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The Roman provinces did not exist as entities but as a part of a complex system involving their urban and rural landscape, communications and networks. This paper explores evidence for ceramic production within the territory of the Augustan colony of Patras, highlighting the city’s significance as a major production center due to its strategic position in regional and long-distance trading networks. Regarding the archaeological evidence, 60 sites with evidence for ceramic production were studied, providing new data on their architectural structures, workshops and kilns as well as spatial organization within Patras and its territory. The prime focus of the work, focused on the definition of local Roman wares. Hence, 150 samples were selected from the kilns and their surrounding area for typological and fabric analysis. This paper offers the first systematic archaeometric analysis of Roman ceramics from the city of Patras and serves as a major guide-line for defining what was actually produced locally (e.g. grey and red sigillatas, plain ware vessels, ceramic building materials and amphorae). Petrographic analysis enabled us to determine the local compositional patterns establishing that there are five fabrics encountered among the various workshops with few compositional differences, indicating that they derive possibly from the same locally available clay deposits. Imported (Italian) terra sigillatas could also be successfully distinguished. Mineralogical analysis through X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) allowed the study of the nature of the raw materials used and enabled the estimation of kiln firing temperatures, which ranged from 700 to 1100 °C, thereby offering vital insights into ceramic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused magnesia is a main irreplaceable raw material of magnesia-carbon bricks for the linings of steelmaking converters, steelmaking electric furnaces and refining ladle slag lines,which has a production capacity of 4 miilion tons in southern Liaoning. However, due to its downstream market, production raw materials, as well as production technology and equipment,problems for the fused magnesia production exist such as the imbalance of supply and demand,high energy consumption and large fluctuation of product quality. Therefore, the status and changes of fused magnesia in southern Liaoning in recent years were expounded. The future development trend of fused magnesia was pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In masonry construction, the most commonly used building unit all over the world is the burnt clay brick. Adding waste materials in certain percentages to these bricks helps in eliminating the environmental burden occurring in the form of excessive waste accumulation on open land sites, leading to sustainable and economical construction. This research program aimed to examine the feasibility of using waste marble powder (WMP) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) in the manufacturing of clay bricks. WMP was collected from local marble cutting workshops, whereas SBA was prepared by burning the waste sugarcane obtained from various sugar mills in the local area. Brick specimens incorporating 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of hybrid WMP and SBA were prepared at a local brick kiln. Burnt clay bricks were transported to the laboratory, and their mechanical and durability properties were evaluated. A reduction in weight per unit area of brick specimens incorporating waste materials was observed, allowing them to be easily handled and transported. Decreased compressive strength was due to the addition of waste materials in comparison with conventional clay bricks. However, waste percentages up to 15% satisfied the criteria for the minimum compressive strength as per the Building Code of Pakistan (BCP). All tested samples showed flexural strength greater than 0.65 MPa. Tested bricks incorporating 10% and 20% of waste materials had water absorption values of 18% and 21%, respectively, which are higher than that of conventional clay bricks. Moreover, bricks incorporating waste materials exhibited a higher initial rate of absorption than conventional clay brick; therefore, such bricks need to be wet well before use in masonry construction. Brick specimens showed less than 1% weight loss, and bricks exhibited no signs of distress and cracking after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. A decrease in compressive strength was observed due to sulphate exposure. However, specimens with 10% waste materials still satisfied the minimum compressive strength requirement of BCP. Based on this study, it can be concluded that bricks with up to 10% hybrid waste materials (WMP and SBA) will assist in the environmental issues of these wastes, leading to more sustainable and economical masonry construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disposal of crop residues from agricultural fields is often seen as a burden due to the difficulties involved. However, this study aims to turn pigeonpea stalks into biochar, which can serve as a fuel substitute and soil amendment to sequester carbon. Different pyrolysis methods were employed to investigate the variations in yield, physicochemical characteristics, and higher heating value (HHV) of biochar produced from pigeonpea stalks. The biochar produced using a muffle furnace exhibited higher fixed carbon and ash content. These characteristics make it beneficial for restoring degraded agricultural soils by enhancing carbon sequestration. In addition, the muffle furnace biochar demonstrated a total potential carbon ranging from 262.8 to 264.3 g of carbon per kilogram of biochar, along with a CO2 reduction potential ranging from 77.17 to 79.68 CO2 eq per kg. Both the European Biochar Certificate and the International Biochar Initiative confirmed the agronomic abilities of the biochar and its compliance with the highest quality standards