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Purpose: This study was designed to study testicular-histopathology and lipid profile against 50ppm of fluoride (ad labitum) exposure in mice. Moreover, the curative potentials of vitamin E, Punica granatum and Olea europea fruit extracts were also studied. Methods: Five groups (10 animals/group) were treated as follow (a) Control (C) (F free water-15 days); (b) NaF {50ppm F-ions in drinking water (10days) and F free water (5days)}; (c) NaF + vitamin E (NaFE) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water+60µg vitamin E in corn oil (5days)}; (d) NaF+ Punica granatum fruit extract (NaFP) {50ppm F ions (10days) and F free water+0.2mL P. granatum fruit extract (5days)}; (v) NaF+ Olea europea fruit extract (NaFO) {50ppm F-ions (10days) and F free water +0.2mL O. europea extract (5days)}; All animals were sacrificed on day 16 to obtain blood for lipid profile and testes for histopathological studies. Results: Results shows peculiar histopathological changes in the testis, including the loss of interstitial tissues, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and maturing sperms. These signs were convincingly recovered in NaFO, followed by other two post treatment groups NaFP and NaFE. Similarly the micrometric data shows significant increase in the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and developing spermatozoa, in NaFO (CSA of seminiferous tubules, number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes:, sperms embedded in sertoli cells & number of dislodged sperms). The rise of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) with a simultaneous decline in plasma cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) in NaFO indicate the importance of these post treatments, against altered lipid profile of the F toxicology. Excellent testicular rehabilitation found in NaFO group that indicate the curative potential of O.europea against altered histopatology against F exposure in testes. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathology of NaF group indicates that Olea europea and Punica granatum post treatment can effectively eradicate the toxic changes of F exposure in lipid profile, while Olea europea fruit extract showed more ameliorationative capability against F-exposure in testes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of herbal bio-actives and phyto-contents to increase livestock productivity is a revived interest in veterinary research. The effect of wild strawberry {Fragaria vesca (FV)} pulp extract (PE) as antioxidant supplement in bovine semen cryopreservation diluent was explored. The experiment involved three fertile bulls. Three semen ejaculates per animal were collected. Each sample was diluted with Semen Transportation Diluent (STD) in 1:2 ratio. The (semen + STD) sample was vortexed and centrifuged (at 32g for 15 min) to remove 50 % supernatant. The remaining sample was re-diluted with semen cryopreservation diluent (SCD) in the ratio 1:4. Three aliquots of 0.3 ml were set aside from each (semen + STD + SCD) sample and were further treated with; 1: 0.7 mL of SCD (SCD group); 2: 0.7 mL SCD and 0.8 % FV-PE (FV-PE 0.8) and; 3: 0.7 mL SCD and 1.6 % FV-PE (FV-PE 1.6). Sperm quality parameters were evaluated before and after 48 h of cryopreservation. Results showed significantly enhanced mean percentage of sperm viability, progressive motility, velocity and fertilizability in FV-PE 0.8 and FV-PE 1.6 groups as compared with SCD group. The findings propose the protective and ameliorative potential of FV-PE for cryopreserved bovine sperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chicken embryos serve as a prominent model in embryonic development research. The present study evaluates the developmental impact of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) on Gallus domisticus chick embryos. Methods: 250 fertilized eggs of Gallus domesticus were distributed into five groups: i) Control group (CG): incubated without any treatment ii) Vehicle Control group (VC): injected with 0.1mL of a 5% DMSO solution in water iii) Lambda-Cyhalothrin group (LCH): injected with 0.1mL of 0.01mg/kg LCH solution in 5% DMSO iv) Vitamin B12 group (B12): injected with 0.1mL of 0.1mg/kg vitamin B12 solution in 5% DMSO v) Lambda-Cyhalothrin group + Vitamin B12 (LCH+B12): injected with 0.1mL of 0.01 mg/kg LCH 0.1mg/kg vitamin B12 solution. Treatment was given on zero day and embryos were recovered on 14th day after incubation to check embryonic development. Results: Morphological observations indicated that both the CG and VC groups displayed normal development. In contrast, the LCH and LCH+B12 group exhibited adverse effects, which included embryonic cataracts, neck deformities, muscular dystrophy, and a higher rate of embryo mortality when compared to the CG and VC groups. Moreover, LCH+B12 group also showed severe synergistic embryonic toxicity, characterized by halted development, foul odor, sulfur contents, blackish discoloration and teratogenic signs including embryonic cataract, evisceration, halted neck, hemorrhage spot and reduced limb size. Conclusion: Type-II fluoridated pyrethroid LCH is highly toxic to chick development. Study revealed that Vitamin B12 alone does not interfere with normal development however its co-treatment with LCH can aggravate toxic potentials of LCH for embryonic development in the chick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the ameliorative effects of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract against the hepato histopathological changes of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 40 animals divided into four groups (10 animals in each group) and study consists of 8 days. 1: Vehicle Control group (VC) (0.1mL 5% DMSO in corn oil was provided daily for first three days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 2: Carrisa carandus group (CC) (0.1mL of 5% DMSO in corn oil was given for first three days, followed by 4th day rest and from 5th -8th days of study CC was provided), 3: Carbofuran group (CF) (treated with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first 3 days and for remaining days (4 to 8) of study pure water was given), 4: Carbofuran+ Carrisa carandus group (CF+CC) (provided with 0.1mL CF in 5% DMSO in corn oil for first three days, followed by one day rest and for 5-8 days, 0.1mL of CC fruit extract in 5% DMSO in corn oil was given). All the animals were dissected on 9th day to remove liver lobes for further processing. Results: Carbofuran exposure induced several hepato-histopathological changes that included damaged hepatic vein, apoptotic hepatocytes, irregular hepatic cords with disrupted sinusoids, macrophages infestation and micronuclear formation. Most of these pathologies were ameliorated in Carrisa carandus treated group. In CF group, significant decrease in mean number of CSA of hepatocytes, CSA of hepatic nuclei, number of hepatocytes and oval cells/per unit area (2,495.45µ²m), and animal body weight was significantly (p<0.05) lower than CF+CC (29.556±0.293) and CF (24.111±0.85) groups as compared to VC (30.667±0.5773) and CC (31.22±0.8570) groups respectively. Conclusions: Findings of this study concluded that CF exposure damage the histopathology of liver and CC (Carrisa carandus) extract can be used as hepatoprotective agent against exposure of Carbofuran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This present research work was designed for the validation of some SNPs of casein in Bos indicus (Sahiwal breed), previously reported for their association with milk yield in Bos taurus. This study indicated that these SNPs of casein genes (rs43703010, rs109500451, rs110079521, rs110323127, rs43703015, rs43703016 and rs43703017) significantly affected milk yield in Bos indicus of the Sahiwal breed. Animals with the genotype GG, having the SNP α S1 and aA S2 casein genes (rs43703010 and rs109500451), show high milk yield. For the SNPs of the κ casein genes (CSN3) (rs110079521, rs43703016 and rs43703017), animals with genotype AA were high milk producers. For the other two SNPs of the CSN3 gene (rs110323127 and rs43703015), animals with genotypes GG and CC produced a high milk yield. In