links by using the similarity. Third, we validated the results of the proposed approach by comparing them using the Adamic–Adar technique, one of the traditional link prediction techniques, and word vector-based link prediction. We applied the Doc2vec-based link prediction approach to a real case, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology field. We found that the proposed approach makes better predictions performance than the Adamic–Adar technique and the word vector approach. Our results can help analyzers accurately forecast future relationships between nodes in a network, and give R&D managers insightful information on the future direction of technological development by using a patent network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semitransparent perovskite solar cells with n–i–p configuration, thermal evaporation is the common method to deposit the sputter buffer material, such as molybdenum oxide and tungsten oxide. Buffer layers are especially necessary when using organic hole transporting layers, as they are more susceptible to get damaged when sputtering the top transparent conducting oxide. However, there is a limited selection of possible materials and limited control of the materials properties by thermal evaporation, which leads to inefficient protection against sputtering and poor air stability. While there have been well‐established buffer layers by atomic layer deposition, including tin oxide, for p–i–n structured semitransparent perovskite solar cells, this is not the case for n–i–p structured devices. Here, copper oxide is demonstrated by pulsed‐chemical vapor deposition incorporated into perovskite solar cells for the sputter buffer layer, which result in stable encapsulated semitransparent devices maintaining over 95% of the maximum efficiency under AM 1.5 G at maximum power point tracking for 150 h without any temperature control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination is an effective measure to control the diffusion of infectious disease such as COVID-19. This paper analyzes the basic reproduction number in South Korea which enables us to identify a necessary level of vaccine stockpile to achieve herd immunity. An susceptible-infected-susceptible model is adopted that allows a stochastic diffusion. The result shows that the basic reproduction number of South Korea is approximately 2 which is substantially lower than those of the other regions. The herd immunity calculated from economic-epidemiological model suggests that at least 62% of the susceptible population be vaccinated when COVID-19 vaccine becomes available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For semitransparent devices with n‐i‐p structures, a metal oxide buffer material is commonly used to protect the organic hole transporting layer from damage due to sputtering of the transparent conducting oxide. Here, a surface treatment approach is addressed for tungsten oxide‐based transparent electrodes through slight modification of the tungsten oxide surface with niobium oxide. Incorporation of this transparent electrode technique to the protective buffer layer significantly recovers the fill factor from 70.4% to 80.3%, approaching fill factor values of conventional opaque devices, which results in power conversion efficiencies over 18% for the semitransparent perovskite solar cells. Application of this approach to a four‐terminal tandem configuration with a silicon bottom cell is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From biogenesis to degradation, mRNA goes through diverse types of regulation and interaction with other biomolecules. Uneven distribution of mRNA transcripts and the diverse isoforms and modifications of mRNA make us wonder how cells manage the complexity and keep the functional integrity for the normal development of cells and organisms. Single-molecule microscopy tools have expanded the scope of RNA research with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in the methods for labeling mRNA targets and analyzing the quantitative information from fluorescence images of single mRNA molecules. In particular, the MS2 system and its various applications are the main focus of this article. We also review how recent studies have addressed biological questions related to the significance of mRNA localization in vivo. Efforts to visualize the dynamics of single mRNA molecules in live cells will push forward our knowledge on the nature of heterogeneity in RNA sequence, structure, and distribution as well as their molecular function and coordinated interaction with RNA binding proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While glutamate and glutamate-rich compounds are widely used for culturing Streptomyces sp., little is known regarding glutamate catabolism at molecular level. Noting the presence of two distinct putative glutamate dehydrogenases (GDH), we constructed knockout mutants of each gene with Streptomyces coelicolor M145 and examined the functionality related to antibiotic production. Out of the two, the sco2999 knockout (Δ gdhB, NAD-specific) showed outstanding effects; it decreased the growth sevenfold but initiated the undecylprodigiosin (RED) production in complex Difco nutrient media which otherwise does not support the production from M145. With glucose supplementation, the growth difference by Δ gdhB disappeared but we could obtain significantly increased actinorhodin (ACT) and RED biosynthesis with the mutant by limiting the glucose content (0.5∼1.0 %, w/ v). Complementing the gene to the knockout mutant inhibited the production, confirming its gene specificity. Along with the extended impacts on overall nitrogen metabolism based on the intracellular metabolite analysis and enzyme assays, GdhB and glutamate utilization were shown to interfere with N-acetylglucosamine