for soil carbon sequestration, with 0.11 H/C and 0.7 O/C ratios. Furthermore, biochar produced by muffle furnace from pigeonpea stalks exhibited superior fixed carbon recovery efficiency (181.66 to 184.62%), densification (5.86 to 6.83%), energy density (1.77 to 2.06%), energy retention efficiency (54.80 to 56.64%), fuel ratio (18.95 to 22.38%), and HHV (30.66 to 32.56 MJ kg−1). Additionally, it had lower H/C and O/C ratios, suggesting its potential as an alternative solid fuel. The results of the characterization of biochar with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the biochar samples prepared with both the methods had carbonyl (C=O), C=C, and aromatic C-H functional groups; however, the biochar prepared in the muffle furnace had more porosity. In summary, this study highlights the potential of using pigeonpea stalks to produce biochar, which can be utilized as a renewable fuel substitute and soil amendment to sequester carbon. The biochar derived from the muffle furnace exhibited desirable physicochemical characteristics, high carbon content, and excellent energy properties, making it a promising option for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results from archaeological fieldwork between 2014 and 2016 at Burdiehouse, Edinburgh, have revealed evidence of structures, pits and enclosures related to rural settlement and activity ranging across the Early Medieval period from the 7th century AD up to the 12th century AD. A suite of features included a truncated stone platform, remains of a small post-built building with a hearth and numerous pits, postholes and curvilinear ditches. In addition, a circular clay-lined kiln was recorded. Radiocarbon dating indicates that while the building and hearth, the stone platform and numerous of the pits, postholes and linear features related to activity between the 7th and 10th centuries AD, the kiln was a later feature, dated to the 12th century AD. The evidence for rural Early Medieval settlement sites as identified at Burdiehouse is limited but recent work has emphasised how important they are for understanding everyday activity in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1959, Victor Teodorescu investigated a pottery kiln discovered in the territory of the village of Țintești, near the city of Buzău. The kiln, partially destroyed during the construction of a road, was composed of the stoker's pit, the kiln chamber with a central pillar, the grate, and the combustion chamber. Two intact vessels and several potsherds were found in the kiln. The research result remained unpublished. This note presents the report compiled at the completion of the investigations and the graphic part created by the author of the excavation, found in the archive of the County Museum of History and Archaeology Prahova. The illustration has been complemented with maps that include the area and photographs and archaeological materials recently discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the development of cheap affordable highly efficient catalytic oxidation system of harmful components of industrial flue gases of carbon graphite enterprises, its design features according to the parameters of furnace equipment, which will significantly improve the environmental safety of metallurgical and machine-building enterprises. The presented calculation and design solutions, in addition to carbon production, can be used in environmental protection technologies at other environmentally hazardous facilities to neutralize toxic emissions. The paper presents the calculation of the catalytic CO oxidation reactor made for the real flow rate of flue gases with temperature range 270-390 °C, which come out of the combustion chamber of the Riedhammer «first fire» kiln, heated by the flue gases. For such medium exothermic processes, mass and heat transfer between gas flow and the outer surface of the catalyst grains is sufficient intense. In this case for description of the catalytic process in the reactor is sufficient to use quasi-homogeneous single-phase model. The model of plug-flow reactor with a fixed bed of catalyst was used to calculate the flow parameters of the gas mixture through a reactor loaded with a composite zeolite-based manganese-oxide catalyst in the process of catalytic CO oxidation. The calculation results obtained using the software CHEMCAD 7.1.5 were almost identical to the previously made calculation. The peculiarity of the suggested solution was the use of the designed catalytic reactor for treatment of large volume of flue gases with low concentrations of CO at the companies of electrode carbon graphite production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brick kiln workers were evaluated in the field using otorhinolaryngologic and head and neck surgery (ENT) assessments. One-hundred and twenty laborers were assessed. The subjects were divided into three categories according to the work area: before the brick kiln, in the brick kiln, and after the brick kiln. Two evaluations were made, a questionnaire and an ENT examination. If structural changes were observed during the examination, the complication was deemed structural. Seventeen laborers who completed the questionnaire did not participate in the examination. A total of 103 laborers participated in the study: 29 before the brick kiln, 63 in the brick kiln, and 11 after the brick kiln. While general otologic complications were observed in 26 (25.2%) laborers, structural otologic complications were observed in 2 (1.9%). While general nasal complications were observed in 70 (68.0%) laborers, structural nasal complications were observed in 27 (26.2%). Although the general otologic and structural nasal complication rates were higher in the brick kiln group, the general, structural otologic, and nasal complication rates did not reach statistical significance among groups (p > 0.05). Both the general and structural nasal complication rates were significantly higher in laborers who had worked for more than 10 