light of these results, animal breeders may be able to make a more precise selection of the animals of Bos indicus (Sahiwal breed) with high milk yield. The aim of the present study was the validation of the already reported Bos taurus SNPs in the Sahiwal breed. A total of nine SNPs of the casein gene were studied. Out of nine, seven Bos taurus SNPs of casein protein genes were found to be significantly associated with milk productivity traits. The genomic DNA was extracted from the mammary alveolar endothelial cells of a flock of 80 purebred Sahiwal lactating dams available at Khizrabad Farm near Sargodha. New allele-specific primers were designed from the NCBI annotated sequence database of Bos taurus to obtain 100 nt-long PCR products. Each dam was tested separately for all the SNPs investigated. Animals with genotype GG for the SNPs rs43703010, rs10500451, and 110323127, respectively, exhibited high milk yield. Similarly, animals with genotype AA for the SNPs rs11079521, rs43703016, and rs43703017 showed high milk yield consistently. For the SNP rs43703015, animals with genotype CC showed high milk productivity. These above-mentioned SNPs have previously been reported to significantly up-regulate casein protein contents in Bos taurus. Our results indicated SNPs that significantly affect the milk protein contents may also significantly increase per capita milk yield. These finding suggest that the above-mentioned reported SNPs can also be used as genetic markers of milk productivity in Sahiwal cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the effects of Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) (fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticides on testicular histopathologies and their amelioration on the posttreatment of Basella rubra extract (Br). Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (n=10) as follow: 1: Control group (CO) received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6) through gavage; 2: Basella rubra group (Br) were given Br extract on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 3,4:Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) were treated with their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in CO on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 5,6: Lct+Br and BF+Br were given respective insecticides on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and Br (day 4-6). Both testes were excised on euthanasia and processed on day 7th. Results: Both insecticide-exposed groups (BF and Lct) had extensive damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. Empty spaces in the tubules and interstitial tissues, wavy borders of the tubules, decrease in spermatids with immature spermatozoa, and demaged spermatogonia was also observed in both insecticides treated groups. Simultaneously, the mean cross sectional area of seminiferous tubules also showed significant (p<0.05) increase in Lct and BF than CO and Br groups. Altogether, results demonstrated that BF and Lct causes detrimental effects on testes and may influence fertilization, decrease spermatids and spermatozoa and in Lct and Bf respectively as compared to CO, and damaged spermatogonia were observed. Conclusions: Based upon these findings it is concluded that BF and Lct exposure cause alterations in testicular histology that can be rescued through Br treatment indicating the importance of Basella rubra fruit in male reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the mitigating properties of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract on the pancreatic histopathologies of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 4 experimental groups: 1) Vehicle Control group (VC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for first 3 days and normal water for next five days. 2): Carbofuran group (CF); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil for 3 days followed by normal water for rest of 5 days. 3): Carissa carandus group (CC); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for 1-3 days, not treated with any dose on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution was given for remaining 4 days. 4) Carbofuran+ Carissa carandus group (CF+CC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil till day 3, no treatment on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution from day 5 to 8. Animals were dissected on the 9th day of study to recover intact pancreas for histopathological and micrometric studies. Results: All histopathological and micrometric results proved that carbofuran is highly toxic for endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Prominent histopathological landmarks like lipid droplets in various areas inside the islets of Langerhans, acinar fat cells and lipid steatosis in exocrine tissue clearly illustrated degenerative effect of carbofuran. The relative area occupied by endocrine and exocrine cells per unit area (116 µm2) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower for CF as compared to VC. Similarly significant (p≤0.05) increase in mean width of inter acinar spaces was obvious in CF (5.5±0.4µm) as compared to VC (1.7±0.2µm). All these histological and micrometric deteriorations of carbofuran treatments were noticeably reversed in CF+CC group. Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that carbofuran is a potent toxicant for endocrine and exocrine pancreas and Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract possess rescuing and regenerative potentials against such pancreatoxic effects of carbofuran in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxic effects of heavy metals are drastic, including accumulation. Fish species are important bio-indicators of heavy metal pollution in aquatic bodies. The current study aimed to assess the seasonal variation of heavy metals in the vital organs of mostly consumed fishes in River Jhelum, Pakistan. Samples of fish, including Wallago attu (Malhi), Rita rita (Khagga), and Mystus seenghala (Singhari), were collected from four different sites, i.e., Khushab, Muhammad Wala (M. Wala), 8.R.D and Rasool barrage during summer and winter seasons. Heavy metals such as iron (Fe), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd) were estimated through acid digestion and spectrometric analysis. Results showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) amount of these metals in the liver, followed by the kidneys of fish species. There were seasonal variations in the absorption of these metals as well. Cr (11.71) and Fe (58.66) were detected in higher amounts in Khagga which showed the greatest affinity for certain metals in some cases. In contrast, Singhari showed the greatest affinity to other metals in other cases. Comparative analysis revealed that there was a highly significant (P < 0.05) difference for the accumulation of almost all metals in both seasons and summer had the highest concentration of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr and Fe as compared to winter in all four sampling stations in the case of kidney and liver of all the three fishes. Elevated levels of heavy metals were detected in the summer due to increased temperature. Heavy metals found in the River Jhelum may demonstrate that metals can significantly affect the fish species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to explore the ameliorating effects of Basella rubra fruit extract against thyro-pancreatic histopathologies in lambda cyhalothrin and bifenthrin treated mice. Method: Thirty mature male albino mice were divided into 6 groups as follows: (i) and (ii) Vehicle control group/VC and Basella rubra/Br group (0.1mL corn oil and 0.1mL Basella rubra extract, respectively, for days 1-2; (iii) and (iv) Lambdacyhalothrin (Lct) and Bifenthrin (Bf) groups (5mg/kg Lct and Bf solution in 0.1mL corn oil, respectively, for days 1-2); (v) LctBr and BfBr groups (5mg/kg lambdacyhalothrin and bifenthrin in 0.1mL corn oil, respectively, for days 1-2 and 0.1mL of Basella rubra solution on days 4-6); For histological study, pancreas and thyroid were excised from all animals on day 7. Results: Lct and Bf exposure was found to cause acinus focal degeneration, islets hypertrophy and hyperplasia in