metabolism and the activity of its associated global transcriptional regulator (DasR). Taken together, GdhB-subjected to the nutritional context-dependent regulation-is proposed as a key member of central nitrogen metabolism to control the secondary metabolism initiation in exploiting the organic nitrogen sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SsgA-like proteins are a family of actinomycete-specific regulatory proteins that control cell division and spore maturation in streptomycetes. SsgA and SsgB together activate sporulation-specific cell division by controlling the localization of FtsZ. Here we report the identification of novel regulators that control the transcription of the ssgA-like genes. Transcriptional regulators controlling ssg gene expression were identified using a DNA-affinity capture assay. Supporting transcriptional and DNA binding studies showed that the ssgA activator gene ssgR is controlled by the TetR-family regulator AtrA, while the γ-butyrolactone-responsive AdpA (SCO2792) and SlbR (SCO0608) and the metabolic regulator Rok7B7 (SCO6008) were identified as candidate regulators for the cell division genes ssgA, ssgB and ssgG. Transcription of the cell division gene ssgB depended on the sporulation genes whiA and whiH, while ssgR, ssgA and ssgD were transcribed independently of the whi genes. Our work sheds new light on the mechanisms by which sporulation-specific cell division is controlled in Streptomyces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glutathione is a valuable tri-peptide that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Glutathione is produced industrially by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and supplementation of fermentation with several amino acids can increase intracellular GSH content. More recently, however, focus has been given to protein as a resource for biofuel and fine chemical production. We demonstrate that expression of a protease on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae enables the direct use of keratin and soy protein as a source of amino acids and that these substrates enhanced intracellular GSH content. Furthermore, fermentation using soy protein also enhanced cell concentration. GSH fermentation from keratin and to a greater extent from soy protein using protease-displaying yeast yielded greater GSH productivity compared to GSH fermentation with amino acid supplementation. This protease-displaying yeast is potentially applicable to a variety of processes for the bio-production of value-added chemicals from proteinaceous biomass resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helicobacter pylori causes acute and chronic gastric inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by cells of the gastric mucosa, including gastric epithelial cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that the bacterial arginase, RocF, is involved in inhibiting T cell proliferation and CD3ζ expression, suggesting that arginase could be involved in a more general dampening of the immune response, perhaps by down-regulation of certain pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: Global transcriptome analysis was performed on AGS gastric epithelial cells infected for 16 hours with a wild type Helicobacter pylori strain 26695, an arginase mutant (rocF-) or a rocF+ complemented strain. H. pylori infection triggered altered host gene expression in genes involved in cell movement, death/growth/proliferation, and cellular function and maintenance. While the wild type strain stimulates host inflammatory pathways, the rocF- mutant induced significantly more expression of IL-8. The results of the microarray were verified using real-time PCR, and the differential levels of protein expression were confirmed by ELISA and Bioplex analysis. MIP-1B was also significantly secreted by AGS cells after H. pylori rocF- mutant infection, as determined by Bioplex. Even though not explored in this manuscript, the impact that the results presented here may have on the development of gastritis, warrant further research to understand the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between H. pylori RocF and IL-8 induction. Conclusions: We conclude that H. pylori arginase modulates multiple host signaling and metabolic pathways of infected gastric epithelial cells. Arginase may play a critical role in anti-inflammatory host responses that could contribute to the ability of H. pylori to establish chronic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffer Layers: Copper Oxide Buffer Layers by Pulsed-Chemical Vapor Deposition for Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells (Adv. Keywords: buffer layers; copper oxide; perovskite photovoltaics; pulsed-chemical vapor deposition; semitransparent solar cells EN buffer layers copper oxide perovskite photovoltaics pulsed-chemical vapor deposition semitransparent solar cells 1 1 1 01/15/21 20210108 NES 210108 In article number 2001482, Helen Hejin Park, Jangwon Seo, and co-workers introduce copper oxide by pulsed-chemical vapor deposition as a buffer layer, which protects the organic hole transport layer from sputtering damage during sputtering of the transparent conducting oxide. Buffer layers, copper oxide, perovskite photovoltaics, pulsed-chemical vapor deposition, semitransparent solar cells. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores how the metal oxide buffer material is commonly used to protect the organic hole transporting layer from damage due to sputtering of the transparent conducting oxide, and Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly developed within a decade starting off with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). It mentions improvement of silicon solar cell efficiencies through siliconperovskite tandems is realistic business models.