years and did not wear a mask (p < 0.01). We detected prominent nasal pathologies in brick kiln workers in our ENT-based study. These pathologies were much more common in laborers who had worked for over 10 years and did not wear a mask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste (MSW) is an alternative fuel (AF) partially replacing coal/petcoke in a calciner/kiln of cement plant. The maximum thermal substitution rate (TSR) achieved through RDF is 80–100% in the calciner, while it is limited to 50–60% in the kiln burner. Different AF pre-combustion technologies, advancements in multi-channel burners, and new satellite burners have supported high TSR. Extensive efforts in modelling kiln burner and calciner lead to enhance TSR. However, the cement industry faces operational issues such as incomplete combustion, increased specific heat consumption, reduced flame temperature, and kiln coating buildup. There is an interest in RDF gasification, a promising alternative to eliminate the operational issues of the cement industry, which needs to be integrated with the existing cement plant. The article reviews the integration of gasification in cement production and various experimental and modelling studies of the direct firing of AF/RDF in the kiln/calciner. The features and technology status of both approaches are compared. The different gasification integration technologies with varied configurations for cement plant calciner are highlighted. The article emphasizes the need to develop suitable calciner/kiln-gasifier models for predicting calciner output based on different RDFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of catalysts such as zeolites is a complex multiscale and multi-step process. Various material properties, such as particle size or moisture content, as well as operating parameters—e.g., temperature or amount and composition of input material flows—significantly affect the outcome of each process step, and hence determine the properties of the final product. Therefore, the design and optimization of such processes is a complex task, which can be greatly facilitated with the help of numerical simulations. This contribution presents a modeling framework for the dynamic flowsheet simulation of a zeolite production sequence consisting of four stages: precipitation in a batch reactor; concentration and washing in a block of centrifuges; formation of droplets and drying in a spray dryer; and burning organic residues in a chain of rotary kilns. Various techniques and methods were used to develop the applied models. For the synthesis in the reactor, a multistage strategy was used, comprising discrete element method simulations, data-driven surrogate modeling, and population balance modeling. The concentration and washing stage consisted of several multicompartment decanter centrifuges alternating with water mixers. The drying is described by a co–current spray dryer model developed by applying a two-dimensional population balance approach. For the rotary kilns, a multi-compartment model was used, which describes the gas–solid reaction in the counter–current solids and gas flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Charcoal is produced in large quantities in the Portuguese region of Alentejo mainly using traditional brick kilns. Information about this type of carbonization technology is scarce, which makes it urgent to characterize the process as a starting point for performance improvements. In this context, this study aims to characterize the operation of a cylindrical brick kiln (≈80 m3) during regular wood carbonization cycles. Relevant process parameters were monitored along with the yields and/or composition of the main products (carbonization gas, charcoal, and charcoal fines) to evaluate the mass balance of the process. The results show that the bulk of the kiln operates at temperatures below 300 °C, which greatly limits the quality of the charcoal. For instance, the fixed carbon content of charcoal can easily be as low as 60 wt.%. The yield of charcoal is also low, with values below 25 wt.% of dry wood feed. This means that significant quantities of by-products are generated in the process with little or no commercial value. Modifications in the carbonization process are needed to improve efficiency, charcoal quality, and environmental acceptance to sustain this activity in regions where it still represents vital income related to wood-waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the formation of networked ceramic factories before the mid-eighteenth century in early modern China. Enquiring into the role of the state and private entrepreneurs in production innovation and design, it explores the notion of a 'factory'. In the context of large scale traditional production in East Asia, I periodize the evolving organizational structure of China's model of ceramic production and discuss two aspects of the state's negotiation with regional commercial kilns: 1) the impact on kiln structures and the exploitation of raw materials such as porcelain stones and colour pigment, and 2) an early modern design system which simultaneously regulated aesthetic forms, technological experiments, and fiscal planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials provides the opportunity to significantly reduce the cement industry's carbon burden; however, use at a global scale requires a deep understanding of the extraction and processing of the clays to be used, which will uncover routes to optimise their reactivity. This will enable increased usage of calcined clays as cement replacements, further improving the sustainability of concretes produced with them. Existing technologies can be adopted to produce calcined clays at an industrial scale in many regions around the world. This paper, produced by RILEM TC 282-CCL on calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials (working group 2), focuses on the production of calcined clays, presents an overview of clay mining, and assesses the current state