pancreas, ruptured follicles, thyroglobulin depletion and abnormally enlarged follicles in thyroid gland. The micrometric outcomes revealed that relative area occupied by endocrine cells and their relative abundance was reduced in Lct and Bf (51.98±1.55; 61.46±1.32) groups compared to VC (88.87±2.86). Relative area occupied by endocrine cells per unit area was increased in Lct & Bf (51.98±1.55; 61.46±1.32) and increased in Br group (114.0±2.70) in than VC (88.87±2.86). In thyroid gland mean number follicular and C-cells were increased in Lct (229.64±9.82; 209.60±9.72) decreased (59.7±2.7; 80.4±4.2) in Bf group comparative to VC (97.80±3.70; 106.45±3.36). Conclusions: Both of the glands were equally and highly affected by these pyrethroids. All these deleterious effects of Lct and Bf were markedly reversed in LctBr and BfBr groups. Use of Basella rubra showed a remarkable amelioration in Lct and Bf treated groups. Basella rubra fruit extract showed rehabilitative potential against the histopathological signs of Lct and Bf in male mice. Purpose: Insert text here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to examine the protective effects of basella rubra against fluoridated pyrethroid insecticide i.e Bifenthrin(BF) and Lambda cyhalothirin(LCT) induced hepato-nephric toxicity in male mice. Methods: Thirty animals were placed in 6 groups (n=5) and given daily treatments for seven days. 1: Vehicle control group (VC) [0.1 mL corn oil (CO) from days 1-7]; 2: BR extract group (Basella rubra) [Basella rubra extract on day 1-2, rest on day 3 + 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6]; 3: BF 5mg/kg group [5 mg/kg BF in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6]; 4: BF5mg/kg+BR (BF5+BR) group [5 mg/kg BF in 0.1 mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by BR extract in water for days 4,5,6 ]; 5: LCT 5mg/kg [5mg/kg LCT in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by 0.1mL drinking water on days 4-6, and 6: LCT 5mg/kg+ BR (LCT 5+BR) group [5 mg/kg LCT in 0.1mL CO on days 1 & 2, rest on day 3 and followed by BR extract in water for days 4,5,6 ]. On day 7, all of the animals were euthanized to retrieve the kidneys and liver for histological evaluation. The dosage was provided by gavage. Results: BF and LCT exposure to liver showed significant degenerative signs such as portal vein enlargement. The presence of many macrophages and, in rare circumstances, oval stem cells indicate the liver's natural rehabilitation process. In kidney, the BF and LCT caused with glomerular enlargement preceded by glomerular obliteration. The PCTs lost their brush border. Glomeruli were becoming scarce. Tubular tissue segments degeneration Micrometric estimations for the liver revealed that LCT caused decrease in the CSA of the central vein. Width of sinusoidal space increased in BF group while CSA of hepatocyte nucleus, marginal portal vein, marginal bile ductule and CSA of hepatic artery showed no significant variation among all the groups. In kidney, BF and LCT caused decrease in mean CSA of glomerulus, mean number of epithelial cells as compared to VC group. Conclusions: The concomitant usage of Basella rubra for the subjects exposed to pyrethroids appeared to have an ameliorative impact due to its rehabilitory effect against the toxicity of BF and LCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Histopathological and micrometric effects of Cypermethrin (CYM) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH), the type II pyrethroid insecticides, were explored on adrenals of 6 weeks old sixty male mice (28-30g). Additionally the ameliorative capacity of extra virgin olive oil treatment were also investigated against their pathologies. Methods: Sixty male mice (28-30g) were randomly distributed in six groups (10 mice each): 1. Negative control group (Cont) (100µL corn oil for two days followed by one day rest (no dose) and 100µL corn oil for next three days), 2. Positive control group (Virgin Olive Oil/VOO) (100µL corn oil for two days followed by one day rest (no dose) and 100µL extra virgin olive oil for next three days), 3. CYM group (100µL of 5mg/kg CYM solution in corn oil for two days, one day rest (no dose) and three day post treatment of 100µL corn oil), 4. LCH group (100µL of 5mg/kg LCH solution in corn oil for days 1-2, no dose on day 3 followed by 100µL corn oil from day 4-6), 5. CYM+VOO group (CYM treatment as in group three followed by extra virgin olive oil treatment as in group two after one day rest) and 6. LCh+VOO group (LCH treatment as in group four followed by extra virgin olive oil treatment as in group two after one day rest). All solutions were given to mice through gavage. Results: The results showed various characteristic effects of insecticide exposure upon adrenal cortex (lesions in zona fasciculata leaving behind wide empty spaces between adjacent fascicles), medulla (cellular necrosis, vacuolization in cytoplast and nuclear disintegration, enlarged nuclei and cytoplast). In addition to that various significant micrometric alterations were also noted. Extra virgin olive oil significantly rehabilitated the derailments in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. Conclusions: On basis of present findings it is obvious that the type II pyrethroid insecticides bear cortico-medullary adrenal toxic potentials. As these pathologies were found effectively ameliorated upon OV treatment, it is concluded that such pathological implications are rescuable by the extra virgin olive oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Teratological capacities of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCH) and the rescuing abilities of vitamin E and olive oil in ovo exposure were analyzed in the golden black variety of domestic chicken. Methods: The study was conducted on fresh fertilized eggs collected and divided into 5 groups as follows: (1) Vehicle Control group (VCon) which received 0.1mL of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution in vegetable oil (2) the Lambdacyhalothrin group (LCH) was administered a 0.1mL of 5% DMSO and 0.01 mg/kg of LCH, all dissolved in vegetable oil. (3) Lambda-cyhalothrin+Vitamin E group (LCHE), was provided with a 0.1mL of 5% DMSO, 0.01mg/kg LCH & 0.1mg/kg of Vitamin E, dissolved in vegetable oil. (4) Lambda-cyhalothrin+ Vitamin E in Olive oil (LCHOE), received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO and 0.01 mg/kg LCH, both dissolved in 0.1mg/kg vitamin E solution (EVOO). Finally, the last group (5) Olive oil +Lambdacyhalothrin (LCHO) were administered 0.1mL of 5% DMSO, 0.01mg/kg LCH & 0.1mg/kg Vitamin E in EVOO. The embryos were removed from egg shells after 14th day of incubation, weighted and disected for the removal of brains for histological outcomes. Results: There was significant decrease in embryonic weight, volume and density of brain in LCH group as compared to vehicle control. LCH treated embryos showed complete cell obliterations, microlesions and partial nuclear disintegration (micronuclear formation). Number of different types of neuronal cells (pyramidal, pyramidal-like, multipolar, local circuit) was also decreased in LCH treated embryos. However, vit E and olive oil treated embryos show rescuing effects towards all above mentioned abnormalities. Conclusions: Type II fluoridated pyrethroid LCH is highly toxic to developing chick brain which may unfortunately be present in chick feed. However, the precious ingredients of olive oil and vitamin E can reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Teratological potential of oxyfluorfen and the antioxidant role of Methylcobalamin was studied in the golden black variety of domestic chicken Gallus domesticus. Methods: The study was conducted on 200 fresh fertilized eggs collected and divided into 4 groups as follows: (1) Control injected with 0.1 µL of 5% DMSO in corn oil (2) Oxy, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g oxyfluorfen solution in 5% DMSO and corn oil (3) MeCbl, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g methylcobalamin solution (4) OxyMeCbl, injected with 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g oxyfluorfen solution in 5% DMSO and corn oil and 0.1µL of 0.01µg/g methylcobalamin