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Supermassive black hole (BH) mergers with spin-flips accelerate energetic particles through their relativistic precessing jets, producing high-energy neutrinos and finally gravitational waves (GWs). In star formation, massive stars form in pairs, triplets, and quadruplets, allowing second-generation mergers of the remnants with discrepant spin directions. The GW data support such a scenario. Earlier, we suggested that stellar mass BH mergers (visible in M82) with an associated spin-flip analogously allow the acceleration of energetic particles, with ensuing high-energy neutrinos and high-energy photons, and finally produce GWs. At cosmic distances, only the GWs and the neutrinos remain detectable. In this study, we generalize the argument to starburst and normal galaxies throughout their cosmic evolution and show that these galaxies may dominate over active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the flux of ultra-high-energy particles observed at Earth. All these sources contribute to the cosmic neutrino background, as well as the GW background (they detected lower frequencies). We outline a search strategy to find such episodic sources, which requires including both luminosity and flux density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil loss due to erosion has a huge impact on worldwide economy and environment. The Himalayan region is extremely vulnerable to erosion due to rugged terrain, erratic precipitation and excessive anthropogenic pressures. This study attempts to assess the spatial distribution of soil loss for managing soil disintegration rates in the western Himalayas using a GIS modeling approach. Factors affecting soil erosion were assessed and mapped using primary data from the field and secondary data. Map layers were developed for each identified factors and modeled using weighted overlay analysis. The rainfall-runoff erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic, cover management and support parameters varied around 361.75 MJ mm/ha/h/yr, (0.024–0.051) t ha h/ha/MJ/mm, 0–585.372, 0–1 and 0–1 respectively. The yearly soil disintegration rate varied between 0 and 6098.44 t ha/yr. The maximum area (137,165.30 ha) of the district's total area (146,295.142 ha) was under the less vulnerable class and the minimum (259.92 ha) was under the severely vulnerable category. The findings reported 70.24% of the area was under the less vulnerable class, followed by extremely vulnerable (10.48%) > highly vulnerable (7.40%) > severely vulnerable (7.19%) > moderately vulnerable (4.69%). The maximum (810 t/ha) and minimum (15 t/ha) mean soil loss was found under severely vulnerable and less vulnerable categories. The findings will provide site specific data regarding soil loss and vulnerability for effective management of soils in the eco-sensitive region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Hindu pilgrimage site where millions of people gather to seek solutions to problems related to everyday life, the "Kumbh Mela" is recognised as one of India's intangible cultural heritages. The site of the observance rotates between four cities, Haridwar, Ujjain, Nashik and Prayagraj. The infrastructure and services in the city that is hosting such a gathering undergo numerous changes as a result of the sizeable gathering. The goal of the study is to monitor the changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) in the city of Prayagraj before and after the "Kumbh Mela" and to evaluate the effect on infrastructure changes in the citry. Analyzing the changes that such pilgrimages and events bring about in cities are fascinating. In 2019, the city of Prayagraj hosted the "Kumbh", hence, Pre-Kumbh (2016), Kumbh (2019), and Post-Kumbh (2022) phases were taken under consideration for LULC change assessment. Supervised classification was conducted using Maximum Likelihood Classifier to prepare LULC maps. It was observed that urbanisation has significantly increased at the expense of vegetation, fallow land, and agricultural land. The success of the local agroforestry policy and plantation drive is demonstrated by the interesting increase in vegetation that has been observed. The construction of a civil airport, the widening of existing roads, the installation of new railroad tracks, and the adornment of roundabouts on existing roads are the major infrastructure changes. The findings offer fresh insights of increasing urban infrastructure from a cultural perspective. The findings will aid in better planning and policy development for the resilient and sustainable infrastructure, as well as in the development of a long-term strategy for the temporary habitation in the "Kumbh" area of such cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change affects both the natural (ecological) and manmade (social) systems across the continents. In the Central Himalaya, renowned for its diverse altitudes, climates, landforms, biodiversity, ethnicities, cultures, and farming systems, complex interactions occur between social and ecological subsystems. The research employs the socio-ecological systems (SESs) approach to assess vulnerability and devise effective adaptation strategies for climate change in the region. Three SESs were chosen as templates for the vulnerability and adaptation assessment. Primary data was collected using the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method from 14 villages with these SESs. We adopted an indicator-based approach to assess vulnerability, including components