of the art in clay calcination technology, covering the most relevant aspects from the clay deposit to the factory gate. The energetics and associated carbon footprint of the calcination process are also discussed, and an outlook on clay calcination is presented, discussing the technological advancements required to fulfil future global demand for this material in sustainable infrastructure development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Maize straw- and rice husk-derived biochars were produced in a simple metal kiln without automated control. Their characteristics and effects on crop productivity were investigated in three fields in Nepal. The maximum temperature inside the kiln reached ~ 450 °C; the charring reaction was maintained for 90 min and 10 h for maize straw- and rice husk-derived biochars, respectively, until 30 °C was reached. The physicochemical properties of the biochars were similar to those of biochars manufactured previously in electric furnaces with automated control. Compared with control soil, incorporation of maize straw- and/or rice husk-derived biochars into soil significantly (p < 0.05) increased spinach biomass, onion bulb, millet and maize yields. The increase in crop productivity varied from 12.8% (millet yield at 10 t ha−1 maize straw-derived biochar addition) to 220% (spinach biomass production at 10 t ha−1 rice husk-derived biochar addition). Further research is needed to standardize the operating conditions of biochar manufacturing in a kiln to optimize crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural and monumental architecture of Northern Spain gives testimony of the wide-ranging constructive possibilities of traditional gypsum for exterior and structural applications. However, today, gypsum is only used for finishing purposes. By combining a bibliographic review with local visits/interviews and experimental gypsum calcinations, we were able to document traditional processing methods and analyze the factors responsible for the decline of exterior and structural gypsum use. Obtained results are also valid for other European countries and contribute to a better understanding of the technical peculiarities of traditional gypsum, hopefully reviving traditional processing techniques to produce compatible and sustainable conservation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kilning of malt occurs at different temperatures, depending on the desired color and aromas. Higher temperatures applied during kilning can be involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formation in malt. PAHs are undesirable and designated as health hazards, it is important to quantify and qualify them in different malts. Since the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) gave strict recommendations about PAHs in different foods, but omitted malt as a potential hazardous raw material that can cause health damage to beer consumers, the aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of 16 PAHs (naphthalene (Nap), acenaphthylene (Anl), acenaphthene (Ane), fluorene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chry), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DahA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP)) in different, commercially available malts (amber, black, pilsner, and cara-120). The results showed that PAHs are present in different malts, with some in high amounts (BaA in black malt was 737 µg/kg). Minimal levels of BaA were detected in the amber malt, 60.53 µg/kg. The PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and Chry) sums are identical to the BaA concentrations in all malts and greatly exceed the EFSA prescribed levels for PAH4 in processed cereal-based foods (1 µg/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid buildings are not a modern invention. In the case of certain types of buildings in historical production facilities, a degree of inseparable fusion of static buildings and dynamic mechanics can be detected. This goes far beyond the multifunctional use of a room and also includes constructional and architectural design to the same extent. They are not simply rooms or buildings in which machines for the production of an item or a product are installed, but the room, or the building, itself, is the "machine", or at least an essential part of it. Or is the machine the building? This relationship will be explained using the example of historical oast houses. For this type of building, architectural development from an integrated yet barely perceptible component to a free-standing solitary building can be demonstrated over a period of around 80 years. It is not clear which part is the building and which is the production technology. These two main components have become an indissoluble unit, making the oast house a real hybrid. A hibrid épületek nem a jelen kor találmányai. A történeti gyártólétesítmények egyes épülettípusainál az épület és a gépek már-már feloldhatatlan egymásba fonódása figyelhető meg. Ez a jelenség jelentősen túlmutat a többcélú helyiségeken, és egyaránt jellemző a szerkezeti és az építészeti kialakításra is. Itt már nem olyan épületekről beszélhetünk, amelyekben gépek vannak felállítva, hanem maga az épület válik a „géppé", illetve annak szétválaszthatatlan részévé. Vagy a gép maga az épület is egyben? A fenti összefüggés bemutatása a történeti aszalók példáján keresztül történik. Közel 80 év leforgása alatt az épületben korábban alig látható berendezés szabadon álló épületté fejlődik, amelyben már-már meghatározhatatlan, hogy melyik rész tartozik még magához az épülethez és melyik rész már a gyártástechnika. A két fő komponens szétválaszthatatlan egységet alkot, vagyis az aszaló igazi hibriddé fejlődik. Hybride Gebäude sind keine Erfindung der Neuzeit. Bei bestimmten Bautypen historischer Produktionsstätten ist eine Größenordnung der Durchdringung von statischem Gebäude und dynamischer Mechanik festzustellen, die nicht aufzulösen ist. Dies geht weit über die multifunktionale Nutzung eines Raumes hinaus, und umfasst in gleichem Maße auch die Konstruktion und architektonische Gestaltung. Es sind keine Räume, oder Gebäude in denen Maschinen zur Produktion eines Gegenstandes oder einer Ware aufgestellt werden, sondern der Raum, oder das Gebäude selbst ist die „Maschine", oder zumindest ein wesentlicher Teil von dieser. Oder ist die Maschine das Gebäude? Am Beispiel historischer Darren soll dieser Zusammenhang erläutert werden. Für diesen Gebäudetyp kann in einem Zeitraum von etwa 80 Jahren eine architektonische Entwicklung vom visuell kaum wahrnehmbaren und integrierten Bauteil zum freistehenden Solitär nachgewiesen werden. Dabei ist nicht eindeutig festzustellen, welcher Teil das Gebäude ist, und welcher die Produktionstechnik. Aus den beiden Hauptkomponenten ist eine unauflösbare Einheit geworden, womit die Darre zum echten Hybrid wird. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marea/Northern Hawwariya is one of the largest and most important archaeological sites dating between the 3rd century BC and the 8th century AD located at Lake Mareotis in northern Egypt. Even though excavations have been carried out since the end of the 1970s, the settlement is still largely unexplored. To rectify this situation, non‐invasive research has been carried out on 21.5 ha of the site using a precise positioning system and magnetometer measurements. Exact topographic and magnetic maps were prepared based on the data that were obtained. Simultaneously, verification research were carried out, including archaeological excavations, registering surface findings and satellite image analysis. In the south‐eastern part of the site, electrical resistivity measurements were taken as well. This approach allowed for the identification of the densely built areas of the Byzantine and Early Islamic town. On the south‐western side, some magnetic anomalies were registered, following regular patterns with clear linear borders and surrounded by wetlands without clear signs of habitation. On the northern side, the settlement was limited by an artificial coastline, forming straight waterfronts made of stone blocks. As for the town itself, a 260‐m street with adjacent regular built‐up areas was discovered. This regularity points to an order of planning, at least for the Byzantine part of the settlement. Recording of large amplitude magnetic anomalies proves the presence of heavily burnt objects. They may be interpreted as remains of kilns, perhaps used to manufacture amphorae, glass vessels and lime. Electrical resistivity measurements in the south‐eastern part of the site localized cavities in the natural limestone rock uplift. These may have been rock‐cut tombs. Multidisciplinary, non‐invasive research in Marea/Northern Hawwariya allowed for the quick generation of new knowledge on the topography of the site, significantly enriching information on its form and the functions of its various parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Refractories / Naihuo Cailiao is the property of Naihuo Cailia (Refractories) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal: Retrofit technology has been suggested for the reduction of CO2 emission in cement manufacturing but the economic justification of this retrofit technology is rarely or not available. This research study aimed to evaluate the beneficial value of retrofit technology aimed at reducing CO2 emission in a wet process cement plant. Design / Methodology / Approach: Engineering Economic and cost estimation techniques were used to evaluate the overall annual cost of combination of retrofit technology. The overall annual cost of retrofit technology was determined in terms of capital cost, operation and maintenance cost and energy cost savings of retrofit. Results: The best strategy to reduce CO2 emission is the combination of adjustable speed drive for kiln; kiln drive efficiency improvement for kiln and process control and management system for kiln at 6% reduction target, giving a cost savings of $520,836 on retrofit for 10 years and 1.41% reduction in total cost. Limitations of the investigation: Getting adequate plant data in Nigeria was a constraint during the research. Practical implications: The results presented if implemented by Cement plant operators will ensure reduction in the CO2 emission and government can enforce Cement plant operators to adhere to strict environmental and safety regulations while litigations and sanctions can be employed to implements this policy. Originality / Value: The study established economic justification of retrofit technology for CO2 emission reduction before eventual implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Roman Pottery Studies is the property of Casemate Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Roman Pottery Studies is the property of Casemate Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Roman Pottery Studies is the property of Casemate Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Тhe archaeological complex in Kosharna is located at 3 km to the southwest of the eponymous village in the areas Kajnanak dere and Koru Gjoldjuk. It consists of 2 tell-settlements and adjoining cemetery dated to the second half of Chalcolithic period. A clay feature was found within a hoard of ceramic vessels in the Chalcolithic cemetery. The situation was interpreted by the excavator and current author as a ceramic structure - depot for ceramic vessels, which have been used during the burial ceremonies. The hoard is related to the Late Copper Age and the Gumelnitsa culture. The current paper is a response to the article by Stilyan Ivanov offering reinterpretation of the feature with the hoard as a kiln for single firing of ceramics. The analysis focuses on four field observations and conclusions - the location, secondary burning, the presence of the vessels and the remains of a clay structure. The discovered feature is still without analogue in Balkan prehistory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ceramic kilns are an