solution. In-ovo treatment was given on zero day and embryos were incubated & on 14th day of incubation, the embryos were recovered from eggs and fixed in fixative (90% alcohol and 10% formaldehyde) for further studies. Results: The morphological observations showed a significant increase in mortality rate among the oxyfluorfen treated embryos against control group. Morphological analysis revealed various adverse effects, including reduced weight, crown-rump size, axial and appendicular skeleton size. Moreover, deformities were noted in the beak, eye, and neck formation. Cataracts were frequently observed in the eyes, and some embryos showed reduced head size with a prominent decrease in the beak size. Development of feathers was also affected, and several cases exhibited umbilical cord hernias. However, when the embryos were treated with methylcobalamin after oxyfluorfen exposure, there was a noticeable improvement in developmental effects. Conclusions: Oxyfluorfen, containing fluorine causes birth defects in chick embryo that might be due to oxidative stress. Methylcobalamin has showed potential to act as antioxidant by countering oxyfluorfen's harmful effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of developing chick testes and adrenal were explored. There were selected 110 fertilized eggs, equally divided into two groups named as Vehicle control (Vc) and Bifenthrin (BF) group respectively. Technical grade bifenthrin was injected in the eggs (1mg/kg) using Normal Saline (NS)+DMSO interphase as vehicle in BF group whereas the Vc eggs likewise received injections of NS+DMSO only. The embryos were incubated 14 days in an incubator and finally removed from the egg shells. The embryos were weighed and fixed in 70% alcohol solution for further studies. The results have shown various histological alterations in developing chick testes such as decrease in the number of stem (529 µm2) was significantly lower in BF group (3.45±0.47) as compared to Vc group (13.80 ±0.62) and interstitial cells, mean enhancement in luminal space of seminiferous tubules, dramatic reduction in wall thickness of seminiferous tubules, clumping of interstitial cells and reduced number of sertoli cells. Moreover, significant alterations in mean wall thickness of seminiferous tubule, mean interstitial cell count around the seminiferous tubules, mean CSA of luminal space of seminiferous tubules of testicular parameters were observed. Likewise, histological alteration of BF exposure in developing chick adrenal medulla was overall shrinkage, focal degenerations, loose connective tissue network and for adrenal cortex mainly cellular hypertrophy was noted. Additionally, significant micrometric variations in developing adrenal medulla for mean medullary region size, mean cellular count parameters and adrenal cortex for mean cortex size, mean cell count, mean cortical cellular size parameters were noted. These findings show that BF is highly toxic to developing testes and adrenal in chick embryos indicating its developmental endocrine disruption potentials. It is thus suggested that this otherwise frequently used insecticide should be avoided as much as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the thyro-parathroid toxicological impacts of a fluoridated (Lambda cyhalothrin) and a non-fluoridated (Cypermethrin) pyrethroid in male albino mice and the amelioration of these toxicities with post treatment with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Study plan included 6 groups. 1: Vehicle control (Cnt group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1,2, 4-6) and 2: Positive control (Olv group) received 0.1 mL corn oil for days 1-3 and 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6) 3: cypermethrin group (Cpr group) and 4: Lambda Cyhalothrin group (Lch group) received 5 mg/Kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL corn oil for days 4-6) 5: Cypermethrin+Olive group (Cpr+Olv group) and 6: Lambda cyhalothrin+Olive group (Lch+Olv group) received 5mg/kg cypermethrin or Lambda Cyhalothrin respectively for days 1-2, no treatment on day 3, 0.1mL EVOO for days 4-6). Results of the present study indicate that both of the insecticides are toxic to the endocrine tissue examined in the study. However lambda cyhalothrin led to severe histopathological (Cords seemed to be merged and focal degenerations can also be observed in central and peripheral regions) and micrometric changes compared to the cypermethrin. Various significant alterations occurred in micrometric parameters, such as mean CSA of follicular cells, Para-follicular cells and follicles were significantly higher in lambda cyhalothrin groups as compared to cypermethrin group. The morphometric data also showed a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in mean cross-sectional area of follicular cells (Cnt: 51.33±1.05, Olv: 51.16±1.16, Cpr: 62.45±1.8, Lch: 61.00±2.1, Cpr+olv: 54.3±1.8 and Lch+olv: 55.2±1.7), CSA of follicles (Cnt: 2083±128.6, Olv: 2019.84±189.7, Cpr: 1946.6±94.03, Lch: 1712.6±139.6, Cpr+olv: 2041.7±114 and Lch+olv: 1483.3±134.4), Para-follicular cells (Cnt: 55±11.09, Olv: 51.76±9.0, Cpr: 73.8±15.7, Lch: 60.9±10.7, Cpr+olv: 54.1±8.8 and Lch+olv: 51.9±11.8) indicating that the fluoridation has contributed significantly to the pathological potential of this insecticide. On the other hand olive oil has been found to contain rescuing and rehabilitation potentials and ameliorated the mean CSA of follicular cells, CSA of follicles and parafollicualr cells, against the histopathologies of these insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of mice liver and kidney against gastro-intestinal exposure of (lambda-cyhalothrin) (LCT) and (cypermethrin) (CYP) were investigated along with the rescuing potential of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The study comprised 60 male albino mice randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=10). The vehicle control group (VC) was maintained and treated with 0.1ml corn oil. The positive control group was treated with EVOO, whereas the (CYP) and (LCT) groups were treated with 5mg/kg of the respective insecticides for two consecutive days and corn oil for 4-6 days. The last 2 groups Cypermethrin+extra virgin olive oil (CYP+EVOO) and Lambda-cyhalothrin+extra virgin olive oil (LCT+EVOO) were treated with olive oil only on day 4-6 along with respective insecticide exposure on first two days. All animals were sacrificed on day 7 to recover body organs (Liver and Kidney). Results show various histopathological alterations both in Liver (enormously enlarged hepatocytes, disruption of hepatic cords, etc.) and kidney (lesions in the endothelial wall of bowman's capsule, endothelial cells apoptosis, etc.) on CYP and LCT exposures. Significant micrometric changes were also noted along with pathological signs. The olive oil post treatment groups have shown rehabilitative effects against the reported histopathologies. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that both insecticides harbor hepato-renal histopathological potentials that are at least partially rescued on EVOO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of mice pituitary gland against two dose groups of bifenthrin 2.