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The correlated semiconductor vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits an insulator–metal transition (IMT) near room temperature, which is of interest in various device applications. Precise IMT temperature control is crucial to determine the use cases across technologies such as thermochromic windows, actuators for robots or neuronal oscillators. Doping the cation or anion sites can modulate the IMT by several tens of degrees and control hysteresis. However, modeling the effects of control parameters (e.g., doping concentration, type of dopants) is challenging due to complex experimental procedures and limited data, hindering the use of traditional data-driven machine learning approaches. Symbolic regression (SR) can bridge this gap by identifying nonlinear expressions connecting key input parameters to target properties, even with small data sets. In this work, we develop SR models to capture the IMT trends in VO2 influenced by different dopant parameters. Using experimental data from the literature, our study reveals a dual nature of the IMT temperature with varying tungsten (W) doping concentrations. The symbolic model captures data trends and accounts for experimental variability, providing a complementary approach to first-principles calculations. Our feature-driven analysis across a broader class of dopants informs selectivity and provides qualitative insights into tuning phase transition properties valuable for neuromorphic computing and thermochromic windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localized surface plasmons produced by gold and silver nanostructures have been utilized to enhance the intensity of fluorophore molecules. The issue with using nanostructure plasmons for fluorescence enhancement is their short-range nature (5–50 nm from the nanostructures), which limits accessibility to a few molecules. In addition, fluorophore dipoles needed to be aligned with the plasmon electric fields to maximize the fluorescence enhancement. To address these issues, we used low-frequency electric fields (<5 MHz) and commercially available nanorod and nanosphere samples and studied their effectiveness in enhancing the fluorescence of fluorophore-labeled short single-stranded DNA molecules (22 bases). We demonstrated that DNA molecules and nanorod particles can effectively be manipulated around the charging frequency of DNA molecules (∼3 MHz). Nanorod particles enhanced the fluorescence emission rate by ∼50-fold. When the 3 MHz electric field was introduced, the emission rate increased to over 700-fold. We also found that the introduction of a 3 MHz electric field aided the enhancement of the intrinsic quantum yield fluorophore molecules, which resulted in over a 1000-fold fluorescence enhancement. This enhancement was due to the very high electric produced by polarized DNA dipoles at 3 MHz, which resulted in a torque on fluorophore dipoles and subsequently aligning the fluorophore dipole axis with the plasmon electric field. At a fundamental level, our results demonstrate the role of the low-frequency electric field in the fluorophore–plasmon coupling. These findings can directly be applied to many fluorescence detection systems, including the development of biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses our investigations into the structural and spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ co-doped alumino-silicate glass prepared by an in-situ sol-gel method. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD analysis reveals that the material is still amorphous even after being heated to 900 °C. FTIR analysis was used to identify the functional groups of the produced sol-gel silicate glass. The optical absorption spectra from the ground state 4I9/2 show seven peaks in the UV-VIS and NIR regions. The optical absorption spectrum of Nd3+ co-doped alumino-silicate glass-ceramic was used to determine the Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6). The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was recorded with a 2W diode laser source of 808 nm excitations. From the larger stimulated emission cross-section (3.80 x 10−20 cm2) of the 4F3/2 → 4I11/2 transition, it is concluded that the SiNdAl glasses could be highly useful for the development of solid state laser materials. From the observed refractive indices at three different wavelengths, non-linear parameters for the glass, such as the Abbe number (υAb) and non-linear refractive index (n2), are derived. Highlights: Nd3+ ions co-doped with alumino-silicate glass is prepared by in-situ sol-gel methods. Red-shift in absorption peaks observed after annealing due to nephelauxetic effect. The Judd–Ofelt parameter Ω2 increased and Ω6 decreased with annealing. PL intensity increases with annealing. PL intensity increases with increasing Al content. Various physical parameters like density, refractive index and non-linear polarizability are measured to investigate possible device applications of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research focuses on identifying machine learning algorithms that provide results with high accuracy. The present work is conducted in three phases: conduction of heat transfer experiments, development of correlation, implementation, and comparison of machine learning algorithms with the correlation. Experiments were conducted using hybrid nanofluids with graphene platelets, and carbon nanotubes dispersed in Ethylene glycol-water mixtures. Ethylene glycol percentage in the base fluid varied from 0 to 100%. The nanoparticles are dispersed in concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, and 0.0625 weight fractions. The results achieved a 15 to 24% enhancement in thermal conductivity. Results showed viscosity increased in temperatures ranging from 50 to 70 °C but less in higher temperatures. Correlation formulas were developed, and they predicted the thermal conductivity and viscosity values with a maximum deviation of 10%. Machine learning (ML) models have been implemented, and a comparative analysis with correlation results has been conducted. These ML models provided results with a maximum deviation of 4% for viscosity and 3% for thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of non-motor symptoms is often overlooked in favour of the motor symptoms when managing Parkinson's disease resulting in suboptimal patient outcomes. This study aimed to characterise the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients with a special focus on the impulsive control disorders and other compulsive behaviours (ICDs-CB) that had not been previously studied in this population. All patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease followed up at the National Hospital of Colombo, Sri Lanka were included. The presence or absence of non-motor symptoms and their perceived impact was recorded with an interviewer administered questionnaire. