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Developing anode materials with high specific capacity and cycling stability is vital for improving thin‐film lithium‐ion batteries. Thin‐film zinc oxide (ZnO) holds promise due to its high specific capacity, but it suffers from volume changes and structural stress during cycling, leading to poor battery performance. In this research, we ingeniously combined polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with ZnO using a radio frequency (RF) magnetron co‐sputtering method, ensuring a strong bond in the thin‐film composite electrode. PTFE effectively reduced stress on the active material and mitigated volume change effects during Li+ ion intercalation and deintercalation. The composite thin films are thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy for investigating correlations between material properties and electrochemical behaviors. Notably, the ZnO/PTFE thin‐film electrode demonstrated an impressive specific capacity of 1305 mAh g−1 (=7116 mAh cm−3) at a 0.5C rate and a remarkable capacity retention of 82% from the 1st to the 100th cycle, surpassing the bare ZnO thin film (50%). This study provides valuable insights into using binders to stabilize active materials in thin‐film batteries, enhancing battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play important roles in tissue homeostasis by providing a supportive microenvironmental niche for the hematopoietic system. Cigarette smoking induces systemic abnormalities, including an impeded recovery process after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, the role of cigarette smoking-mediated alterations in MSC niche function have not been investigated. Methods: In the present study, we investigated whether exposure to cigarette smoking extract (CSE) disrupts the hematopoietic niche function of MSCs, and pathways impacted. To investigate the effects on bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs and support of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), mice were repeatedly infused with the CSE named 3R4F, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) supporting function was determined. The impact of 3R4F on MSCs at cellular level were screened by bulk-RNA sequencing and subsequently validated through qRT-PCR. Specific inhibitors were treated to verify the ROS or NLRP3-specific effects, and the cells were then transplanted into the animal model or subjected to coculture with HSPCs. Results: Both direct ex vivo and systemic in vivo MSC exposure to 3R4F resulted in impaired engraftment in a humanized mouse model. Furthermore, transcriptomic profile analysis showed significantly upregulated signaling pathways related to reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, and aging in 3R4F-treated MSCs. Notably, ingenuity pathway analysis revealed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in 3R4F-treated MSCs, and pretreatment with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 rescued the HSPC-supporting ability of 3R4F-treated MSCs. Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings indicate that exposure to CSE reduces HSPCs supportive function of MSCs by inducing robust ROS production and subsequent NLRP3 activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinel-structured LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), which is used as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, offers economic and eco-friendly advantages, as it operates at a high voltage of 5 V and does not require expensive cobalt. However, challenges such as low electronic conductivity and volume changes due to phase transitions during charging and discharging at 3 V or lower persist, resulting in capacity degradation. In this study, LNMO nanofibers were created using the electrospinning method to tackle the volume expansion issue and maintain structural integrity of the material. In addition, the electrode was constructed with carbon nanotubes as a conductive material to improve electronic conductivity. Electrochemical evaluations showed that LNMO nanofibers combined with carbon nanotubes exhibited a higher capacity and outstanding cyclability compared to LNMO powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The layered δ‐MnO2 (dMO) is an excellent cathode material for rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries owing to its large interlayer distance (~0.7 nm), high capacity, and low cost; however, such cathodes suffer from structural degradation during the long‐term cycling process, leading to capacity fading. In this study, a Co‐doped dMO composite with reduced graphene oxide (GC‐dMO) is developed using a simple cost‐effective hydrothermal method. The degree of disorderness increases owing to the hetero‐atom doping and graphene oxide composites. It is demonstrated that layered dMO and GC‐dMO undergo a structural transition from K‐birnessite to the Zn‐buserite phase upon the first discharge, which enhances the intercalation of Zn2+ ions, H2O molecules in the layered structure. The GC‐dMO cathode exhibits an excellent capacity of 302 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles as compared with the dMO cathode (159 mAh g−1). The excellent electrochemical performance of the GC‐dMO cathode owing to Co‐doping and graphene oxide sheets enhances the interlayer gap and disorderness, and maintains structural stability, which facilitates the easy reverse intercalation and de‐intercalation of Zn2+ ions and H2O molecules. Therefore, GC‐dMO is a promising cathode material for large‐scale aqueous ZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A suitable interface between the electrode and electrolyte is crucial in achieving highly stable electrochemical performance for Li‐ion batteries, as facile ionic transport is required. Intriguing research and development have recently been conducted to form a stable interface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, it is essential to investigate emerging knowledge and contextualize it. The nanoengineering of the electrode‐electrolyte interface has been actively researched at the electrode/electrolyte and interphase levels. This review presents and summarizes some recent advances aimed at