such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, to calculate the socio-ecological vulnerability index (SEVI). Our results showed varying patterns of vulnerability across the SESs. Sixty-eight percent of the surveyed households have “high” to “very high” socio-ecological vulnerability levels in all three SESs. The results revealed that Himalayan Moist Temperate/Irrigated agrarian (agrarian)-populated (low) community (SESB3) has a “very high” level, Himalayan Moist Temperate/Unirrigated agrarian (small)-populated (low) community (SESB6) has a “high” level, and Alpine/Unirrigated agrarian (small)-populated (low) community (SESA6) has a medium socio-ecological vulnerability level. In addition to assessing vulnerability, we examined current and potential adaptation strategies and associated barriers. The findings revealed major adaptation strategies by the households and communities in agriculture, forest, health, information, infrastructure, policy, natural disasters, livelihood, and water. Our research culminates in the development of an SES-based adaptation framework as a major outcome. This framework assists in understanding local needs and identifying gaps in existing policies and institutional arrangements for sustainable development of the Himalaya. Our SES-based vulnerability and adaptation assessment offers a robust methodology applicable to the entire Indian Himalayan Region and other mountain ecosystems. It provides valuable insights for effective adaptation strategies to address climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endodontic procedures are crucial for saving and restoring pulp involved teeth thus preserving their structure and functionality. Despite the pivotal role of endodontics in dentistry, there is a lack of public awareness about the need and effectiveness of such interventions. The objectives of this survey were to assess the awareness of patients in both rural and urban settings with regards to endodontic treatment, identifying areas where understanding is lacking thus aiming to improve patients' knowledge about these treatments, enabling informed decision-making and enhancing oral health literacy in the general population. Material and Methods: An electronic questionnaire containing 16 questions regarding the knowledge and attitude of participants regarding endodontic treatment were circulated to 100 patients who had visited a private clinic in Mumbai as a part of the urban group and another 100 patients who had visited a private clinic in Wagholi village, Pune as a part of the rural group. The data obtained was tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS v 26.0, IBM Software. Results: In urban areas, 50 % of the participants and in the rural areas 54% of the participants were aware of root canal treatment by the knowledge gained via social media / internet. All participants irrespective of rural or urban settings feared endodontic therapy as they anticipated pain. Conclusion: Although patients show awareness about endodontics and its indications in dentistry there is a need for updating patients regarding the numerous concepts and advancements in technologies that involve pain free root canal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aridity is a climatic phenomenon characterized by shortage of water availability in a given time and space resulting in low moisture and reduced carrying capacity of ecosystems. It is represented by a numerical indicator known as Aridity Index (AI), a function of rainfall and temperature. Aridification is a slow and steady effect of climate change and assessing its spread and change is vital in context of global climatic variations. Aridity is predominantly significant for agrarian countries like India, where a slight rise in drylands area can have a significant impact on the economy and community sustenance. AI is an inclusive indicator of climatic conditions in most arid and semi-arid regions. It helps in identifying and interpreting large scale trend in temperature and precipitation; and thus, classifying region into different climatic classes. The present study assessed long-term AI based on precipitation and temperature data obtained from the India Meteorological Department at the resolution of 1 × 1 degree for years 1969–2017. AI is estimated as a ratio of mean precipitation to mean potential evapotranspiration, calculated using Thornthwaite method. The results highlight the trend of aridity over pan-India with Innovative Trend Analysis and Mann–Kendall test. The study concludes that there is a relatively slow, however steadily progressive drier conditions being established in most of the regions. A shift from 'Semi-arid' towards 'Arid' class appeared in central mainland. The north-eastern Himalaya showed decrease in humid conditions ('Humid' to 'Sub-humid'). The study implies that there is a rising aridity trend over the years due to changing climatic conditions. The shifts in aridity can have serious implications on agriculture, long-term water resource utilization and land use management plans. Our results have scope for future landscape management studies in drylands and better adaptation methods in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crafting a comprehensive strategy to mitigate the impact of droughts, a complex geo-hazard profoundly affecting socio-economic aspects, entails the creation of a drought vulnerability map as a primary step. This study harmonizes geospatial techniques and the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (fuzzy AHP) to formulate such a map for