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were assessed with Hamilton Anxiety and Depression scales. Presence of ICDs-CB was assessed with the questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease. Of 192 patients 97% (186) reported at least 2 non-motor symptoms. About 83% (160/192) screened positive for anxiety, 40% (76/192) for depression, and 17% (32/192) for an ICDs-CB. A lower Barthel index, history of past psychiatric disorders and family history of alcohol abuse were independent predictors of ICDs-DB. Managing both motor and non-motor symptoms are important to preserve the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease. They should be screened for symptoms for anxiety and depression regularly during follow up and educated about the possibility of ICDs-CB soon after diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Faecal haemoglobin (f‐Hb) testing is used in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and increasingly to guide the investigation in patients with symptoms suggestive of CRC. Studies have demonstrated increased mortality with raised f‐Hb. Aims: To assess the association of raised f‐Hb with all‐cause, non‐CRC (any cause excluding CRC) and cause‐specific mortality. Methods: We searched Medline and Embase on 9 February 2024 to identify papers reporting mortality after faecal immunochemical (FIT) or guaiac faecal occult blood tests (gFOBT). The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality following a positive compared to a negative test. Results: The search identified 3155 papers. Ten met the inclusion criteria: three reported gFOBT and seven reported FIT results, as screening tests. These reported a total of 14,687,625 f‐Hb results. Elevated f‐Hb was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality including death from cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory diseases. Crude risk ratios for all‐cause mortality with a positive versus negative test were derived from six papers (three reporting gFOBT, three FIT). An increased risk was demonstrated in five, with RRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06–1.16) to 2.95 (95% CI: 2.85–3.05). For non‐CRC mortality risk, RRs ranged from 1.09 (95% CI: 1.04–1.15) to 2.79 (95% CI: 2.70–2.89). We did not perform meta‐analysis due to a limited number of papers reporting suitable results for each type of f‐Hb test. Conclusions: All‐cause, non‐CRC and cause‐specific mortality appear higher in those with raised f‐Hb. Population‐based studies are warranted to elicit whether this association occurs in symptomatic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced Aerial Mobility (AAM) platforms are poised to begin high-density operations in urban areas nationwide. This new category of aviation platforms spans a broad range of sizes, from small package delivery drones to passenger-carrying vehicles. Unlike traditional aircraft, AAM vehicles operate within the urban boundary layer, where large structures, such as buildings, interrupt the flow. This study examines the response of a package delivery drone, a general aviation aircraft, and a passenger-carrying urban air mobility aircraft through an urban wind field generated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Since it is burdensome to simulate flight dynamics in real-time using the full-order solution, reduced-order wind models are created. Comparing trajectories for each aircraft platform using full-order or reduced-order solutions reveals little difference; reduced-order wind representations appear sufficient to replicate trajectories as long as the spatiotemporal wind field is represented. However, examining control usage statistics and time histories creates a stark difference between the wind fields, especially for the lower wing-loading package delivery drone where control saturation was encountered. The control saturation occurrences were inconsistent across the full-order and reduced-order winds, advising caution when using reduced-order models for lightly wing-loaded aircraft. The results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of using a simulation environment to evaluate reduced-order models by directly comparing their trajectories and control activity metrics with the full-order model. This evaluation provides designers valuable insights for making informed decisions for disturbance rejection systems. Additionally, the results indicate that using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solutions to represent urban wind fields is inappropriate. It was observed that the mean wind field trajectories fall outside the 95% confidence intervals, a finding consistent with the authors' previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) are the largest living animal and, like other baleen whales, became endangered due to whaling. Here, we used population genomics to infer the number, distribution and other characteristics of subspecies and populations. We used the largest DNA dataset in blue whales, both in terms of genomic markers (16,661 SNPs and mtDNA) and geographic coverage (n = 276 for SNPs; n = 531 for mtDNA). We found greatest divergence among the eastern Pacific, Indo‐western Pacific and Antarctic blue whales. There were indications that natural selection in different environments promoted divergence among these groupings. Within these regions, there was divergence between the eastern North and eastern South Pacific, and among the eastern Indian Ocean, the western South Pacific and the northern Indian Ocean. There was no divergence within the Antarctic. These findings are consistent with the current classification of Antarctic and Indo‐western Pacific blue whales in the Southern Hemisphere as different subspecies but call into question the subspecies taxonomy of eastern Pacific blue whales. The study shows that opposite breeding seasons on either side of the equator do not necessarily inhibit connectivity across the equator, and reinforces that population structure needs to be well understood to conserve the diversity within species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ho3+ ions doped with ZnS NPs in silicate glasses prepared by room temperature sol–gel method, and its physical parameters and spectroscopic properties were characterized. Structural characterization were performed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX and TEM. ZnS nanoparticles are present in the Ho3+-doped silicate matrix, according to structural investigations. The phenomenological Judd Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ, which depict the intensities for transitions in lanthanides and actinides in both solids and liquids, follow the pattern Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6, according to Judd Ofelt analysis of UV–Visible absorption spectra. The study reveals that the four unique PL emission bands of Ho3+ are significantly influences by the concentration of ZnS NPs for enhancing PL emissions is found to be 20 M. This enhancement is ascribed to the modification of the network and sensitization of Ho3+ ions by the presence of the NPs. The photoluminescence spectra of the prepared samples were used to calculate the radiative parameters, such as the stimulated emission cross-section (σp), radiative lifetimes (τR), branching ratio (βR), and transition probability (Aed). CIE color coordinates were computed and they showed the yellow to greenish-yellow region for Ho3+ doped with various ZnS concentration. The present, SHZ20 glass may be useful for the greenish-yellow emitting phosphor application. The result of the Figure of Merit indicate that the prepared glasses show promise for use as optical amplifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 all over the world has given an option to employees to work from home. As a result, the number of computer users has increased drastically. According to international market tracker Data Corporation, in 2020, the sales of computer devices exceeded 302 million. The survey conducted on computer users indicates that there was increase in neck pain and back pain. The increase in musculoskeletal disorder is mainly due to bad ergonomic design of computer workstation. The present work is focused on design of computer user chair based on Indian anthropometric standard data. Three different kinds of chair have been modeled in CATIA V5. The bio-mechanical analysis and rapid upper limb assessment analysis were carried out. The structural analyses of chairs have been carried out in ANSYS. The results showed that the chairs were structurally strong for static condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) was developed for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), to enhance their performance via mixed counterion