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The present article describes a new developed method for the simultaneous determination of (+)-catechin (1) and (-)-epicatechin (2), separated via HPLC. The method has been validated and applied on the real samples and 1 has been detected in both aerial and root parts of Alhagi camelorum without any ambiguity of fake positive or negative presence of 1 or 2 by virtue of dual detection system of UV and Mass Spectrometry. The antioxidant capacity was also investigated and a linear correlation has been noticed between the antioxidant capacity and the catechin amount in A. camelorum extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bituminous coal of the Makarwal range of Pakistan and waste polypropylene were converted into gaseous and liquid fuel using a hybrid heating process based on microwave metal interactions. The mixture of coal and polypropylene was heated by the volumetric heating generated by absorption of the microwaves and the conventional heating produced by the sparking of copper under microwave power in a domestic microwave oven. The heat generation capacity and range of sparking of copper were increased by the use of tightly coiled copper antenna. The heat generation efficiency of copper antenna was found to vary with variation in the shape of the copper antenna. Four types of antenna were used in the pyrolysis process, i.e. the antenna made of tightly coiled copper, copper mesh antenna, copper strips antenna and copper cylinder antenna. It was observed that copper coil and copper mesh antenna were more efficient and responsible for higher percent conversions while the multi-strip antenna was next and the least percent conversion was observed for single strip cylinder of copper. The amount of products and the relative concentrations of the oil, wax and gases were observed to vary with variations in the relative amount of coal and polymers. Both the gaseous product and aqueous fraction were analysed for sulphides using lead acetate reagent. The gases were also analysed for the presence of alkynes and alkenes using aqueous solutions of copper-I chloride and potassium permanganate respectively. The oily product which was composed of oil and wax was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, soap was converted into a hydrocarbon-rich product through catalytic pyrolysis using cement as a catalyst. The intention was to develop a new economical and effective method for preparing diesel and gasoline from soap waste in food processing. The optimum conditions for pyrolysis were investigated in a batch process under static conditions at different reactor temperatures, catalyst amounts, and reaction durations. The resulting oil product was analyzed using GC-FID, GC-MS, and FTIR. The best yield occurred at a reaction temperature of 400 °C for 60 min with 0.3 g/g (30 mass%) catalyst in soap waste, which resulted in 0.71 g/g (71 mass%) hydrocarbons with small fractions of pyran, ketone, and oxygenated compounds of mixed functional groups. The resulting liquid pyrolysate mainly consisted of diesel-like oil with a small fraction of gasoline and some oils that had boiling-point temperature ranges similar to kerosene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of esters of thiazolidine-4-caboxylic acid were synthesized and investigated for their urease inhibitory properties. A significant increase in urease inhibitory activities of these ester derivatives has been observed. The order of activity increases from methyl ester to heptyl ester but further prolongation of the alkyl chain was proved to be detrimental for receptor binding. These findings provide evidence that the nature of the alkyl chain has a significant impact on the coordination of thiazolidine esters with bi-metallic nickel center of urease. It was also observed that inhibition potentiated by lower pH and with increase in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]