indispensable part of the study of ceramic technology. Studies on the construction and maintenance of ancient ceramic kilns are mostly based on field observations during excavation. Here we report on the micromorphological study of a Late Helladic updraft ceramic kiln from the archeological site of Kolonna, Aegina Island, Greece. The study is focused on the construction details and stratigraphy of the interior of the kiln and also on the ashy sediments of the entrance area with the aim to better understand the operation of the kiln. In addition, X-ray power diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and FTIR microspectroscopy, applied directly on thin sections, provided information on the temperature of firing and on the observed mineralogical transformations. A highly calcareous clay was used for the construction of the kiln. The main construction of the kiln was followed by two major reconstructions affecting both the walls and floor, but not the door area. In between the reconstruction phases, the kiln was left open for considerable periods, probably during the rainy seasons as attested by the preservation of water-lain sedimentary crusts on the floor of the kiln. The firing process formed a poreless, well-reacted sealing crust on the inner surfaces of the kiln which presumably acted as an insulating shell. Calcitic ashes have been transformed to quicklime and hard indurated surfaces resembling lime constructions. The mineralogical transformations suggest firing temperatures in excess of 700 °C but probably lower than 900 °C. The use of highly calcareous material for the construction of the kiln, generally considered not suitable for its inferior thermal insulating properties and strength, is discussed in the light of the observed mineralogical transformations and fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the features of obtaining a composite binder containing cement kilns dust, blast furnace slag and Portland cement, in which increased complex activation of blast-furnace granulated slag is achieved, due to the increased content of alkalis in cement dust, as well as the effects of hydroxide and calcium sulphate, contained in the cement. The influence of composition, fineness of grinding and content of chemical additives on the hydration degree and strength of low water demand binders was studied. The optimal relationships between the binder composition and the required fineness of the grinding are established, which ensure the strength characteristics and the hardening speed. The influence of superplasticizers naphthalene formaldehyde and polycarboxylate types, which provide low water demand of binder and high fineness of its grinding, is studied. Using the method of the experiment mathematical planning, equations for the regression of compressive and flexural strengths in different compensations were obtained, which allow predicting strength, taking into account the composition and features of the technology for obtaining the binder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excavation of a low-temperature kiln structure at an affluent Iron Age regional center, Uppåkra, located in southern Sweden, revealed from archeobotanical samples and its context evidence of malting in the process to make beer. Carbonized germinated hulled barley grain (Hordeum vulgare) was recovered from the kiln structure itself and from the surrounding occupational surface. Located somewhat from the central area of the site, where previous excavations have uncovered hall-buildings, a ceremonial structure, and several smaller houses, the investigated kiln was situated in an area on the site that is absent of remains to indicate a living quarter. Activities using kilns have instead primarily been linked to this area and archeological finds are mainly of charred crops remains. In this paper, we argue that the germination of grain was deliberate and that the kiln was used to stop the germination process by drying or roasting the grain. If the malting process for large-scale beer production was carried out at a designated area of the site is discussed, as well as if this activity area was part of a structural organization observed elsewhere on the settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotary drum dryers have been used for decades for drying many different types of goods and are widely used in the building, minerals, and raw material industry, as well in the chemical industry, fertilizer industry and other branches. At the same time, further, drum dryers have been improved for energy-efficient applications, particularly in the mineral industry, for very robust and hard-wearing solutions. Significant progress has been achieved for special applications, such as drums for combined drying and subsequent cooling in one unit, dryers with heat recovery by gas circulation or the use of evaporating cooling, rotary drums for granulation and coating procedures, indirect cooling drums for hot products by air or water with heat recovery, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar and biochar-fertilizer concoction is imperative to subjugate reduced plant growth and soil fertility depletion which is a constraint for sustainable agriculture. The aspiration of the current research was to determine the plant growth response to wheat straw-derived biochar annexation in soils from two regions: Rawalpindi (semi-arid) and Thar (arid). Wheat straw (Triticum aestivum) was pyrolyzed at 300°C in a low-cost biochar retort kiln at different concentration rates (0%, 1%, 3%, and 7% by mass). Growth trend of Sorghum bicolor was observed in these soils for 40 days in a greenhouse. Fertilizer (NPK) (8.58% N, 4.39% P, and 3.48% K) was added to soil on the third day of seed germination. Soil physicochemical analysis, plant growth, and dry matter yield evaluation after the treatment signified the concomitant increase in dry matter yield along with enhanced soil fertility and plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the creation