effect. Here, LiI, CsI, tetrahexylammonium iodide (Hex4NI), and 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) were used as iodide salts for the preparation of this new GPE. The electrolyte series was investigated by varying the molar fractions of LiI and CsI, keeping the molar fractions of Hex4NI and MPII constant. The molar composition of the iodide salts in electrolytes is MPII0.25(Hex4NI)0.8CsI(2-x)LiIx, where x is the variable. The temperature dependence of conductivity showed Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher behavior. The sample with x = 0.72, where LiI to CsI to Hex4NI to MPII molar ratio is 72:48:80:25, which gave 8.42 mS cm−1 at 30 °C, displayed the maximum conductivity at all the temperatures. The dependence of the complex AC conductivity on frequency is examined in detail to study the impacts of dielectric polarization effects of the GPEs. Quasi-solid-state DSSCs were constructed by utilizing six-layered TiO2 photoelectrodes, Pt counter electrode, and the novel GPE series. The three-salt electrolytes, containing LiI only and CsI only, containing DSSC showed efficiencies of 5.72% and 3.53% respectively. The four-salt system, which is composed of LiI to CsI to Hex4NI to MPII with a molar ratio of 96:24:80:25, demonstrated the highest solar cell efficiency of 7.42%, due to the collective contribution of Hex4N+, MPI+, Cs+, and Li+ ions in improving the charge transport in the electrolyte system. This study shows that DSSC performance can greatly be improved by optimizing counterion ratios without changing total ions in the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasing demand for an intelligent system to avoid abnormal events, many models for detecting and locating anomalous behaviors in surveillance videos have been proposed. Nevertheless, significant flaws of inadequate discriminating ability are present in the majority of these models. A novel newton form and monotonic function based deep bidirectional long short-term memory (NFMF-DBiLSTM) human anomaly recognition system was discussed in this paper to tackle those issues. Initially, videos are transformed into frames; after that, the duplicate frames are removed, and by utilizing the shannon entropy centered contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (SE-CLAHE) algorithm, the contrast has been elevated. By using the probabilistic matrix factorization kernel density estimation (PMF-KDE) technique, the background is subtracted after estimating only the motion of the object. After this, the silhouette function is performed utilizing the dirac depth silhouette function (DDSF). In addition, clustering is done by sorting and average-based K-means (SA-KM). The features are extracted from the suspected human and are then chosen by utilizing Poisson Eurasian oystercatcher optimization (PEOO). For classifying normal or anomaly, the selected features are subjected directly into the NFMF-DBiLSTM. When contrasted with the prevailing methodologies, the proposed model is found to be more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocular condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the retina and impairs vision in the elderly. For both controlling and detecting retinal illnesses like AMD, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an important investigative tool. The accurate segmentation of retinal layers is critical, as accurately segmenting the layers helps ophthalmologists for early diagnosis of AMD. An accurate and effective detection technique is created using the proposed Water Cycle Corona Virus Optimization-based Deep Residual Network (WCCVO-based DRN) to address these problems and identify AMD at the early stages. In the first step, the active contour model is used to segment the layers, and features such as reflectivity, thickness, curvature, statistical features, and the devised Local Directional Gradient Pattern Histogram (LDGPH) are retrieved. The LDGPH is designed based on the concept of Local Directional pattern (LDP) and Local Gradient pattern (LGP). At last, for the AMD detection DRN classifier is used, which is trained by the devised WCCVO. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity metrics for the WCCVO-based DRN achieved satisfactory performance with values of 0.916, 0.923, and 0.919. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

XTE J1701−462 is a neutron star low-mass X-ray binary (NS LMXB) discovered in 2006 as the first system to demonstrate unambiguously that the 'Atoll' and 'Z' classes of accreting neutron stars are separated by accretion rate. Radio observations during the 2006/7 outburst provided evidence for the formation of a relativistic jet, as now expected for all accreting neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries at high-accretion rates. The source entered a new outburst in 2022, and we report 29 observations made with the MeerKAT radio telescope. The first radio detection was on the 16th September 2022, we continued detecting the source until mid-December 2022. Thereafter, establishing radio upper limits till 25 March 2023. We present the radio analysis alongside analysis of contemporaneous X-ray observations from MAXI. The radio light curve shows evidence for at least three flare-like events over the first hundred days, the most luminous of which has an associated minimum energy of |$1\times 10^{38}$|  erg. We provide a detailed comparison with the 2006/7 outburst, and demonstrate that we detected radio emission from the source for considerably longer in the more recent outburst, although this is probably a function of sampling. We further constrain the radio emission from the source to have a polarization of less than 9 per cent at the time of 2022 IXPE detection of X-ray polarization. Finally, we place the source in the radio–X-ray plane, demonstrating that when detected in radio it sits in a comparable region of parameter space to the other Z-sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collectively moving cellular systems often contain a proportion of dead cells or non-motile genotypes. When mixed, nematically aligning motile and non-motile agents are known to segregate spontaneously. However, the role that topological defects and active stresses play in shaping the distribution of the two phases remains unresolved. In this study, we investigate the behaviour of a two-dimensional binary mixture of active and passive nematic fluids to understand how topological defects are transported between the two phases and, ultimately, how this leads to the segregation of topological charges. When the activity of the motile phase is large, and the tension at the interface of motile and non-motile phases is weak, we find that the active phase tends to accumulate +1/2 defects and expel −1/2 defects so that the motile phase develops a net positive charge. Conversely, when the activity of the motile phase is comparatively small and interfacial tension is strong, the opposite occurs so that the active phase develops a net negative charge. We then use these simulations to develop a physical intuition of the underlying processes that drive the charge segregation. Lastly, we quantify the sensitivity of this process on the other model parameters, by exploring the effect that anchoring strength, orientational elasticity, friction, and volume fraction of the motile phase have on topological charge segregation. As +1/2 and −1/2 defects have very different effects on interface morphology and fluid transport, this study offers new insights into the spontaneous pattern formation that occurs when motile and non-motile cells interact. Collectively moving cellular systems often contain both motile and non-motile genotypes, and when mixed, these agents segregate spontaneously. The study reveals that the segregation of topological charges between these agents depends on activity and interfacial tension, with