nanoengineering approaches to build a more stable electrode‐electrolyte interface and assess the impact of each approach adopted. Furthermore, future perspectives on the feasibility and practicality of each approach will also be reviewed in detail. Finally, this review aids in projecting a more sustainable research pathway for a nanoengineered interphase design between electrode and electrolyte, which is pivotal for high‐performance, thermally stable Li‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a debilitating condition stemming from damage to the somatosensory system frequently caused by nerve injuries or lesions. While existing treatments are widely employed, they often lead to side effects and lack specificity. This study aimed to alleviate NP by developing an innovative sustained-release thermosensitive hydrogel system. The system incorporates hyaluronic acid (HA)/Pluronic F127 injectable hydrogel and bupivacaine (Bup, B) in combination with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid; P LGA)/modified magnesium hydroxide (M H)/luteolin (L ut; PML) microspheres (PML@B/Gel). The PML@B/Gel was designed for localized and prolonged co-delivery of Bup and Lut as an anesthetic and anti-inflammatory agent, respectively. Our studies demonstrated that PML@B/Gel had exceptional biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, it exhibited efficient pain relief in in vitro cellular assays. Moreover, this functional hydrogel showed substantial sustained drug release while diminishing microglial activation. Consequently, it effectively mitigated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in in vivo rat models of chronic constriction injury (CCI). Based on our research findings, PML@B/Gel emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for the protracted treatment of NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zaluzanin C (ZC), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Laurus nobilis L., has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanistic role of ZC in its protective effects in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of action of ZC in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. ZC inhibited LPS-induced mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and subsequent mtROS-mediated NF-κB activity in Kupffer cells (KCs). ZC reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il1b and Tnfa) and chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Cxcl2 and Cxcl9). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced hepatocyte mtROS production was inhibited by ZC. ZC was effective in alleviating mtROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. ZC enhanced mitophagy and increased mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation genes (Pparα, Cpt1, Acadm and Hadha) and mitochondrial biosynthetic factors (Pgc1α, Tfam, Nrf1 and Nrf2) in hepatocytes. ZC has proven its anti-lipid effect by improving lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by enhancing mitochondrial function to facilitate lipid metabolism. Therefore, our study suggests that ZC may be an effective compound for hepatoprotection by suppressing inflammation and lipid accumulation through regulating mtROS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and beyond‐LIB systems exhibit properties that are determined by electrochemical reactions occurring in their four essential components—the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and separator. Advanced analytical methods such as differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) can assist in understanding the electrochemical behavior, which can help in advancing battery technologies. Recent studies have shown that the DEMS‐enabled real‐time gas analysis of electrochemical reactions can provide valuable information on aspects such as gaseous reactants or (side) products, which cannot be obtained appropriately through other characterization techniques. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and advancements in the use of DEMS as a rapid, operando gas‐monitoring method for advanced rechargeable battery systems. Moreover, the significance of DEMS in current and future battery development is also discussed and insights are provided into the various battery chemistries that can benefit from DEMS applications. This review is intended to help readers understand the potential of DEMS to drive innovation in the battery industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring ordered nanopores with numerous accessible redox sites, have drawn much attention as promising electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. Thus far, however, COF‐based battery electrodes have exhibited limited capacity and unsatisfactory cycling stability due to the unwanted side reactions over their large surface area. Herein, a fluorine‐rich covalent organic framework (F‐COF) as an electrode material with improved stability and performance for potassium‐ion batteries is developed. The fluorinated COF not only stabilizes intercalation kinetics of K+ ions but also reinforces its electron affinity and conductivity, improving the reversibility of bond transitions during discharge–charge cycles. As a result, F‐COF affords a high specific capacity (95 mAh g−1 at fast rates up to 5 C) and excellent cycling stability (5000 cycles with ≈99.7% capacity retention), outperforming the pristine COF‐based electrodes devoid of F atoms. Notably, the experimental capacity of F‐COF approaches its theoretical value, confirming that a large proportion of electroactive sites are being actively utilized. Altogether, this work addresses the significant role of F atoms in improving the K+‐ion storage capability of COFs and provides the rational design principles for the continued development of stable and high‐performance organic electrode materials for energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need for effective antiviral agents and vaccines. Drug repositioning, which involves modifying existing drugs, offers a promising approach for expediting the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we developed a new drug, MDB-MDB-601a-NM, by modifying the existing drug nafamostat (NM) with the incorporation of glycyrrhizic acid (GA). We assessed the pharmacokinetic profiles of MDB-601a-NM and nafamostat in Sprague-Dawley rats, revealing rapid clearance of nafamostat and sustained drug concentration of MDB-601a-NM after subcutaneous administration. Single-dose toxicity studies showed potential toxicity and persistent swelling at the injection site with high-dose administration of MDB-601a-NM. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of MDB-601a-NM in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection using the K18 hACE-2 transgenic mouse model. Mice treated with 60 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of MDB-601a-NM exhibited improved protectivity in terms of weight loss and survival rates compared to the nafamostat-treated group. Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent improvements in histopathological changes and enhanced inhibitory efficacy in MDB-601a-NM-treated groups. Notably, no viral replication was detected in the brain tissue when mice were treated with 60 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of MDB-601a-NM. Our developed MDB-601a-NM, a modified Nafamostat with glycyrrhizic acid, shows improved protectivity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Its sustained drug concentration after subcutaneous administration and dose-dependent improvements makes it a promising therapeutic option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lithium metal anode is notoriously unstable and reactive to electrolytes, forming brittle solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers with uneven distribution, exacerbating Li dendrites that ultimately limit the battery life. Here, this work passivates Li metal with electrolyte‐swellable polymer nanolayers deposited monolithically by the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) to reinforce the native SEI layers and stabilize their interface. The 100 nm iCVD poly(dimethylaminomethyl styrene) (pDMAMS) layer is swelled by 264% under a carbonate electrolyte, establishing the electrolyte‐filled soft scaffold for Li‐ion transport. Notably, the solvogel accommodates homogeneous Li2O‐free and Li2CO3‐rich native SEI layers, providing a record‐high Li‐ion transference number of 0.95 and ionic conductivity of 6.54 mS cm−1. The developed pDMAMS‐Li anodes extend the cycle life by 550% in Li–Li symmetric cells and 600% in LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 full cells compared to pristine Li metal. The mechanistic details of the swollen‐soft‐scaffold strategy are elucidated by depth profile analysis of the pDMAMS homopolymer compared to pDMAMS/electrolyte‐phobic copolymers, providing new insights to manage the interface of liquid‐state electrolyte and solid‐state Li metal by using a novel class of bifunctional solvogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acromioclavicular joint fixation using a hook plate is effective for the treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation. However, several studies have reported some complications including loss of reduction after surgery for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with the loss of reduction after acromioclavicular joint dislocation surgery using a hook plate. Methods: This was a retrospective study that assessed 118 patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation, who were diagnosed between March 2013 and January 2019 and underwent surgical treatment using the hook plate (reduction loss group: n = 38; maintenance group: n = 80). The mean follow-up period was 29.9 months (range, 24–40 months). We assessed the range of motion, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score (ASES), visual analog scale score for pain, and a subjective shoulder value. Radiological assessment of coracoid clavicular distance was performed. The risk factors of reduction loss were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Age (p = 0.049), sex (female, p = 0.03, odds ratio OR = 4.81), Rockwood type V (p = 0.049, OR = 2.20), and time from injury to surgery > 7 days (p = 0.018, OR = 2.59) were statistically significant factors in the reduction loss group. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes for range of motion, ASES, subjective shoulder value, and visual analog scale scores between the two groups. In the radiological results, preoperative coracoid clavicular distance (p = 0.039) and ratio (p = 0.001), and over-reduction (p = 0.023, OR = 0.40) were significantly different between the two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the female sex (p = 0.037, OR = 5.88), a time from injury to surgery > 7 days (p = 0.019, OR = 3.36), and the preoperative coracoid clavicular displacement ratio of the injured shoulder (p < 0.001, OR = 1.03) as risk factors associated with reduction loss following surgery using a hook plate for acromioclavicular dislocation. Conclusion: A delayed timing of surgery > 7 days, preoperative coracoid clavicular displacement ratio of the injured shoulder, and female sex were identified as risk factors for loss of reduction after surgery using a hook plate for acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Level of evidence: Level IV; retrospective comparison; treatment study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporotic bone regeneration is a challenging process which involves the occurrence of sophisticated interactions. Although various polymeric scaffolds have been proposed for bone repair, research on osteoporotic bone regeneration remains practically limited. In particular, achieving satisfactory bone regeneration when using osteoporotic drugs is challenging including bisphosphonates. Here, a novel nitric oxide‐releasing bioinspired scaffold with bioactive agents for the exquisite regeneration of osteoporotic bone is proposed. The bone‐like biomimetic poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffold is first prepared in combination with organic/inorganic ECM and magnesium hydroxide as the base implant material. Nanoparticles containing bioactive agents of zinc oxide (ZO), alendronate, and BMP2 are incorporated to the biomimetic scaffold to impart multifunctionality such as anti‐inflammation, angiogenesis, anti‐osteoclastogenesis, and