of scientifically grounded miniatures of hot handicrafts and their role in historical and natural museum expositions. As a basis for creating miniatures, developed principles are used. While staying in museum, exposition and visitor have a kind of communication. Culturological text encoded in the revealed monument of ancient culture remains incomprehensible for a visitor and a tourist without recoding it. To cope with this situation, it is necessary to carry out a series of activities that result in the reproduction, museumization of the monument or its miniature creation. As a result, culturological text and audience engage in a dialogue. Foremost, museum communication depends on the attractiveness of the exhibit itself. Naturally, scansen has the highest attraction. However, not all monuments of ancient culture and archeology can by moved to scansens. Not all excavated sights are preserved so that they can be restored in scansens. For this purpose, miniatures are used. Creation of miniatures of archaeological sites for museum exhibitions until now largely remains a matter for the museum. 1. Only the most significant archaeological monuments should be objects for miniature creating. For miniatures, places of outstanding battles, certain objects, associated with manufacturing processes, such as pottery kilns, bugles, blast furnaces, etc. could be used. 2. The monuments should be either fully-investigated or majorly-investigated. Additionally, separate objects on the monuments can be also objects of miniature creation (building, kiln, metallurgic furnace, bugle). 3. Choosing scale of miniature will depend on the capabilities of the museum itself, the area that can be allocated to the miniature. 4. The topographic map of the miniature should serve as a landscape base. 5. The scientific basis of the miniature is the result of archaeological research. 6. The basis of individual objects location on the miniature is the general layout for monument excavation. Using these principles will help to create miniatures of hot handicraft production. Pottery is the oldest known hot handicraft. It has quickly spread throughout Eurasia. To illustrate the first primitive methods of burning out, improvised furnace could be used. They are the so-called ash collectors of white culture. They are round structures outwardly similar to burial mounds. Burning out was carried out on a large fire covered with the turf to maintain constant temperature. The second type of kilns is the so-called single-stage pottery kilns. The third type is multistage kilns. Anothertype of kilns is a transitional variant, recently investigated by Ukrainian archaeologists. The floor of the burning chamber is created of potter's wheels, which, together with the dishes, are placed on the airways. Another hot handicraft was metal industry. The first metallurgical tools consisted of two crucibles and four nozzles. The crucible with a charge was covered with a second crucible and was placed on a pile of charcoal. Then the coal was burned down and four metallurgists with nozzles came to the crucible with long wooden tubes blowing. Afterwards, the lungs of metallurgists were replaced by miches. During the late bronze period, the metal melting was performed in round kilns, dipped into two thirds below ground. At the tangent line, nozzles were placed. The metal melting was performed in melting pots. The abovementioned kiln types were used in other industries as well. For example, for lime burning in glass and other industries. Similar miniatures will be a major addition to the material evidence of hot handicrafts both for designated museums (for example, metallurgy or pottery museums), as well for general, historical and local natural museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Roman Pottery Studies is the property of Casemate Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archeologia Technica is the property of Technical Museum in Brno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cement production process is energy intensive both in terms of the thermal energy (firing the kiln, drying and De carbonation) and electrical energy for driving the numerous drives within the process line. The average specific power consumption of the case study plant was 111 kWh/ton of cement with an average peak demand of 9.7 MW. The high cost of electric power at 0.14 USD/ kWh results in very high cost of production that significantly lowers the company's profit margin and limits its competitive advantage. The generation of electrical power from waste heat recovery would reduce the electricity power bill through partially substituting the power procured from the national grid. This research evaluated the potential that the plant has for generating electrical power from the hot waste gases vented into the atmosphere and it was found that the plant has the potential to generate 3.4 MWh of electrical power. This results to a net potential to generate 2.89 MWh of electrical power after factoring in the auxiliary power consumption by Waste heat recovery plant system at 15%. This ultimately gave a reduction of 33% in the electricity power bill of the case study plant. The paper recommends the installation of a steam rankine cycle for the power generating plant. In this work the authors designed the steam boilers for the waste heat recovery plant for conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy, selected a commercial steam turbine and evaluated its economic feasibility and established that the designed plant would have a simple payback period of 2.7 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The goal of this study was to determine if the application of four biochars produced from different feedstock leads to soil contamination with the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biochar-amended pots incubated under greenhouse conditions. Materials and methods: The PAHs were extracted by Soxhlet and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the biochars and in