northwestern Odisha, India. From six principal drought-induced vulnerability parameters, namely physical attributes, water demand and usage, agriculture, land use, groundwater and population/development, 22 sub-parameters were selected. Spatial layers were generated for each sub-parameter, followed by their fuzzification using a fuzzy membership approach. Subsequently, AHP was employed to establish parameter weights through pair-wise comparisons. By applying the weighted overlay method, drought vulnerability maps were generated, classifying regions into five vulnerability levels: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The outcomes indicate that roughly 33% of the area is classified as having high drought vulnerability. Validation of the approach using statistical metrics, including accuracy, root mean square error and mean absolute error, demonstrates its efficacy in gauging drought vulnerability, thereby aiding planners in devising effective drought mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at identifying the training needs of the veterinary officers serving under different state governments. Three states of the sub-tropical region of the country namely Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir were chosen purposively for their accessibility and ease in communication. A total of 120 veterinary officers were selected i.e., 40 from each state. A Schedule was developed that consisted of 44 statements across different domains viz clinical care, diagnostics, managemental practices, extension activities. The responses were recorded by assigning scores as 3, 2 & 1 for most needed, needed and least needed respectively. The results revealed that most of the training needs were associated with management of infertility and reproductive health in livestock (Mean Obtained Score: MOS 2.57), followed by sample collection, storage, and transportation procedure in disease diagnosis (MOS 2.57) and disease diagnosis through ultrasonography and radiography (MOS 2.56). Under the specific domains viz. clinical care, diagnostics, managemental practices, extension related activities, training needs were concentrated in the domains of management of infertility and reproductive health in dairy cows and buffaloes (MOS 2.57), sample collection, storage and transportation for disease diagnosis (MOS 2.57), handling the outbreaks (MOS 2.43), technical and popular writing skills (MOS 2.39), stress and time management (MOS 2.45), and biosafety measures (MOS 2.34) respectively. To meet the training needs the study suggests organizing formal and informal trainings and creating better training resources in the reported niche areas. Focusing on improving the training experience can help in augmenting the skills of veterinarians, which indirectly helps to realize the objective of empowering the animal husbandry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health of indigenous populations is a greatly understudied area in India. The study aims to estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety and also to assess the association of various psycho-social variables with depression and anxiety, among the Bhil indigenous populations of India. A total of 386 participants aged between 25 and 65 years who were unrelated up to first cousins belonging to Bhil indigenous population were recruited for the present study. Depression, anxiety disorder, perceived stress, perceived loneliness and perceived social support were assessed using pre-tested, translated and validated scales. Data related to socio-demographic variables were collected using pre-tested interview schedules. The present study reveals a very high prevalence rate of depression (35%) and anxiety disorder (29.8%) among the studied indigenous population. Psycho-social variables such as older age, disturbed marital status, unemployment, lower level of social support, higher level of perceived stress and perceived loneliness were found to be significantly associated with depression and anxiety disorder. Further analysis shows that when the adversities are combined with each other, the severity of depression and anxiety disorder increases dramatically in the studied indigenous population. Mental health problems are prevalent among indigenous populations, especially among those groups like Bhil, who are residing in close proximity to urban areas. The present study is the first population-based study on the mental health of Bhil indigenous population. The present study contributes to the limited literature on the mental health of the indigenous population in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Solid State Transformer (SST) is an advanced power electronics-based key component of the distribution system (SST). This paper presents the application of SST to corporate workspaces and IT environments with nonlinear loads to mitigate harmonics. The three stage SST is designed with rectifier, dual active bridge converter and inverter with suitable converter topologies. The system is controlled with dq-transform based Clarke and inverse Clarke transformation system. The proposed system is designed to eliminate source side current harmonics content by injecting compensating current through inverter. The proposed system is implemented and analyzed for non linear load using MATLAB/Simulink. The power quality is achieved in terms of improved power factor and decreased % THD to permissible limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitronectin (Vn) is a multifunctional protein of blood and extracellular matrix. It binds to