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg (Bf2.5 and Bf5) exposure were investigated. Additionally, the rescuing potential of kalonji seed oil (k) was also investigated. The study group comprised 60 male albino mice (27-30g) randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=10). (i) Vc (vehicle control) group was maintained and treated with 0.1mL of corn oil only for 1-14 days; (ii) K (positive control) group was treated with 0.1mL of corn oil for 1-7 days and 0.1ml of 10% kalonji seed oil mixed in corn oil for next 8-14 days; (iii) Bf2.5 group and (iv) Bf5 groups were treated with 2.5mg/kg and 5mg/kg Bf solutions in corn oil of the respective doses of insecticide for 1-7 days followed by 0.1mL of corn oil on 8-14 days; (v) BfK2.5 and (vi) BfK5 groups animals were treated with 0.1mL of respective doses of Bf on 1-7 days followed by 10% kalonji seed oil solution as in the positive control group. All animals were sacrificed on day 15 to recover the pituitary gland. Results show various histopathological alterations in pituitary gland related to Bf exposure. The characteristic pathologies of pituitary discovered in this study include cellular vacuolations causing hypertrophy finally leading to secondary atrophy and adenohypophyseal tissue damage in terms of focal degenerations in the typically arranged nest and cords of the endocrine cells. The cell nuclei were slightly elliptical instead of typical rounded appearance having less densely stained sinusoid. Analysis of the data showed a significant decline (p≤0.05) in total number of pituicytes per unit area (2500µm2) and relative area occupied by pituicytes in Bf2.5 (15.26± 0.63 and 964±72, respectively), Bf5 (14.4±0.51 and 852±54, respectively), as compared to the vehicle Vc (20.6±0.73 and 1375±108, respectively) and K group (21.46±0.72 and 1454±74, respectively). A substantial recovery in the total number of pituicytes per unit area (2500µm2) and relative area occupied by pituicytes was present in the BfK2.5 group (18.9±0.57 and 1234±67, respectively) and BfK5 group (16.2±0.61 and 852±54, respectively). A similar pattern of significant (p≤0.05) alterations was present in the analysis of the micrometric data for number of acidophils, basophils and chromophobes in pituitary gland. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that insecticide harbor pituitary gland histopathological and micrometric potentials that are at least partially ameliorated by kalonji oil treatment. These findings thus indicate effective neutraceutical potential of kalonji oil for possible human consumption in similar accidental exposure to the insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, comparative andrological histopathologies of Cypermethrin (CP) (a chlorinated type II pyrethroid) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (LN) (a fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticide exposure and their amelioration with post treatment with Extra Virgin Olive oil (EVO) in testes, epididymis and vas deferens were explored. Sixty male albino mice (12-14 weeks old) were randomly distributed in six groups (n=10): 1. Negative Control (NC) is vehicle control so received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL corn oil (day 4-6) through gavage; 2. Positive Control (PC) (the olive oil EVO antidote group) were given 0.1mL corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL EVO (day 4-6); 3,4) CP and LN were treated with 0.1mL of their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in corn oil on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL corn oil (day 4-6); 5,6) CP+EVO and LN+EVO were given 0.1mL of their respective 5mg/kg insecticides on day 1&2, no treatment (day 3) and 0.1mL EVO (day 4- 6). Animals were dissected on day 7 to recover testes, epididymis and vas deferens. Excised organs were processed for serial sectioning and micrometry. Exposure with CP and LN results in severe damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues of testes and endothelium of epididymis and vas deferens. Toxic effects were depicted as empty spaces in seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissues and epididymis and vas deferens, wavy margins of seminiferous tubules and corpus epididymis and necrosis in spermatogonia. Simultaneously the mean cross-sectional area of seminiferous tubules was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in CP (10.34±3.00µm2) and LN (12.63±3.23µm²) than PC (15.30±6.25 µm²) and NC (14.69±4.96µm²) groups. The EVO post treatment groups CP+EVO and LN+EVO indicate signs of rehabilitation in the mean CSA of seminiferous tubules (13.04±5.45µm², 13.07±5.80µm²) and interstitial tissues (30.47±0.67µm², 33.60±1.23µm²) as well as the mean number of spermatogonia. There was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the mean epithelial height of caput (22.78±0.56µm², 22.42±0.49µm²), corpus (20.29±0.42µm², 20.15±0.55µm²) and cauda epididymis convoluted tubing (18.29±0.59µm², 17.93±0.52µm²) and epithelial thickness of vas deferens (29.17±1.49µm², 28.91±0.88 µm²) in CP and LN groups. The recovery signs of extra virgin olive oil in CP+EVO and LN+EVO groups were observed as rehabilitation in epithelial height of caput (23.58±0.49µm², 23.04±0.51µm²), corpus (20.97±0.54µm², 20.69±0.55 µm²) and cauda epididymis (21.43±0.65 µm2, 20.13±0.70 µm²) and epithelial thickness of vas deferens (34.06±1.07µm², 31.24±0.96µm²). The results indicate that both insecticides inflicted almost similar histopathologies which were convincingly recovered by the olive oil post treatment. It is thus concluded that irrespective of the presence of fluoride the type II pyrethroids can inflict severe testicular, epididymal and vas deferens damage in the exposed animals whereas the olive oil has immense rehabilitative capacity and thus can be used against insecticide inflicted testicular, epididymal and vas deferens histopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardio-genic disruptions of in utero exposure of a non-fluoridated Cypermethrin (CP) and a fluoridated λ-Cyhalothrin (LC) type 2 pyrethroid insecticide were explored in albino mice. Pregnant dams were divided into three groups (n=10); 1) Vehicle Control Group (VCG) (intra-gastric treatment of 0.1mL corn oil); 2) Cypermethrin Group (CPG) and; 3) λ-Cyhalothrin Group (LPG) (intra-gastric treatment of 5mg/kg Cypermethrin (CP) and λ-Cyhalothrin respectively in corn oil). These treatments were applied on 7--10th days of pregnancy. Embryos were removed from the gravid uteri of the euthanized dams on 18th day of pregnancy and fixed in formyl ethanol for 24hrs to finally remove their hearts for histological and histometric analyses. Both insecticides were found to cause micro-anatomical derangements like decreased ventricular wall thickness, rudimentary appearance or complete absence of inter-ventricular (AV) septa, abnormalities of the cardiac valves, and decreased thickness of the muscular layer of the aortic trunk. However, these disruptions were much more pronounced in LCG. Morphometric results revealed a significant decrease (P>0.05) in the thickness of left ventricular wall in CPG (295.90±12.3µ) and LCG (104.27±5.6µ) as compared to VCG (346.68±9.5µ). The mean thickness of interventricular septum was significantly decreased in CPG (440.03±20.4µ) and LCG (214.3±10.2µ) groups than the VCG (2641.75±186.2µ). The thickness of the aortic intima also showed a significant (P>0.05) decrease in CPG (12.70±0.25µ) and LCG (11.03±0.3µ) than the VCG (18.44±0.37µ). Similarly, the thickness of aortic adventitia remained significantly (P>0.05) lower in CPG (26.96±1.1µ) and LCG (23.97±1.5µ) than the VCG (41.09±2.1µ). The relative abundance of myocardiocytes and cardio-myoblasts (per 5000µ2) also showed significant decrease in both CPG (8.98 ±0.45, 2.50±0.24 respectively) and LCG (4.7 ±0.48, 6.26±0.79) to the VCG (18.19±0.56, 1.02±0.13). The results show that type-2 pyrethroid insecticides inflict a highly toxic impact on the developing heart in mammals and the fluoridated LC is more toxic than the CP in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focused the toxicity of lead (Pb) on the male mice reproductive system. The research was designed to check the histopathology of male albino mice testes after lead (Pb) exposure in drinking water and the rescuing effect of post treatment with Jambul Fruit Pulp Extract (JFE) and white Mulberry Fruit Pulp Extract (MFE). There were four groups and each group having 10 animals. Control group (no treatment), Pb group (50 ppm Pb ions in drinking water for 15 days) and for the next 5 days lead free water. Pb+J group (Pb treatment as in Pb group + 0.2 mL Jambul fruit pulp extract with 12 h intervals for 16-20 days of the study. Similarly, Pb+M group (Pb treatment as in Pb group + 0.2 mL Morus fruit pulp extract with 12h intervals for 16-20 days of the study. Results revealed various characteristic changes in testicular histology. The results indicated significant alternations in organ weight, number of spermatogonia, number of spermatocytes, cross sectional area (CSA) of seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelial height and the number of seminiferous tubules in Pb group than the