bone regeneration. Especially, nitric oxide (NO) generated from ZO stimulates the activity of cGMP and protein kinase G; in addition, ZO downregulates the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio by suppressing the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. The new bone is formed much better in the osteoporotic rat model than in the normal model through the regulation of bone homeostasis via the scaffold. These synergistic effects suggest that such a bioinspired scaffold could be a comprehensive way to regenerate exceptionally osteoporotic bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although efforts have been made to increase the Ni content in Ni-rich cathodes for Li-ion batteries with high specific capacities, an unstable surface of the cathode and electrolyte remains a significant challenge. To stabilize the surface, various protective layers – such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) – have been introduced on the surface of Ni-rich cathodes. In this study, we used a facing-target sputtering (FTS) method to avoid the reaction of residual Li and moisture from the precursor for the coating method, and to build a dense, homogeneous, protective, ultrathin Al2O3 layer at the surface of NCM811. It was proven that FTS rules out the presence of the LiOH byproduct of residual Li on the NCM811 during surface modification. Ensuring interface protection by using FTS instead of atomic layer deposition with an H2O-based precursor was identified as a crucial determinant of the NCM811 performance. Our findings present an updated and promising process for stabilizing the surface, demonstrating the need to select a technique to achieve surface passivation of Ni-rich cathodes and improvements in cycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the unique properties which are considerably different from macro‐scale or bulk materials, 1D) nanostructures have received great interests. In particular, they have greatly contributed to building next‐generation batteries by providing beneficial features such as short ion/electron pathways, structural versatility (i.e., formation of 3D current collectors, free‐standing electrodes, and separators), and excellent stress relaxation. Owing to these definite advantages, 1D nanostructure is often followed by discovery of new electrode materials. This review provides a systematic overview of the state‐of‐the‐art research progresses on 1D nanostructures, which are extensively used for rechargeable batteries. Specifically, a brief introduction of some important 1D nanostructuring methods is started and then, in situ structural characterizations using 1D nanostructures are summarized, which allow a great step forward in atomic‐scale monitoring of reaction kinetics and observing dynamic structural evolution of electrode materials. 1D nanstructuring in solid‐state electrolytes and stabilization of metal anodes are also highlighted which are not only substantially important in current research trends for future batteries but also rarely discussed in previous reviews. At the end, critical perspective and future research direction of 1D nanoengineering for future batteries are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-band communication technology allocates the same data to different frequency bands, improving both performance and propagation efficiency. However, since the performance loss in a particular band affects the entire band, the multi-band structure may have worse performance than the single-band one. To avoid performance degradation, this paper proposed estimated coded bit error rates (EC-BER) algorithm. EC-BER algorithm is a method of analyzing the reliability of the received data based on the performance difference between demodulated and decoded data. It analyzes the performance of each band and allocates lower weighting values to inferior bands. Furthermore, an iterative turbo-coded equalization algorithm, which iteratively exchanges probabilistic information between the equalizer and turbo decoder, is applied. By employing a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) with frequency shift keying (FSK) and multi-band techniques for reliable underwater communications, a lake trial was conducted. Experimental results show that the performance is improved as the number of spreading factors and turbo iterations increase. Especially the addition of the EC-BER algorithm dramatically improved the reliability of the system, resulting in minimal to zero errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degenerative changes of the spine can cause spinal misalignment, with part of the spine arching beyond normal limits or moving in an incorrect direction, potentially resulting in back pain and significantly limiting a person's mobility. The most important parameters related to spinal misalignment include pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and cervical lordosis. As a general rule, alignment of the spine for diagnosis and surgical treatment is estimated based on geometrical parameters measured manually by experienced doctors. However, these measurements consume the time and effort of experts to perform repetitive tasks that could be automated, especially with the powerful support of current artificial intelligence techniques. This paper focuses on creation of a decentralized convolutional neural network to precisely measure 12 spinal alignment parameters. Specifically, this method is based on detecting regions of interest with its dimensions that decrease by three orders of magnitude to focus on the necessary region to provide the output as key points. Using these key points, parameters representing spinal alignment are calculated. The quality of the method's performance, which is the consistency of the measurement results with manual measurement, is validated by 30 test cases and shows 10 of 12 parameters with a correlation coefficient > 0.8, with pelvic tilt having the smallest absolute deviation of 1.156°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors have interesting roles in optical fiber communications and biomedical applications. Conventional NIR photodetectors have been realized using InGaAs and Ge, of which the cut-off