high activity and low tension favoring a positively charged motile phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The development of a fluorescent pH sensor and the treatment of wastewater with nanoparticles are both critical topics. Variations in pH impact the morphology and subsequent properties of nanoparticles, affecting their utilization in various fields, while using nanoparticles offers an improved approach for treating industrial waste. The present study examines the effects of these variables on biologically produced nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs). The synthesis was achieved through a hydrothermal process using Rubus niveus leaf extract as a precursor. UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis revealed absorption spectra over a wide range from 200 nm to 800 nm, with prominent peaks at 236 nm and 392 nm. Additionally, the direct energy band gap of the NCQDs was found to be 3.65 eV. SEM imaging displayed flower-shaped particles, and FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of amide, CHO, N-H, and C-N functional groups. The XRD pattern revealed that the surface morphology of NCQDs is amorphous in nature. A significant response in fluorescence intensity with varying pH values was observed, confirming the potential of NCQDs as pH sensors. The reaction kinetics of Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye was analyzed to assess the potential of NCQDs for dye degradation, revealing pseudo-first-order kinetics with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: We aimed to associate the degree of food processing with blood pressure levels in adult women. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 85 adult women. The participants were subdivided into three groups: normal weight (NW: 27.05%), overweight (OW: 34.1%) and obesity (OB: 38.8%). Their anthropometric parameters, food consumption and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated. The groups were compared using one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal–Wallis test, and correlations were established using Spearman's correlation, partial correlations (adjusted for age, medications and pathologies) and simple linear regression. Significance was set at p < 0.05. (3) Results: Women with obesity had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP = NW: 106.5 ± 11.6; OW: 111.60 ± 11.8; OB: 123.63 ± 14.0; p < 0.001 and DBP = NW: 66.5 ± 9.9; OW: 70.2 ± 8.7; OB: 80.6 ± 11.0; p < 0.001) and a lower consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed food (MPF) (NW: 0.25 ± 0.1; OW: 0.27 ± 0.09; OB: 0.21 ± 0.07; p = 0.027). Moreover, we found an inverse association among the consumption of MPF and diastolic blood pressure that remained after adjustments for covariates (r: −0.27; p = 0.01), suggesting that lower consumption of MPF is related to higher levels of DBP. (4) Conclusions: Our data suggest that women with obesity seem to have a lower consumption of MPF. In addition, MPF is negatively correlated with BP, suggesting an association with obesity and cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative pain is acute with complex physiological responses to tissue injury. Epidural technique using opioids has been found to provide better pain relief than systemic opioids and also decreased incidence of postoperative complications. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the onset, duration, quality of analgesia, cardio-respiratory effects and side effects of epidural butorphanol with epidural fentanyl for the relief of postoperative pain. METHODOLOGY 60 patients of either sex, age group of 18- 60 years, belonging to ASA grade Ι and ΙΙ, posted for elective lower abdominal surgeries were selected. They were randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 each. All surgeries were done under lumbar epidural anaesthesia. Postoperatively, when patient complained of pain, intensity of pain was assessed using Linear Visual analog scale (VAS) and when VAS score was >5, patients received either epidural butorphanol 2mg or epidural fentanyl 100µg diluted to 10ml with normal saline. Onset of analgesia, which is the time interval from administration of study drug till VAS score came down to < 5 was noted in both groups. Duration of analgesia, which is the time interval between start of analgesia (VAS score < 5) till patient complaints of pain (VAS score >5) was noted in both groups. Quality of analgesia was assessed using pain score in both the groups. Cardio-respiratory effects, heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate were monitored at regular intervals and were compared between the 2 groups. Side effects like sedation, pruritus, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and respiratory depression were noted. RESULTS Demographic profile (age, sex) was comparable in both groups. The onset of analgesia was clinically and statistically significantly late (6minutes) in butorphanol group when compared to fentanyl group (3minutes). Duration of analgesia was longer in butorphanol group (350 minutes) in comparison to fentanyl group (230 minutes) which was clinically and statistically significant. Quality of analgesia was better in butorphanol group. Sedation was the main side effect in butorphanol group. Incidence of pruritus, vomiting, hypotension and respiratory depression was more in fentanyl group. CONCLUSION Epidural butorphanol provides delayed onset but longer duration and better quality of analgesia than fentanyl with paucity of clinically significant side effects with both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In E-learning, evaluating students' comprehension of lecture video content is significant. The surge in online platform usage due to the pandemic has been remarkable, but the pressing issue is that learning outcomes still need to match the growth. Addressing this, a scientific system that gauges the comprehensibility of lecture videos becomes crucial for the effective design of future courses. This research paper is based on a cognitive approach utilizing EEG signals to determine student's level of comprehension. The study involves the design, evaluation, and comparison of multiple machines learning models, aiming to contribute to developing an efficient learning system. Fifteen distinct machine learning (ML) classifiers were implemented, among them AdaBoost (ADA), gradient boosting (GBC), extreme gradient boosting (XGboost), extra trees (ET), random forest (RF), light gradient boosting machine (light gum), and decision tree (DT) algorithms standouts. The DT exhibited exceptional performance across metrics such as area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, recall, F1 score, Kappa, precision, and matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). It achieved nearly 1.0 in these metrics while taking a short training time of only 1.7 seconds. This reveals its potential as an efficient classifier for electroencephalography (EEG) datasets and highlights its viability for practical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring mesoscopic physical phenomena has always been a challenge for brute-force all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Although recent advances in computing hardware have improved the accessible length scales, reaching mesoscopic timescales is still a significant bottleneck. Coarse-graining of all-atom models allows robust investigation of mesoscale physics with a reduced spatial and temporal resolution but preserves desired structural features of molecules, unlike continuum-based methods. Here, we present a hybrid bond-order coarse-grained forcefield (HyCG) for modeling mesoscale aggregation phenomena in liquid–liquid mixtures. The intuitive hybrid functional form of the potential offers interpretability to our model, unlike many machine learning based