control group. These results were significantly recovered in the Pb+J and Pb+M groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of new synthetic compounds are synthesized in the field of heterocyclic chemistry having a variety of biological potentials. In the present study, some synthetic indole derivatives are used to check anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and gastroprotective activity in albino mice. Albino mice of either sex of reproductive age were used for each study (n = 5). In anti-inflammatory activity, the negative control (NC) and positive control group animals were treated with normal saline and 10 mg/kg of indomethacin respectively. The treated groups received the twenty four different synthetic chemicals, after 30 min of sub cutaneous injection of carrageenan. In analgesic activity, hot-plate method is used and for each group the latency period was recorded at zero moment of the provision of required dose and after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min. In anti-pyretic activity, Pyrexia was induced by using Brewer's yeast method. Before any treatment and then after duration of 18 h, the rectal temperatures were recorded. Among all the chemicals, only those chemicals which show any potential related to above mentioned activities were selected for gastroprotective activity. The gastroprotective activity was performed to check the gastric ulcers by using 300 mg/kg of single oral dose of indomethacin to animals of all groups except NC group. This study helped to screen out the most potent indole derivatives 3a-II and 4a-II from the 24 synthetic indole derivatives which demonstrated the best biological potential (anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and gastroprotection) as compared to the remaining ones. The micrometric and biochemical results also support the histological findings. Out of the twenty-four novel indole amines tested, 3a-II and 4a-II have shown the effective pharmacological capacity and additionally have not shown any overt and systemic toxicity. Thus these two indole amines need further in-depth pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics studies before they are recommended for any pre-clinical trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead oral exposure related pathological changes in kidneys and their ameliorations through Jambul Fruit Pulp Extract (JFPE) treatment were investigated in Albino Laboratory Mice. Adult male animals (n=30) weighing an average of 30 g were equally distributed into three groups, control (no treatment), lead (Pb) group (50 ppm Pb ions from lead acetate were given in drinking water 15 days+Pb ions free water 5 days) and Pb-J (lead+Jambul) group (50 ppm Pb ions as in Pb group+Jambul pulp extract 0.2 mL from 16-20 days). All animals were euthanized to recover kidneys for histopathological study on day 21. Results showed Pb exposure related significant decline in kidney and animal body weights. Histopathological findings were shrinkage of glomeruli and the proximal tubules, whereas the micrometric data indicated significant decline in glomerular size (2233.91±47.9 µm²) CSA (cross sectional area) of tubule size (561.0±23.4 µm²), caliber (97.9±7.2 µ²), wall thickness (462.0±22.8 µ²) and number of glomeruli per unit area (1.56±0.2) in Pb group. All these weight parameters, histopathological signs and micrometric observations indicate very good signs of recovery from such pathological changes in Pb-J group. These findings clearly show the importance of JFPE towards rehabilitation of the functional micro-architecture of the kidneys after Pb ion exposure related damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice addresses an omission in the original article titled "Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-ulcerogenic potentials of synthetic indole derivatives." The correction adds Abdul Rauf Raza to the list of authors and provides a revised Author Contributions section and Acknowledgements section. The correction acknowledges the University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan for permission and funding, as well as the Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad for financial support. The original article has been corrected. [Extracted from the article]

In continuation of a previous study on the rehabilitative and regenerative potential of Nigella sativa seed oil (NsO) on bifenthrin (Bf)-induced hepatohistopathologies, the aim of the present study was to examine the potential of NsO to ameliorate the renal histopathologies induced by Bf exposure in male Swiss Webster mice. Thirty animals were placed in 6 groups (5 each) and given daily treatments for two weeks vis-á-vis; 1: corn oil (CO) group [0.1 mL pure CO on days 1-14]; 2: NsO (Nigella sativa oil) group [CO as in the CO group on days 1-7 + 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14]; 3: Bf 2.5 mg/kg+CO (Bf2.5+CO) group [2.5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure CO on days 8-14]; 4: Bf 5 mg/kg+CO (Bf5+CO) group [5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure CO on days 8-14]; 5: Bf 2.5 mg/kg+NsO (Bf2.5+NsO) group [2.5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14], and, 6: Bf 5 mg/kg+NsO (Bf5+NsO) group [5 mg/kg Bf in 0.1 mL CO on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL 10% NsO in CO on days 8-14]. All the animals were sacrificed on day 15 to obtain the kidneys for histological examination. The results revealed, in the Bf5+CO group, a complete obliteration of some of the juxtamedullary glomeruli and, in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups, juxtamedullary glomeruli were contorted and showed moderate to extreme swelling with Bowman's capsule endothelial cell damage and endothelial intracellular oedema. Glomerular fibrosis, with just a few podocytes and multiple intrarenal haemorrhages, was also obvious in the juxtamedullary area. A general glomerular swelling was shown by a significant increase (p=0.05) in the mean crosssectional area (CSA) of these glomeruli in the Bf2.5+CO group (3,095.4±102.1 µ2) compared to the CO group (2,722.7±112.1 µ2). The proximal and distal tubules showed considerable hypertrophy in terms of the relative mean CSAs of these tubules in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups as compared to the other four groups. The mean luminal space of the proximal tubules was significantly decreased (p=0.05) in the Bf2.5+CO group (16.9±1.3 µ2) and the Bf5+CO group (11.3±0.5 µ2) as compared to the other four groups (CO: 22.4±1.9 µ2; NsO: 27.1±1 µ2; Bf2.5+NsO: 31.3±1.5 µ2, and Bf5+NsO: 25.4±0.4 µ2). The mean luminal CSAs of the distal nephronal tubules also showed a similar significant decline in the Bf2.5+CO and Bf5+CO groups compared to the rest of the groups. In the same manner, the mean count of the luminal endothelial cells of the proximal tubules showed a significant decline (p=0.05) in the Bf2.5+CO (8.51±0.44) and Bf5+CO (8.18±0.55) groups compared to the other groups (CO: 9.81±0.41; NsO: 10.26±0.43; Bf2.5+NsO: 10.05±0.59, and Bf5+NsO: 9.58±0.42). A similar pattern of variations in the mean count of the luminal endothelial cells was also observed in the distal nephronal tubules. The results indicate that short term low dose intra-gastric Bf exposure in mice has a nephrotoxic capacity and that NsO can potentially have a nephroprotective role and help in ameliorating the nephronal and glomerular pathologies induced by Bf exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine, in mice, the pancreatoxic effects of bifenthrin (Bn) exposure and the rehabilitative capacity of Nigella sativa (NgS) seed oil. The six groups (N=5) of male mice and their treatment regimes were: (i) the negative control (NC) group (0.1 mL corn oil for 14 days); (ii) the positive control (PC) group (0.1 mL corn oil on days 1-6 and 10% v/v NgS oil in corn oil on days 8-14); (iii) and (iv) the Bn2.5 and Bn5 groups (2.5 and 5 mg/kg Bn in 0.1 mL corn oil, respectively, on days 1-7 and 0.1 mL pure corn oil on days 8-14); (v) and (vi) the Bn2.5NgS and Bn5NgS groups (the respective Bn treatments on days 1-7 and 10% NgS oil on days 8- 14). The treatments were given intra-gastrically by gavage. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The pancreas from each animal was recovered for histological examination on day 15. The Bn exposure was found to cause pancreatitis with prominent acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) with a simultaneous hypotrophy and necrotic lesions of the acini. The mean count of exocrine cells per acinus was significantly lower in the Bn2.5 (9.4±0.38) and Bn5 (8.8±0.47) groups than in the NC (13.1±0.62), PC (14.84±0.79), Bn2.5NgS (11.24±0.68), and Bn5NgS (12.76±0.72) groups. The islets of Langerhans showed hypertrophy in the Bn2.5 group and secondary atrophy in the Bn5 group. However, endocrine cell hyperplasia and a consequential hypertrophy of the islets was seen in both the Bn2.5NgS and Bn5NgS groups. Additionally, pancreatic islet metaplasia was also observed in Bn5NgS group. The micrometry estimations likewise showed a significantly (p=0.05) higher mean crosssectional area (CSA) of the pancreatic islets in the PC (16521±1744 µm2), Bn2.5NgS (16930±1700 µm2), and Bn2.5 (13703±1572 µm2) groups than in the Bn5 (6382±1405 µm2), NC (9464.75±955 µm2), and Bn5NgS (11451±1099 µm2) groups. The mean CSA of the endocrine cells of islets in the Bn2.5 (30.1±1.39µ2) group remained significantly higher than in all the other groups (NC: 23.1±0.83 µm2; PC: 21.6±0.85 µm2; Bn5: 24.4±1.03 µm2; Bn2.5NgS: 25.2±0.95 µm2, and Bn5NgS: 22.1±0.71 µm2). The mean number of cells in the islets/unit area (289 µm2) in the Bn2.5 and Bn5 (141.37±6.3 and 132.03±6.5, respectively) groups remained significantly lower than in the NC (150.89±6.7), PC (174.43±6.6), Bn2.5NgS (172.97±6.4), and Bn5NgS (150.61±6.5) groups. These findings suggest that Bn exposure at levels of 2.5 mg/kg and above for seven or more days can result in exocrine and endocrine pancreatic pathologies and that NgS seed oil helps to ameliorate the tissue damage and restore the structural and functional attributes of the pancreas in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adrenal histopathologies resulting from exposure to the fluoridated insecticide bifenthrin (Bif) and their amelioration upon post-treatment with Nigella sativa (NS) seed oil were explored in mice. Six groups of five animals each, namely (i) Vehicle Control (VC)--0.1 mL corn oil daily for 14 days; (ii) Positive Control (PC)--0.1 mL corn oil for 7 days followed by 0.1 mL of 10% NS seed oil in corn oil (v/v) for the next 7 days; (iii) and (iv) Bif 2.5 mg/kg (Bif2.5) and Bif 5mg/kg (Bif5)--2.5 and 5 mg Bif/kg, respectively, in 0.1 mL corn oil for 7 days + 0.1 mL corn oil only for the next 7 days; and (v) and (vi) Bif 2.5mg/kg+NS (Bif2.5N) and Bif 5 mg/kg+NS (Bif5N)--Bif exposures as in the Bif2.5 and Bif5 groups, respectively, for 7 days + 0.1 mL of 10% NS seed oil in corn oil (v/v) for the next 7 days. All the treatments were provided intragastrically by gavages. The adrenal glands from each animal were processed for histological and micrometric studies after euthanasia on day 15. We found in the medullary part of the adrenal a depletion of the storage granules and a significant enlargement (p≤0.01) in the mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of the chromaffin cells in the Bif2.5 (185±2.6 μm², mean±SEM) and Bif5 (192±2.6 μm²) groups compared to the Bif2.5N (167±1.9 μm²) and Bif5N (158±2.6 μm²) groups. Simultaneously, the basal ×-zone of the cortical regions was breached at scattered places with blood profusion in the zona fasciculata. The number of cells per fascicle in the Bif2.5, Bif5, Bif2.5N, and Bif5N groups (18.6±0.4, 19.4±0.3, 16.3±0.5, and 16.6±0.4, respectively) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) than in the VC and PC groups (14.9±0.3 and 15.5±0.4, respectively). In contrast, the mean CSA of the fascicular cells was significantly higher in the PC (101±2 μm²) and VC (103±2.8 μm²) groups than in the Bif treated groups (75±1.9 μm², 66±2.5 μm², 95±1.8 μm², and 91±2 μm², respectively). The results indicate that the histopathological and micrometric toxicity induced by Bif exposure in the Bif2.5 and Bif5 groups showed a rapid recovery on post-treatment with NS oil indicating that although Bif is potentially toxic to the adrenals, at a daily exposure dose of 2.5 mg/kg or higher for 7 or more days, the adrenal pathologies induced can be rapidly reversed by NS seed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teratological capacities of fluoride ions (F), from NaF, and bifenthrin (BN) in ovo exposure were compared in the golden black variety of domestic chicken. Three groups (n=55) were studied: (i) vehicle control group (VC) with 0.1 mL 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in demineralized water; (ii) F group with 0.01 µg F/g egg weight (EW) and (iii) BN group with 0.01µg BN/g EW. The relevant doses were injected in freshly laid fertilized eggs. The embryos were removed from the egg shells after 14 days of incubation. The embryos were weighed and fixed in Bouin's solution for further studies. Morphological studies indicated general growth retardation in the embryos in the F and BN groups compared to the VC group. Reduced beak length, microphthalmia, exocardia, and meromelia were observed in the F group embryos whereas, different appendicular deformities such as fore-limb meromelia, contorted and polydactyl hindlimbs, un-clawed digits, and elongated digits corresponding to the index fingers were seen in the BN group embryos. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in dead and growth-retarded embryos in both the F and BN groups compared to the VC group. The morphometric data also showed a significant (p=0.05) decrease in mean embryonic weight (F: 5.36±0.17 g, BN: 5.27±0.16 g; VC: 6.82±0.13 g), crown-rump length (F: 45.78±0.25 mm, BN: 44.30±1.15, VC: 51.67±0.81), and occipito-frontal length (FE: 13.92±0.18mm, BN: 12.65±0.14, VC: 16.05±0.13), in the FE and BN groups compared to the VC group. The findings indicate that fluoride is a potent disruptor of avian development both in ionic and organic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rescuing potential of the oil of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds on the hepato-histopathologies of liver induced with bifenthrin (BF) exposure were explored in 12-15-week-old male Swiss Webster mice. Six groups of five animals (n=5) were studied: (i) VC (vehicle control) group (0.1 mL corn oil once daily for 14 days); (ii) NS group (corn oil treatment as in VC group for 7 days+0.1 mL 10% NS oil in corn oil for the next 7 days); (iii) BF2.5 and (iv) BF5 groups (2.5 and 5 mg/kg BF in 0.1 mL corn oil for 7 days, respectively, +0.1mL pure corn oil for the next 7 days); (v) BF2.5+NS and (vi) BF5+NS groups (2.5 and 5 mg/kg BF as in the respective BF groups and NS as in the NS group). The entire liver from each animal was recovered on the 15th day after cervical dislocation. The characteristic pathologies of the liver observed in the BF groups included damaged hepatic portal veins and profuse fibrosis of the peri-portal vein areas, shrinkage of the sinusoids, misalignment of the cords, especially at the margins, and necrosis of the hepatocytes. The marginal area of the lobules also showed infestation of macrophages followed by the migration of hepatoblasts from the marginal triads to the central lobular vein. The analysis of the data showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the mean animal body and liver weights in the BF2.5 group (27.3±1.1 and 2.4±0.3, respectively) and in the BF5 group (27±1.3 and 1.62±0.13, respectively) compared to the VC group (33.7±1.1 and 2.42±0.25, respectively) and the NS group (31.4±1.09 and 2.48±0.14, respectively). A convincing recovery in the mean animal body and liver weights was present in the BF2.5+NS group (30±1.1, and 2.5±0.31, respectively) and the BF5+NS group (30.3±1.9 and 2.31±0.3, respectively). A similar pattern of significant (p≤0.05) alterations was present in the analyses of the micrometric data for the differential counts of the mono-nucleated and bi-nucleated hepatocytes per unit area of the hepatic lobules and in the percent of the hepatolobular areas occupied by the hepatocytes vs the sinusoidal+arterial+venous spaces and the cellular debris+fibrotic mass+non-parenchymal