wavelengths exceed 1500 nm. Si-based photodetectors exhibit limited external quantum efficiency at wavelengths longer than 1000 nm. By synthesizing a CuInSe2 compound on a glass substrate, photodetectors that can detect optical wavelengths longer than 1100 nm have been realized in this study. The bandgap energies of the CuInSe2 thin films were tuned by varying the Cu/In ratio from 1.02 to 0.87. The longest cut-off wavelength (1309 nm) was obtained from a CuInSe2 thin film having a Cu/In ratio of 0.87. The responsivity of the photodiode was measured under the illumination of a 1064 nm laser light. The photo responses exhibited linear response up to 2.33 mW optical illumination and a responsivity of 0.60 A/W at −0.4 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic parameters, laboratory findings, oral parameters, and other ocular surface parameters on ocular surface epithelial damage in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS).Methods: A total of 82 dry eye disease (DED) patients with pSS were enrolled in this study. Ocular surface epithelial damage was measured by ocular staining score (OSS). Systemic parameters, laboratory findings including serologic markers, oral parameters, and other ocular surface parameters were collected. Other ocular surface parameter assessments such as the Schirmer's test, fluorescein tear breakup time, meibomian gland examinations, noninvasive keratographic tear film break-up time measurements using the Keratograph® 5 M were performed, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index was determined.Results: In a multivariate analysis, decreased age and increased duration of pSS were significantly related to increased logarithm-transformed OSS (β = -0.011, P = 0.043 and β = 0.003, P = 0.008). Among the ocular surface parameters, decreased fluorescein tear breakup time and increased MGD grade were significantly associated with increased logarithm-transformed OSS (β = -0.183, P < 0.001 and β = 0.192, P = 0.049).Conclusions: Ocular surface epithelial damage in patients with pSS was associated with young age, long duration of disease, unstable tear film, and decreased meibomian gland function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the radiographic migration profiles of primary cementless total hip arthroplasty (THA) between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those with osteoarthritis (OA).Methods: A total of 197 patients (215 hips) who underwent cementless THA for RA or OA between January 2001 and January 2013 and followed up for a minimum of 5.5 years were included. Ninety-four RA patients (109 hips) were compared with 103 OA patients (106 hips). Radiological evaluation was performed for acetabular cup loosening, and cup migration was measured using Einzel-Bild-Röntgen-Analyse (EBRA) software. Multiple variables were assessed to identify influencing factors for cup migration.Results: Early cup migration was observed in 13 hips (11.9%) in the RA group and four hips (3.8%) in the OA group, showing a significant difference (p = 0.041). Acetabular cup loosening occurred in three cups (2.8%) in the RA group and in one cup (0.9%) in the OA group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.321). Total cup migration was higher in the RA group (2.62 mm) than in the OA group (1.44 mm, p = 0.005). Total cup migration was significantly higher in patients aged < 50 years than in those aged > 50 years (p = 0.005). Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody influenced total cup migration. Patients with seropositive RA showed significantly higher total cup migration and early cup migration incidence than those with seronegative RA (p = 0.005, p = 0.038, respectively).Conclusions: Acetabular cups in primary cementless THAs of RA patients were less stable in terms of cup migration compared with that of OA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review reports on the most updated technological aspects of Li–air battery cathode materials. It provides the reader with recent developments, alongside critical views. The requirements for air‐cathodes, as well as the classification and characterization of carbon‐based and carbon‐free air cathodes, are listed. The effects of two major substituent groups of materials, namely carbon and advanced materials (metals, metal‐oxides, metal‐carbides, and metal‐nitrides) aimed at replacing carbon, are discussed in terms of their chemical and electrochemical stability. The report covers aspects of surface chemistry and structure influence on the electrolyte and discharge products stability. The review also reports on the efforts to suppress side reactions and deterioration of the polymeric binders (if a composite electrode is being considered). This is recognized as a means to enhance Li–air battery performance. The report concludes with an outlook and perspective, providing the readers with some insight on other factors and their impact on the long road toward a viable air‐cathode suitable for Li–air battery operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To elucidate whether specific spinopelvic morphologies affect the subsequent spinal sagittal alignments and determine the alignment patterns.Methods: Whole-spine standing radiographs of 244 patients were analyzed. Sagittal alignment parameters were compared according to the three types of pelvic version: anteverted pelvis (AP), neutral pelvis, and retroverted pelvis (RP), grouped per the amount of pelvic tilt (PT) and the ratio of sacral slope to pelvic incidence (PI). Incidence angles of inflection points (IAIPs) were defined as the angle between a line from the center of the femoral heads through the midpoint of the sacral superior endplate and a line perpendicular to each L1, T1 superior endplate, C2 inferior endplate, and the C1 ring, respectively.Results: C1 incidence equaled to the geometrical sum from the pelvis to the C1 vertebra; it also equaled the sum of the C1 slope and PT (p < 0.001). Moving from the AP group to the RP group, there were progressive increases in PT, PI, and IAIPs and decreases in LL, and SS/PI (p < 0.001). Negative correlation was observed between the pelvic anteversion and the IAIPs, and a significant positive correlation was observed between the pelvic retroversion and the IAIPs.Conclusion: IAIPs are novel PI-relevant radiographic parameters reflecting the relationship between the pelvis and the spinal alignment. An anteverted pelvis requires more lumbar lordosis than pelvic incidence and aligns with low IAIPs, and a retroverted pelvis requires less lumbar lordosis than pelvic incidence and aligns with high IAIPs. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of the five commonly used intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas integrated to a swept-source optical biometer, the IOLMaster 700, and evaluate the extent of bias within each formula for different ocular biometric measurements. Methods: The study included patients undergoing cataract surgery with a ZCB00 IOL implant, using IOLMaster 700 optical biometry. A single eye per patient was included in the final analysis for a total of 324 cases. The SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Haigis, Holladay 2, and Barrett Universal II formulas were evaluated. The correlations between the refractive prediction errors calculated using the five formulas and ocular dimensions such as axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal power, and lens thickness (LT) were analyzed. Results: There were significant differences in the median absolute error predicted by the five formulas after the adjustment for mean refractive prediction errors to zero (P = 0.038). The Barrett Universal II formula had the lowest median absolute error (0.263) and resulted in a higher percentage of eyes with prediction errors within ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D (all P < 0.050). The refractive errors predicted by only the Barrett formula showed no significant correlation with the ocular dimensions: AL, ACD, corneal power, and LT. Conclusions: Overall, the Barrett Universal II formula, integrated to a swept-source optical biometer had the lowest prediction error and appeared to have the least bias for different ocular biometric measurements for the ZCB00 IOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up time (NIKBUT) and the location and pattern of non‐invasive keratographic tear film break‐up between normal group and each group of three dry eye disease (DED) subtypes. Methods: We enrolled 55 normal subjects and 250 patients with DED, who underwent tear meniscus height and NIKBUT measurements using the Keratograph® 5M. Ocular surface parameter assessments such as the fluorescein tear break‐up time, ocular surface staining, Schirmer's test, and lid margin and meibomian gland examinations were performed, and the ocular surface disease index was determined. These parameters, including the proportion of the first tear film break‐up location and simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern, were compared amongst the normal and DED subtypes. Results: Aqueous‐deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) and ADDE/meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) subtypes showed lower NIKBUTs than those of the normal group, whilst NIKBUTs of the MGD subtype did not differ from those of the normal group. The NIKBUTs showed a good diagnostic ability in diagnosing dry eye except MGD only. The occurrence of the first tear film break‐up in the central location was significantly higher in both the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, comprising approximately 40% in both subtypes (p < 0.001). The proportion of a simultaneous multiple tear film break‐up pattern was higher in the ADDE and ADDE/MGD subtypes, at 60.9% and 45.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The NIKBUTs and the location and pattern of non‐invasive tear film break‐up were different between normal group and each group of three DED subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced rechargeable batteries, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, gas evolution, in situ gas analysis In Situ Gas Analysis by Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry for Advanced Rechargeable Batteries: A Review (Adv. Keywords: advanced rechargeable batteries; differential electrochemical mass spectrometry; gas evolution; in situ gas analysis EN advanced rechargeable batteries differential electrochemical mass spectrometry gas evolution in situ gas analysis 1 1 1 10/24/23 20231020 NES 231020 B Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectroscopy b In article number 2301983, Ji-Won Jung, Won-Hee Ryu and co-workers illustrate the transformative potential of differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS) in battery research. [Extracted from the article]

Faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) signal processing, which transmits signals faster than the Nyquist rate, is a representative method for improving throughput efficiency sacrificed performance degradation due to inter-symbol interference. To overcome this problem, this paper proposed FTN signal processing based on the unequal error probability to improve performance. The unequal error probability method divides encoded bits into groups according to priority, and FTN interference rates are differently applied to each group. A lower FTN interference ratio is allocated to the group to which high-priority encoded bits belong and a higher FTN interference ratio is allocated to the group to which low-priority encoded bits belong, thus performance improvement can be obtained compared to the conventional FTN method, with the same interference ratio. In addition, we applied the proposed FTN signal processing, based on the unequal error probability method, to the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) system in multipath channel environments. In the simulations, the performance of the proposed method was better than that of the conventional FTN method by about 0.2 dB to 0.3 dB, with an interference ratio of 20%, 30%, and 40%. In addition, in multipath channels, we confirmed that by applying the proposed unequal error probability, the OFDM-FTN method improves performance to a larger extent than the conventional OFDM-FTN method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the clinical efficacy of pinhole soft contact lenses for presbyopia correction. Twenty participants