interatomic potentials. We parameterize the potential with the continuous action Monte Carlo Tree Search (cMCTS) algorithm, a reinforcement learning (RL) based global optimizing scheme, using training data from all-atom simulations. The resulting RL-HyCG correctly describes mesoscale critical fluctuations in binary liquid–liquid extraction systems. cMCTS, the RL algorithm, accurately captures the mean behavior of various geometrical properties of the molecule of interest, which were excluded from the training set. The developed potential model along with the RL-based training workflow could be applied to explore a variety of other mesoscale physical phenomena that are typically inaccessible to all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoactive N-hydroxysulfonamides photocaged with the (6-bromo-7-hydroxycoumarin-4-yl)methyl chromophore have been successfully synthesized, and the mechanisms of photodecomposition investigated for two of the compounds. Upon irradiation up to 97% of a diagnostic marker for (H)NO release, sulfinate was observed for the trifluoromethanesulfonamide system. In the absence of a species that reacts rapidly with (H)NO, (H)NO instead reacts with the carbocation intermediate to ultimately generate (E)-BHC-oxime and (Z)-BHC-oxime. Alternatively, the carbocation intermediate reacts with solvent water to give a diol. Deprotonation of the N(H) proton is required for HNO generation via concerted C-O/N-S bond cleavage, whereas the protonation state of the O(H) does not affect the observed photoproducts. If the N(H) is protonated, C-O bond cleavage to generate the parent N-hydroxysulfonamide will occur, and/or O-N bond cleavage to generate a sulfonamide. The undesired competing O-N bond cleavage pathway increases when the volume percentage of water in acetonitrile/water solvent mixtures is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different surface conditioning techniques on the bond strength between zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramics and resin cement. Materials and Methods: Fifty samples of ZLS ceramic were used and allotted into five groups with 10 samples per group based on the type of surface conditioning technique. The ceramic specimens were crystallized and embedded into acrylic resin. The five groups were group 1 (negative control-without surface treatment); group 2 (10% hydrofluoric [HF] acid + silanization); group 3 (10% HF acid only); group 4 (self-etching ceramic primer [SECP]); and group 5 (experimental laboratory sealing of the conditioned surface). Resin cylinders were bonded using self-adhesive resin cement and were subjected to thermocycling after 24 h storage. The shear bond strength was tested with a universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA was used for comparing five groups (P < 0.05 was considered significant). Results: Group 4 showed the highest mean bond strength value (23.4 MPa ± 2.21 MPa). A statistically significant difference was noted between group 4 and all the other groups tested in the study (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the SECP can be considered an alternative to the conventional protocol of HF acid and silane application for the surface conditioning of ZLS ceramic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Privacy and security present significant challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In order to enhance security, the sensor network is equipped with high throughput. While the importance of both source node (SN) and base station (BS) location privacy and security is acknowledged, recent research has predominantly focused on location privacy. Addressing this gap, the geometric zigzag bidirectional tree effectively tackles privacy and security threats at both the SN and BS locations. Future iterations of WSN are anticipated to integrate additional functionalities to meet diverse requirements in real‐world applications. The absence of robust security constraints leads to an unpredictable sensor network setup. This article aims to reduce energy consumption (EC) while simultaneously enhancing network security and connectivity. To address security challenges in WSN, we propose an optimized meta‐heuristic clustering‐based privacy key‐agreement routing technique. In the suggested system, a gateway‐based network is constructed to devise a key arrangement protocol that promotes privacy during communication. The proposed routing strategy involves forming clusters of sensor nodes (Sn), facilitating the efficient selection of cluster heads (CHs) that prioritize nodes with the least modification. This effectively addresses the EC problem. A comprehensive performance evaluation is conducted, considering improvements in energy efficiency, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput, end‐to‐end delay (E2 delay), and EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in environmental temperature led to economic losses in the poultry industry, urging the use of feed supplements to mitigate the negative effects on chick's welfare and performance. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of marine microalgae (Nannochloropsis Oculata, N. Oculata) additive on commercial Brown Lohmann laying hen's performance, blood metabolites, and antioxidant status under hot environmental conditions. One hundred and eighty birds (34 weeks old with an initial body weight of 1885 ± 23.5 g) were used till 47 weeks. The birds were divided into three equal groups (birds in each group were distributed into four equal replicates 15 hens/ replicate). The 1st group was the control (CON) and was fed the basal diet, while the 2nd (TR1) and 3rd (TR2) groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0% of N. Oculata, respectively. The results showed that total protein and globulin concentrations increased (P < 0.05) in treated groups compared with the control group, whereas, albumin concentration increased (P < 0.05) in TR2 compared to the control group. The concentration of ALT and AST decreased in hens fed N. Oculata. Supplementing with N. Oculata reduced serum cholesterol and creatinine concentrations, while glucose concentration increased (P < 0.05) in the treated groups compared to the control group. Serum calcium, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Triiodothyronine (T3), and progesterone increased (P < 0.05) in hens fed N. Oculata. N. Oculata supplement improved production performance through a positive effect on egg number, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and mortality rate. In addition, the overall mean of shell thickness increased (P < 0.05) in hens fed N. Oculata. It can be concluded that the supplementation of 1.0% N. Oculata to the laying hens' diet enhanced productive performance, serum constituents, and antioxidant status under hot environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergoes a protracted maturation process. This is true both for local interneurons and for innervation from midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. In the striatum, dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission is required for the maturation of medium spiny neurons during a critical developmental period. To investigate whether DA innervation influences the maturation of interneurons in the PFC, we used a conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model in which innervation from mDA neurons to the mPFC (mesoprefrontal innnervation) is not established during development. In this mouse model, the maturation of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) interneuron populations in the PFC is dysregulated during a critical period in adolescence with changes persisting into adulthood. PV interneurons are particularly vulnerable to lack of mesoprefrontal input, showing an inability to maintain adequate PV expression with a concomitant decrease in Gad1 expression levels. Interestingly, lack of mesoprefrontal innervation does not appear to induce compensatory changes such as upregulation of DA receptor expression in PFC neurons or increased innervation density of other neuromodulatory (serotonergic and noradrenergic) innervation. In conclusion, our study shows that adolescence is a sensitive period during which mesoprefrontal input plays a critical role in promoting the maturation of specific interneuron subgroups. The results of this study will help to understand how a dysregulated mesoprefrontal DA system contributes to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: of this paper is to study and develop the bagasse corrugated composite fibre roofing tiles manufactured at a level of densities 400, 600, and 800 kg/m3 by residue bagasse fibres blended with 7 wt.