biochar-amended Calcic Cambisols on which Lolium perenne was grown under greenhouse conditions during 79 days. Three of the used biochars were produced by pyrolysis at 620 °C from wood chips, paper sludge, and sewage sludge, respectively. The fourth biochar was produced from old grapevine wood by the traditional kiln method. Results and discussion: The Soxhlet extraction of the ΣPAHs of pure biochars yielded between 959 ± 62 (sewage sludge biochar) and 2613 ± 1380 μg kg (pine wood biochar) dry mass. The lowest abundance of PAHs of sewage sludge biochar is consistent with its very low content of organic carbon and the abundance of ashes. The PAH concentration of the wood biochar produced by kiln was six times higher than the wood biochar produced by fast pyrolysis, indicating that the biochar production process significantly affected the PAH levels. The unamended soil showed PAH levels typically for non-polluted soils (ΣPAHs = 59 ± 4 μg kg). Addition of 10 t biochar ha soil resulted in a lower increase of the 16 PAHs than expected for wood and paper sludge biochars, whereas for the soils amended with kiln wood biochar, the content of PAHs increased up to a factor of 10. Amendments of 20 and 40 t ha increased PAH concentrations to values on the same order of magnitude than the predicted ones, except for pine wood biochar, where the concentrations were ten times greater than expected. The major divergences were found for high-molecular-weight PAHs. Conclusions: The production process of biochar affected significantly their PAH levels. The material carbonized in traditional kilns contained the greatest amounts of PAHs. Sampling procedures for biochar-amended soils should be carefully described for future legislation guidelines to guarantee quality biochar application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Arqueología de la Universidad de Navarra is the property of Cuadernos de Arqueologia de la Universidad de Navarra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Banatica is the property of Museum of Highland Banat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cement industry is responsible for approximately 5% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions emitting nearly 900 kg of CO2 for every 1000 kg of cement produced. Effective control strategies to mitigate these emissions were discussed and a mathematical programming model able to suggest the best cost effective strategy was formulated. Control costs consisting of operating and retrofit costs along with the efficiency of control options are taken into account in the model. A representative case study from the cement industry was considered in order to illustrate the use of the model in giving optimal control strategies. The hazard control model was solved using commercial software called LP_SOLVE (Version 5.5) configured to apply the branch and bound algorithm. Efficiency improvement measures were the considered mitigation option and it was found to be effective options for reduction targets up to 18 %. Four efficiency improvement technologies were considered and a reduction of 18% amounting to almost 100,000 tonnes of emission was achieved with an increase of 14.3% and 9.1% in production and operating cost respectively. The findings of this study will help cement plant operators to reduce their emission level by implementing various retrofit options to suite intended targets and subsequently reducing environmental health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports experimental measurements of the dispersion of particles during rotation in a horizontal cylinder. The axial dispersion of a pulse of approximately monodisperse black glass ballotini into a bed of clear glass ballotini of the same size is analysed. This is done using a sectioning technique, where the concentration is determined throughout the cylinder for a given rotation time and speed. The concentration profile is fitted to an appropriate solution of Fick's second law to determine the dispersion coefficient. The dispersion coefficient is compared for various drum rotation rates and glass ballotini sizes. The cylinder was filled to 35 % by volume and rotated at a range of speeds between 5 and 20 rpm. The particle sizes vary from 1.14 to 3.15 mm. The dispersion coefficient was found to be dependent on both particle size and rotation speed. As the rotation speed, $$\omega $$ , was increased the dispersion coefficient increased proportionally to $$\omega ^{0.8}$$ . As the particle diameter, $$d_p$$ , was increased the dispersion coefficient increased proportionally to $$d_p^{1.84}$$ . These results are compared with previous experimental and simulation data, in particular the simulations of Third et al. (Powder Technol 203:510, ). Strong agreement was found between the simulations of Third et al. and the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of firewood within emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) (EAB)-infested states and into adjoining areas has been a contributor to its spread throughout the United States and Canada. In an effort to prevent further human-aided spread of EAB and to facilitate interstate commerce, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and cooperating states in the EAB quarantine have established a heat treatment process to be used as a mitigating treatment to allow movement of firewood from EAB quarantine areas. Firewood producers have since been faced with challenges implementing heat treatment processes and meeting the treatment standard for firewood. In this article, we present four case studies, conducted at firewood heat treatment facilities, with the aim of addressing these challenges. Different heat treating strategies were used in each of these facilities to meet the particular needs of operation. A step-by-step operating procedure was developed for heat treatment operation and temperature monitoring of both kiln and firewood samples during the heating process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]