cells. These findings suggest that the sub-chronic exposure of BF may lead to various hepato-histopathologies and micrometric alterations in mice while the oil of NS seeds can convincingly enhance the pace of rehabilitation indicating its hepato-protective and regenerative potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the amelioration potential of jambul (Syzygium cumini) fruit extract (JE) on fluoride ion (F) mediated behavioral alterations and hepato-nephronal histopathologies in four groups (n=10 per group) of adult male mice. Two groups, control (C) and jambul (J), were fed F-free water for 15 days while the other two groups, NaF (F) and NaF + jambul (F+J), were given 50 ppm F (from NaF) in drinking water on days 1-10 and F-free water + 0.25mL JE 12-hourly on days 11-15. The daily water intake in each group was recorded for the first 10 days. All animals were subjected to performance behaviors (balance beam bar, orientation, and climbing activities) on days 11-15 (post F-exposure period) and sacrificed to recover liver and kidneys on day 16. The organs were processed for microtomy and H & E staining. The daily water intake throughout the F-exposure period (days 1-10) in C and J groups remained constant apart from minute fluctuations while a persistent gradual decline was observed in F and F+J group animals. The mean water consumption (mL/g body weight/day) was significantly lower in F (0.0878±0.00239) and F+J (0.0873±0.00238) than in C (0.1231±000.597) and J (0.1229±0.0006) groups. Although the mean time taken to complete the balance beam bar, orientation, and climbing activities decreased gradually during the period of study (days 11-15) in all 4 groups, it remained persistently higher in F and F+J groups than in C and J groups. Hepatic histopathologies observed in F group animals included cytoplasmic vacuolations and disfigured nuclei of the hepatocytes, misaligned hepatic cords, and enlarged sinusoids and central lobular veins. Reversal of these pathological signs, with hepatic tissue regeneration and rehabilitation of the hepato-lobular arrangement, was seen in F+J group. No obvious signs of pathology were seen in histological sections of kidney in F group. Micrometric data revealed significantly higher (p≤0.05) mean percent fractional weight of liver and cross-sectional area (CSA) of hepatocytes in F (6.23±0.32 g/100 g bw and 317.26±12.08 µ², respectively) than C (5.3±0.25 g/100 g bw and 270.09±9.1 µ²), J (5.15±0.19 g/100 g bw, and 247.37±7.24 µ²) and F+J (5.72±0.15 g/100 g bw, and 179.21± 5.9µ²) groups. The nephronal micrometric data for the endothelial brush border thickness of the proximal tubules and the CSAs of glomeruli and proximal tubules showed significantly lower mean values in F (4.92±0.38 µ, 1712.9±97.6 µ², and 816.8±34.88 µ², respectively) as compared to C (6.66±0.17 µ, 2265.8±110 µ², and 1283±66.12 µ²), J (6.92±0.13 µ, 1898±113.2 µ², and 1097.3±35.3 µ²) and F+J (6.91±0.16 µ, 1841.6±95.3 µ², and 1042.4±43.3 µ²) groups. Conversely the mean luminal CSA of the proximal tubules was significantly increased in F (199.6±14.06 µ²) compared to C (123.1±5.56 µ²), J (88.12±5.25 µ²), and F+J (119.1±6.94 µ²) groups. The results showed that fluoride exposure in mice leads to various hepato-renal histopathologies and alterations in performance behaviors. These toxicities were convincingly ameliorated with JE treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ameliorative potentials of wild olive fruit pulp extract (WOFPE) were compared with vitamin E against the hepato-histopathological responses of fluoride exposure (50 ppm in drinking water) in mice. Forty adult males were divided equally into 4 groups: control (C), fluoride (F), fluoride+vitamin E (FE), and fluoride+olive (FO). The mice in the C group were provided F-free drinking water throughout the 15-day study period. The animals in the other 3 groups were given 50 ppm of F- (from NaF) in drinking water for 10 days followed by F-free water for the next 5 days. Additionally, the FE and FO groups were given vitamin E (60 µg in 0.1 mL corn oil) or 0.1 mL WOFPE, respectively, by gavage 12-hourly on days 11-15. Liver samples were obtained from the animals on day 16 after euthanasia. In contrast to the control group, hepato-histopathological signs observed in the F group included peri-central intra-lobular focal hepatic lesions (PIFHL), misaligned hepatic cords with little or no sinusoidal spaces in-between them, and, in the hepatocytes, enlarged nuclei with vague margins and cytoplasmic vacuolations. Although aggregations of oval stem cells were seen in the FE group, PIFHL were also visible. The PIFHL were found to be completely healed in the FO group, and, in addition, large number of oval cells were also seen, both in clumped aggregations and defused between the hepatic cords. Moreover, the juvenile hepatocytes were found to be aligning to produce nascent hepatic cords and epithelial cells were also seen infesting the intra-lobular spaces among the nascent hepatic cords. Analysis of the micrometric data indicated a significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean cross-sectional area (MCSA) of the hepatocytes in the F (498.8 µm²) and FO (350.8 µm²) groups. Moreover they also differed significantly (p<0.05) from the C (419.5 µm²) and FE groups (404.5 µm²). The mean sinusoidal breadth in all four groups (C: 8.62 µm, F: 1.9 µm, FE: 5.02 µm and FO: 3.19 µm) differed significantly (p<0.05) from each other. These findings indicate that subchronic exposure to 50 ppm F in drinking water may cause hepatocytic damage and hepatolobular derangements while WOFPE had better curative and regenerative potentials than a standard natural antioxidant (vitamin E) against these toxicological manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy and feto-gestational toxicities of fluoride (F) exposure and their amelioration on co-treatment with strawberry fruit extract were studied in pregnant mice. There were 5 groups of 10 dams (28-30 g): control (C) [without treatment]; F5 [given 5 ppm F-ions (from NaF) in drinking water during gestation days (GD) 6 to 18]; F10 [10 ppm F-ions on GD 6-18]; F5S [5 ppm F-ions + 0.2 mL strawberry fruit extract (SFE) every 12 hr on GD 6-18]; and F10S [10 ppm F-ions + 0.2mL SFE every 12hr on GD 6-18]. The dams were euthanized on GD 18 to recover the fetuses. At the time of recovery, each dam was examined to obtain the intact maternal body weight, the gravid uterine weight, and the number of corpora lutea in both ovaries, live male and female fetuses, re-absorbed implants, and dead fetuses. Highly significant differences (p<0.001) were present in the mean body weight of the pregnant mothers of the C, F5, F10, F5S and F10S groups (39.88±0.58, 37.81±1.33, 34.33±0.88, 38.22±0.31, and 35.64±0.74 respectively) and in their gravid uteri (16.91±0.58, 12.82±0.40, 9.56±0.19, 14.74±0.93, and 10.46±0.24 respectively). Similarly, highly significant variations (p<0.001) were found among the groups for the mean litter weights (13.60±0.46g, 9.90±0.44, 6.98±0.38, 11.98±0.35, and 7.76±0.37 respectively) and the mean fetal weights (1.65±0.01g, 1.30±0.013, 0.95±0.015, 1.37±0.014, and 0.98±0.011 respectively). However, no significant differences were found between the groups for the mean number of live fetuses per group (8.2±0.29, 7.6±0.33, 7.3±0.15, 8.0±0.21, and 7.9±0.17 respectively). Compared to the control group, the F5 and F10 groups showed highly significant variations (p<0.001) on χ2 analysis for the gestational parameters (total number of corpora lutea, implants, live fetuses and the pre-, post-, and co-gestation losses). Similarly, analysis of the data for the fetal parameters (total counts of male and female fetuses, reabsorbed implants, and dead fetuses) showed significant variations for the F5 (p<0.05) and F10 (p<0.001) groups as compared to the control group. The results indicate that gestational exposure to fluoride (5 ppm or more in drinking water) bears potential risks of toxicity of pregnancy, gestational, and fetal parameters in mice. However, cotreatment with strawberry fruit extract has shown significant ameliorative potential for reducing these toxicological manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]