% phenol-formaldehyde. The hot press process is used to form the corrugated roofing tile. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the roofing tiles were necessarily tested, and the results of the standard were required according to the standard. Design/methodology/approach: The dimensions of the corrugated roofing are 400 mm in width, 400 mm in length, and 6 mm in thickness. The hot press manufacturing process formed the corrugated roofing tile, and the bulk densities of 150 kg/m3 were executed. 7 wt.% PF and additives were mixed and sprayed during a forming process. Preforming of the corrugated composite roofing process was operated at 12°C for 15 minutes. The standards of roofing tile were required, including physical, mechanical, and thermal properties, according to JIS A 5908-2003, TIS 535-2556, TIS 876-2547, ASTM C177-2010, and ASTM D256-2006a standards. Findings: At a level of densities of 400, 600, and 800 kg/m3 are analysed. The results of physical, mechanical, and thermal properties are revealed by results in a range of standards. Thermal properties are superbly valued, and the insertion of 7 wt.% phenol formaldehyde in a vacancy of bagasse fibre was appropriately replaced. Research limitations/implications: The moisture content is the physical properties, one of the essential qualities of physical properties a high concern before use, should be ensured the bagasse is less than 12%. Practical implications: Phenol formaldehyde adhesive is widely used as a commercial adhesive; the vapour of formaldehyde is necessarily used carefully. Originality/value: The economic system of residue waste, management of organic residue waste to added value, and developed biodegradable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate plasma homocysteine level and its relation with serum estrogen in pre and postmenopausal women as a risk factor in coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among premenopausal (n = 50) and postmenopausal women (n = 50) with an estimation of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and serum estradiol (E2). Postmenopausal women based on their angiographic status were sub-grouped into A (with normal coronaries) and B (with CAD). Results: The levels of Hcy, 21.98 (20.89-24.05) μmol/L, increased significantly (P < 0.0001) and that of E2, 3.05 (2.32-3.6) pg/mL, decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) in the postmenopausal group when compared to Hcy, 6.11 (4.94-8.27) μmol/L and E2, 26.37 (25.3-29) pg/mL in premenopausal group. The levels of Hcy were elevated (24.7 ± 3.92 μmol/L) in postmenopausal Group B in comparison with postmenopausal Group A (21.37 ± 3.31 μmol/L), P = 0.002. Logistic regression analysis showed Hcy and body mass index to be independent predictors of CAD. Plasma Hcy showed an area under curve (AUC) of 1.00 with sensitivity and specificity of 100% at cutoff >12.6 μmol/L between pre and postmenopausal groups and AUC of 0.722 with 60% sensitivity and 84% specificity at cutoff >23.7 μmol/L between postmenopausal Groups A and B. Conclusion: We observed low E2 and high Hcy levels in postmenopausal women in comparison with premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, those with CAD had higher Hcy levels. Assessing Hcy levels routinely in postmenopausal women will help in better risk prediction of CAD and may also help in conjunction with other risk factors to decide the initiation of hormone replacement therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during 2023 (January--October), at Embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilization project, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Korutla, Jagitial district, Telangana, India. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulation on In-Vitro Fertilization rates with sexed semen in-vitro matured oocytes collected from Sahiwal cows via Ovum Pick-Up procedure. Irrespective of the estrus cycle, 20 non-lactating cows were divided into two equal groups. Animals in group 1 (non-stimulated, n=10) were subjected to ovum pick-up once at the random stage of the estrous cycle. Animals in group 2 (FSH Stimulated, n=10) were put under CIDR+FSH super stimulation protocol and subjected to OPU after 36 hours of coasting period. Viable oocytes were in-vitro fertilized using sexed-sorted semen after 24 hours of in-vitro maturation. Follicle stimulating hormone stimulation increased the secondary polar body extrusion rate (non-stimulated, 69.10±2.00% vs FSH stimulated, 79.84±1.55%), cleavage rate on day 1(non-stimulated, 60.69±3.04% vs FSH stimulated, 69.10±2.26%), cleavage rate on day 3 (non-stimulated, 35.62±3.32 vs FSH stimulated, 43.59±1.90), mean number of in-vitro produced blastocysts animal-1 (non-stimulated, 1.50±0.16 vs. FSH-treated, 4.10±0.23%) and blastocyst conversion rate (non-stimulated, 23.98±2.39% vs FSH-treated, 34.35±3.42%). We concluded that FSH stimulation was effective in improving In-vitro oocyte competence for embryo production in nonlactating Sahiwal cows with sexed semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merging black holes (BHs) are expected to produce remnants with large dimensionless spin parameters (a spin ∼ 0.7). However, gravitational wave (GW) observations with LIGO–Virgo–Kagra (LVK) suggest that merging BHs are consistent with modestly positive but not high spin (a spin ∼ 0.2), causing tension with models suggesting that high-mass mergers are produced by hierarchical merger channels. Some BHs also show evidence for strong in-plane spin components. Here, we point out that spin-down of BHs due to eccentric prograde post-merger orbits within the gas of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) disc can yield BHs with masses in the upper mass gap, but only modestly positive a spin, and thus observations of BHs with low spin do not rule out hierarchical models. We also point out that the fraction of binary black hole (BBH) mergers with significant in-plane spin components is a strong test of interactions between disc BBHs and nuclear spheroid orbiters. Spin magnitude and spin tilt constraints from LVK observations of BBHs are an excellent test of dynamics of BHs in AGN discs, disc properties, and the nuclear clusters interacting with AGNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a catalyst‐free route for the reduction of carbon dioxide integrated with the formation of a carbon‐carbon bond at the air/water interface of negatively charged aqueous microdroplets, at ambient temperature. The reactions proceed through carbanion generation at the α‐carbon of a ketone followed by nucleophilic addition to CO2. Online mass spectrometry reveals that the product is an β‐ketoacid. Several factors, such as the concentration of the reagents, pressure of CO2 gas, and distance traveled by the droplets, control the kinetics of the reaction. Theoretical calculations suggest that water in the microdroplets facilitates this unusual chemistry. Furthermore, such a microdroplet strategy has been extended to seven different ketones. This