with presbyopia wore pinhole soft contact lenses in the non-dominant eye for 2 weeks. Manifest refraction, Goldmann binocular visual field tests, contrast sensitivity tests, and biomicroscopic examinations were performed along with evaluations of questionnaire responses and the binocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), distance-corrected near visual acuity (DCNVA), distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), and depth of focus, both before and after 2 weeks of lens wear. DCNVA at 33 and 40 cm and DCIVA at 50 and 70 cm showed significant improvements after pinhole lens wear (P-value: <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, and 0.046, respectively), with no changes in the binocular visual field and binocular CDVA. Contrast sensitivities under photopic and mesopic conditions decreased at some frequencies; however, visual function questionnaire scores significantly improved (all P-values <0.001). These findings suggest that pinhole contact lenses effectively correct presbyopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: A major QTL and candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in the pericarp were identified by QTL-seq and RNA-seq in Capsicum chinense.Abstract: Capsaicinoid biosynthesis was previously thought to be restricted to the placental tissue; however, the recent discovery of their biosynthesis in the pericarp provides new opportunities to increase the capsaicinoid content in pepper fruits. Currently, the genetic mechanisms regulating capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp remain unknown. Here, we performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to reveal the genes controlling capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp. A whole-genome sequencing-based QTL-seq strategy was employed, identifying a major QTL on chromosome 6. To validate the QTL on chromosome 6, we performed traditional QTL mapping using the same population in QTL-seq with an additional biparental population. A total of 15 QTLs for capsaicinoid content distributed on chromosomes 3, 6, and 11 were newly identified. Among these QTLs, the genetic loci on the lower arm of chromosome 6 were commonly detected in the two mapping populations, corresponding to the location of the major QTL detected using whole-genome sequencing-based QTL-seq. Our RNA-seq analysis identified candidate genes within the common QTL that were differentially expressed in the pungent and non-pungent pericarp tissues. Our results are expected to contribute to the elucidation of the regulation of capsaicinoid biosynthesis. We also demonstrated that a combination of QTL mapping and RNA-seq is helpful for refining the candidate genes of a complicated trait of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-band UWAS (Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor) communication techniques are effective in terms of performance and throughput efficiency because they can overcome selective frequency fading by allocating the same data to different frequency bands, in an environment of rapidly changing channel transfer characteristic. However, the multi-band configuration may have a performance worse than the single-band one because performance degradation in one particular band affects the output from all the other bands. This problem can be solved by using a receiving end that analyzes the error rates of each band, sets threshold values and allocates the lower weights to the inferior bands. There are many methods of setting threshold values. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to set the threshold value by using the preamble error rates, which are known data that have to be transmitted and received. In addition, we have analyzed the efficiency of multi-band transmission scheme in the UWAS communication by applying 1~4 number of multi-bands, using turbo pi codes, with a coding rate of 1/3. We evaluated the performance of the proposed multi-bands transmission model in real underwater environments. Experimental results showed that the performance increased as the number of multiple bands increased. Furthermore, the performance of multi-band was improved when the proposed threshold algorithm was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Covalent organic frameworks; Fluorine atoms; High storage capacity; Interface stabilization; Long-term stability; Potassium-ion battery (KIBs) EN Covalent organic frameworks Fluorine atoms High storage capacity Interface stabilization Long-term stability Potassium-ion battery (KIBs) 1 1 1 07/18/23 20230708 NES 230708 B Potassium-Ion Batteries b In article number 2300442, Ji-Won Jung, Jihan Kim, Il-Doo Kim, and co-workers show that fluorinated arenes in covalent organic frameworks enhance their electrochemical activity and stabilize the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, enabling a breakthrough design for organic electrodes with significantly increased ion storage capacity and greatly improved cyclic stability. Covalent organic frameworks, Fluorine atoms, High storage capacity, Interface stabilization, Long-term stability, Potassium-ion battery (KIBs) Fluorine-Rich Covalent Organic Framework to Boost Electrochemical Kinetics and Storages of K+ Ions for Potassium-Ion Battery (Adv. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Edges of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are well known as highly reactive sites, thus researchers have attempted to maximize the edge site density of 2D TMDs. In this work, metal‐organic framework (MOF) templates are introduced to synthesize few‐layered WS2 nanoplates (a lateral dimension of ≈10 nm) confined in Co, N‐doped hollow carbon nanocages (WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs), for highly sensitive NO2 gas sensors. WS2 precursors are assembled in the surface cavity of Co‐based zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF‐67) and subsequent pyrolysis produced WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs. During the pyrolysis, the carbonized ZIF‐67 are doped by Co and N elements, and the growth of WS2 is effectively suppressed, creating few‐layered WS2 nanoplates functionalized Co‐N‐HCNCs. The WS2_Co‐N‐HCNCs exhibit outstanding NO2 