work demonstrates a green pathway for the reduction of CO2 to useful carboxylated organic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the framework for identifying materials using a fused descriptor-based approach, leverage computer vision techniques. The system is structured into three phases: derivation, extraction, and portrayal. Initially, the system employs K-means gathering techniques for establishing derivation. Following derivation, the system utilizes variety, texture, and shape-based feature extraction methods to extract relevant features from the soluble solid content and total acid content using real-time visual inspection system. A "consolidating" fusion feature is explored in the final phase using classification algorithms like C4.5, support vector machines (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). The performance evaluation of the recognition system demonstrates promising results, with accuracy rates of 97.89%, 94.60%, and 90.25% achieved by using C4.5, SVM, and KNN separately. This indicates that the proposed fusion strategy effectively supports accurately recognizing materials using a fused descriptor-based approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports on the structural and spectroscopic properties of Pr3+ doped ZnS nanoparticles in silicate glasses prepared by sol–gel technique. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The structural studies reveal the presence of nanosized in the amorphous silica glass. Spectroscopic studies were performed through absorption and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The radiative parameters such as transition probability (Aed), radiative lifetimes (τR), and branching ratios (βR), the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ were determined from the absorption spectra of the prepared samples. The increase absorption as well as PL intensity was observed. This enhanced intensity is observed due to the effective increased in oscillator strength of Pr3+ doped ZnS. We observed strong stimulated emission cross-sections for the transition 3P0 → 3H6, at 614 nm. It may be useful for good lasing material in reddish-orange region. CIE chromaticity coordinates were also evaluated from the emission spectra of each glass. The development of visible reddish-orange lasers may be effectively facilitated by SiZPr1.5 glass, as indicated by the observed emission cross-sections and CIE chromaticity coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using sol–gel technique, we synthesized a novel series of titania-silicate glasses doped with Ho3+ ions, featuring a chemical composition (80-x) SiO2 + 20TiO2 + xHoCl3 (where x varied from 0.5 to 3.5 mol%, and was referred to as Ho3+ ions concentrations). Subsequently, we conducted comprehensive characterization to investigate both the physical parameters and spectroscopic properties of these glasses. Structural analysis involved techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to elucidate their structural properties. Using the Debye–Scherrer equation, the average grain size of polymorphic anatase phase TiO2 NPs was determined to be 14 nm. To comprehend the visible photoluminescence and lasing potentialities of titania-silicate glasses, spectroscopic studies including optical absorption and emission measurements were carried out. The bonding behavior of the Ho3+ ions and its surrounding ligand was studied using Judd–Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters (Ωλ, λ = 2, 4, 6); Ω2 > Ω4 > Ω6; regardless of Ω2 or Ω4 or Ω6, they all initially rise and then decrease with Ho3+ ion concentration, reaching their maximum value at 1.5 mol%. There are five visible emissions in the glass photoluminescence spectrum: two red, one green, and one blue. The green emission has the maximum intensity, occurring at 549 nm from the 5S2 → 5I8 transition. Analysis involved employing calculations to ascertain various parameters including the spectroscopic quality factor (χ = Ω4/Ω6), color chromaticity coordinates (x, y), correlated color temperature (CCT), and color purity (CP). Its appropriateness for designing and developing visible green lasers is demonstrated by the strong visible emission, large stimulated emission cross-section (σse), and high branching ratio (β) achieved during the 5S2 → 5I8 (green) transition of titania-silicate glass doped with 1.5 mol% of Ho3+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a catalyst‐free route for the reduction of carbon dioxide integrated with the formation of a carbon‐carbon bond at the air/water interface of negatively charged aqueous microdroplets, at ambient temperature. The reactions proceed through carbanion generation at the α‐carbon of a ketone followed by nucleophilic addition to CO2. Online mass spectrometry reveals that the product is an α‐ketoacid. Several factors, such as the concentration of the reagents, pressure of CO2 gas, and distance traveled by the droplets, control the kinetics of the reaction. Theoretical calculations suggest that water in the microdroplets facilitates this unusual chemistry. Furthermore, such a microdroplet strategy has been extended to seven different ketones. This work demonstrates a green pathway for the reduction of CO2 to useful carboxylated organic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of sintering temperature on the structural and magnetic properties of Y3Fe4,97La0,03O12, elucidating the nucleation and growth mechanisms related to temperature. Through meticulous X-ray diffraction analysis, we confirmed the formation of a single YIG phase at 900 °C. Conversely, samples sintered at 1000 °C and 1100 °C reveal the presence of a second phase, attributed to YFeO3, highlighting the complex interaction between sintering temperature and material morphology. Moreover, magnetic characterization details how sintering temperatures directly influence the magnetic moment and saturation magnetization of the nanoparticles, presenting significant fluctuations in magnetic properties due to the presence of the secondary phase. This work not only sheds light on the subtle relationship between lanthanum doping, sintering temperature, and the resulting magnetic properties but also paves the way for fine-tuning these properties in advanced materials for specific technological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to explore small and medium enterprise (SME) owners' and managers' personal values, orientations, and motives towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) using the stakeholder theory. This study used a qualitative approach aligned with the constructionism philosophy. Ten respondents were purposively approached and interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze and interpret data. Findings showed that SME owners and managers' values, orientation, and motives influence CSR engagement and explain their nexus. This study gives a unique perception of awareness among SME owners and managers in Sri Lanka about CSR implementation while contributing to the existing area. It is proposed to conduct an in-depth exploration of the complexity in which CSR initiatives are embedded in the SME sectors of developing countries. This study will become a benchmark for other CSR studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beira Lake, located in Colombo, Sri Lanka, has suffered severe anthropogenic impacts, with previous restoration attempts failing due to a limited understanding of pollutant dynamics. Aiming to fill this gap, a comprehensive study was conducted during dry and wet seasons to assess the spatiotemporal water pollution of Beira Lake, employing key physicochemical parameters, numerical indices, and remote sensing analysis. The water pollution index (WPI) results categorize Beira Lake as highly polluted, with WPI values ranging from 2.38 ± 0.92 in the wet season to 2.53 ± 1.32 in the dry season. Comparatively higher COD levels recorded in the Beira Lake network, especially for Gangarama Lake show significant pollution levels during both the dry and wet seasons, e.g., the highest COD levels, at 306.40 mg/L, were observed during the wet season. The Trophic State Index (TSI) results indicate eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions in Beira Lake, which are particularly pronounced during the wet season. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) results suggest elevated heavy metal concentrations in Beira Lake, especially in the wet season. Combined with field investigation results, a remote sensing data analysis between 2016 and 2023 reveals significant improvements in water transparency, suggesting positive effects of recent management interventions. Parameters demanding attention include COD, nitrate, and total phosphate levels due to their consistent exceedance of permissible limits. The PCA results of indices correlations between wet and dry seasons offer valuable insights into the complex dynamics of Beira Lake's water quality. The study makes recommendations for restoring Beira Lake, including stringent pollution controls, regular dredging, green infrastructure implementation, implementing new rules and regulations, and community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abu Dhabi-based music-streaming service Anghami, the first legal music streaming platform and digital distribution company in the Arab world, was started in Lebanon in 2011 by Elie Habib and his friend Eddy Maroun. They wanted to introduce a digital distribution platform to provide all the music consumers wanted on-demand, without the hassle of having to carry music players or syncing different devices. Anghami brought in several innovations that changed the way people listened to music in the Middle East. These included suggesting tracks to users, conducting virtual concerts, holding interactions with music artists, and including chat windows where users could interact with each other. In less than a decade, Anghami had become the MENA region's leading music service with 73 million users and more than 30 million songs. In 2021, it shifted its headquarters from Lebanon to Abu Dhabi and then announced listing on the Nasdaq through a Special Purpose Acquisition Company. After the listing, the company went in for a dual CEO structure with a co-CEO joining in from the SAPC, Vistas Media. It remains to be seen if the founders will be able to run the company as before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has level 1A scientific evidence for the treatment of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Past studies, however, have often excluded women with very weak pelvic floor muscles (PFM). The aim was to investigate the hypothesis that intravaginal electrical stimulation (iES) improves PFM strength more than PFMT in women with weak PFM, and to use these results to calculate sample size required for a future large randomised controlled trial (RCT). Methods: This assessor-blinded pilot RCT had a two arm, parallel design with computer-generated Randomisation. Both groups were offered 12 one-to-one physiotherapy sessions over a 6-month period. The iES group received individual tailored electrical pulse parameters. The PFMT group received PFM exercises, with the addition of facilitation techniques at therapy sessions. A power calculator was used to calculate sample size. Results: Fifteen women were recruited. Eight were randomised to iES and 7 to PFMT. Two subjects dropped out of the iES group. Median age was 49 years (range 36–77) and parity 2.1 (range 1–3). Both groups showed increases in PFM strength measured by manometery (iES 12.3, SD 12.0 vs PFMT 10.0, SD 8.1) cmH2O. There was no significant difference between groups. With a power of 0.80 we need a sample size of 95 women in each group to detect a difference between groups. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the groups in improvements in PFM strength. To detect a difference, we would have required 95 women in each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) with polyneuropathy (formerly known as Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP)) is an endemic amyloidosis involving the harmful aggregation of proteins, most commonly transthyretin (TTR) but sometimes also apolipoprotein A-1 or gelsolin. hATTR appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Over 100 point mutations have been identified, with the Val30Met substitution being the most common. Yet, the mechanism of pathogenesis and the overall origin of hATTR remain unclear. Here, we argue that hATTR could be related to harmful metal exposure. hATTR incidence is unevenly distributed globally, and the three largest defined clusters exist in Japan, Portugal, and Sweden. All three disease regions are also ancient mining districts with associated metal contamination of the local environment. There are two main mechanisms for how harmful metals, after uptake into tissues and body fluids, could induce hATTR. First, the metals could directly influence the expression, function, and/or aggregation of the proteins involved in hATTR pathology. Such metal–protein interactions might constitute molecular targets for anti-hATTR drug design. Second, metal exposure could induce hATTR -associated genetic mutations, which may have happened several generations ago. These two mechanisms can occur in parallel. In conclusion, the possibility that hATTR could be related to metal exposure in geochemically defined regions deserves further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Iron acts as a cofactor in Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) activity, and low iron levels can impact thyroid hormone metabolism. The function of ferritin and iron has been extensively documented in various studies in patients with Overt Hypothyroidism (OH), but their role in Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SH) remains largely unexplored. Aim: To evaluate the serum ferritin and iron levels in patients who have SH. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between March 2018 and October 2018 at the Biochemistry Department of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. For the study, a total of 100 cases of SH were enrolled, and these patients were matched in terms of age and sex with 50 healthy controls. A fasting sample was obtained and analysed for serum ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), TT3, TT4, and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). MedCalc software was used to perform statistical analysis. Results: In the SH group, there were 32 males (32%) and 68 females (68%); in the control group, there were 21 males (42%) and 29 females (58%). The median values of TT3 (nmol/L), TT4 (µg/dL), and TSH (µIU/mL) were 1.55 (1.4-1.95), 7.8 (5.9-9.75), and 3 (1.9-3.75) for controls, and 1.4 (1.1-1.75), 6.85 (5.5-8.15), and 6.2 (4.8-8.05), respectively, for cases. In comparison to controls, the TSH level was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in cases. The median iron (µg/dL), ferritin (ng/mL), TIBC (µg/dL), and % saturation in cases were 56.5 (41.5-82), 110 (31.5-194.5), 329 (258-390), and 19 (11.25-26.75), respectively, while in controls they were 84 (68.5-96.5), 195 (121.5-338.5), 233 (188.5-294), and 25 (18-37.5). There was a significant decrease in iron level (p<0.00001), % saturation (<0.00001), and ferritin level (p<0.00001), and a significant increase in TIBC (p<0.0001) in cases when compared to controls. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study showed a significant negative correlation between SH and iron deficiency. Patients with this condition should be evaluated for ferritin and iron levels and treated appropriately to prevent hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]