sensing characteristics at room temperature, in terms of response (48.2% to 5 ppm), selectivity, response and recovery speed, and detection limit (100 ppb). These results are attributed to the enhanced adsorption and desorption kinetics of NO2 on abundant WS2 edges, confined in the gas permeable HCNCs. This work opens up an efficient way for the facile synthesis of edge abundant few‐layered TMDs combined with porous carbon matrix via MOF templating route, for applications relying on highly active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous Si is considered a potential anode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high specific capacity, low lithiation/delithiation potential, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In this work, we introduce a simplified Mg-thermal-reduction method for the production of mass-scalable coral-like bulk-Si powder with a high surface area (38 m2 g−1), broad pore-size distribution (2–200 nm), and 3-dimensionally (3D) interconnected Si structure for application in LIBs. The porous, coral-like Si electrode delivered a high reversible capacity of 2451 mA h g−1, corresponding to ∼70% of the theoretical capacity of Si, at a rate of C/10. After 100 cycles, the porous, coral-like Si electrode maintained a capacity of 1956 mA h g−1, corresponding to 79.8% of the initial reversible capacity. Importantly, a reasonably high reversible capacity of 614 mA h g−1 was achieved even at a high rate of 10C. These outstanding results demonstrate that the 3D-networked, porous, coral-like Si powder, synthesized via a NaCl-assisted Mg-thermal-reduction process on a stainless-steel plate over a period of one minute, can be employed as a promising anode material for the next generation of high-energy LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an underwater communication receive model based on the spread spectrum technique in order to provide the characteristic of a low probability of interception. To do this, turbo equalization techniques employing Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) decoding to improve performance through repetition are applied to offer excellent performance even at a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) of transmitted signals due to the spread spectrum technique. A turbo equalization model based on RAKE which increase signal power by summing the received signal through the multipath is proposed to compensate distorted data due to multipath channel and the performance improvements were proven by applying the threshold and weighted coefficient in the RAKE receiver model. The model was applied to covert underwater communication in a multi-sensor environment, and the efficiency of the proposed method was proven through underwater experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To assess the repeatability and agreement of parameters obtained with two biometers and to compare the predictability. Methods. Biometry was performed on 101 eyes with cataract using the IOLMaster 700 and the Galilei G6. Three measurements were obtained per eye with each device, and repeatability was evaluated. The axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry (K), white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter, central corneal thickness (CCT), and lens thickness (LT) were measured and postoperative predictability was compared. Results. Measurements could not be obtained with the IOLMaster 700 in one eye and in seven eyes with the Galilei G6 due to dense cataract. Both the IOLMaster 700 and Galilei G6 showed good repeatability, although the IOLMaster 700 showed better repeatability than the Galilei G6. There were no statistically significant differences in AL, ACD, steepest K, WTW, and LT (P>0.050), although flattest K, mean K, and CCT differed (P<0.050). The proportion of eyes with an absolute prediction error within 0.5 D was 85.0% for the IOLMaster 700 and was 80.0% for the Galilei G6 based on the SRK/T formula. Conclusions. Two biometers showed high repeatability and relatively good agreements. The swept-source optical biometer demonstrated better repeatability, penetration, and an overall lower prediction error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Corneal refractive surgery may impact meibomian gland and tear film in post-refractive surgery patients. Background: To compare ocular surface parameters between post-refractive surgery patients and normal controls. Design: Cross-sectional single centre study. Participants: A total of 120 eyes of 120 subjects were divided into three groups: (i) 60 controls and 60 patients underwent corneal refractive surgery at least 12 months ago; (ii) 30 post-laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) patients and (iii) 30 post-laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK)/photo-refractive keratectomy (PRK) patients. Methods: Tear meniscus height, non-invasive keratographic tear film break-up time and meibography were measured using the Keratograph® 5M. Fluorescein break-up time, ocular surface staining, examination of lid margins and meibomian glands, Schirmer's test and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire were performed. Main Outcome Measures: Ordinary logistic regression was performed to evaluate the impact of clinical variables including refractive surgery on the meiboscores. Results: In post-LASIK patients, ocular surface parameters including Ocular Surface Disease Index scores, fluorescein break-up time and staining scores, except Schirmer's scores, were significantly worse than those in controls (P < 0.050). Ocular surface staining scores in post-LASEK/PRK patients was higher than that in the controls (P = 0.001). In post-refractive surgery patients, grade of meibomian gland parameters and meiboscores were worse than those of controls (all P < 0.050). Histories of refractive surgery were associated with high meiboscore (β = 1.100, P = 0.043 for LASIK and β = 1.039, P = 0.042 for LASEK/PRK). Conclusions and relevance: Corneal refractive surgery may adversely affect the ocular surface, and a reduction of functional meibomian glands can contribute to chronic tear film dysfunction after corneal refractive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]