complement C9, which is involved in the terminal step of cytolysis including those of microbes. It hypothesized that Vn may bind to pore farming complement protein i.e C9 to modulate innate immunity and involved in immune evasion mechanism of bacterial pathogens like staphylococcus aureus. Methods: The procedure allows the rapid, large-scale isolation of pure and haemolytically active Vn and C9 proteins from goat plasma by suitable ion-exchange and affinity chromatographic techniques. Result: Vitronectin (Vn), a multifunctional protein of blood and the extracellular matrix has a mol.wt.of 78 kDa. Goat C9, the last component of complement, was purified in good yield by a combination of salt fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. Approximately 1mg of protein can be obtained from 1 litre of the serum. The C9 was obtained has a mol.wt.of 66 kDa, determined by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. No impurities were detected on gel electrophoresis and the Vn and C9 were confirmed by western blotting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D.Don plantation, and near I Juncus effusus i L., I Osmunda regalis i L. and I Paspalum distichum i L.. other bryophyte species growing in the area include I Hypnum jutlandicum i Holmen & E.Warncke, 39°01'38.88"N, 27°58'23.74"W, ca. 161 m a.s.l.11 August 2021, I leg i . Although records of I S. elegantulum i have constantly accumulated over the last two decades, resulting in nine countries being added to the list of European country records (Hodgetts and Lockhart [25]), Slovakia has remained devoid of confirmed occurrences (Misíková et al. [31]), probably due to the absence of a dedicated search for species of this taxonomically difficult genus I . i We expect that the species is not rare throughout the country due to the abundance of suitable substrates and the pattern of occurrence in neighbouring countries. The present discovery of a patch of roughly 60 m SP 2 sp (9 m × 7 m) of I Sphagnum palustre i on Graciosa Island adds a new habitat to the island, and since all species of I Sphagnum i have been protected by regional law since 2012 (DLR n.° 15/2012/A of 2 SP nd sp of April), the bog on the bottom of the Caldera will be an additional asset to Graciosa. Bryophyte flora and vegetation on the island of Graciosa (Azores), with remarks on floristic diversity of the Azorean islands. [Extracted from the article]

Background: An impressive progress has been made in development and promotion of extra-large kabuli chickpea varieties in India during the past decade. As a result, India has become from importer to exporter of kabuli chickpea. The breeding programmes need to continue efforts on enhancing genetic gain in breeding kabuli chickpea varieties through increasing genetic variability and precision and efficiency of selection. This study was aimed at evaluating early segregating generations of chickpea to assess genetic variability for various important traits. Methods: Four large-seeded kabuli chickpea genotypes (JGK 2, KAK 2, KRIPA and ICC 17109); were crossed with a common smallseeded kabuli genotype (ICC 16644). F1, F2 and F3 along with parents were evaluated under normal field conditions and observations were recorded on various phenological, morphological and yield traits. Data was analysed to estimate genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in the segregating populations. Result: Considerably high variability was observed in F2 and F3 populations of all the crosses. Heritability estimates in broad sense were high coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean for days to first flower, days to pod initiation, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-seed weight which indicated the presence of additive gene action for these traits. Large number of transgressive segregants was identified for number of seeds per plant followed by number of pods per plant and yield per plant. The most promising transgressive segregants could be used in future breeding programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with an M/M/2 Queueing Model with working vacations and reneging of customers due to impatience. The matrix geometric method is used to find the distribution of the number of customers in the system. A cost function is constructed to obtain the optimal value of the service rate to optimize (minimize) the cost function using the Quadratic Fit Search Method (QFSM). Further, the effects on the system's performance measures using numerical analysis and graphical representation are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple crop yield estimation and forecasting have become essential because climate change and land degradation are deteriorating production of crops. The present study presents multiple crop yield estimation and forecasting efficiently and precisely using MERRA-2 model, satellite-gauge and MODIS-Terra satellite data by regression and time series models. Rice, wheat, maize, rapeseed & mustard, and millet crops yield data of India was used for crop yield estimation and forecasting using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Decomposition, Holt, Winters and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Models were developed using crops yield historical data, weather variables (temperature, precipitation, surface radiation) and pollutants (O3, CO) data of 1982–83 to 2014–15. Overall best correlation (R = 0.96) and poor correlation (R = 0.56) was found between observed and estimated rice and rapeseed & mustard crops using Decomposition and MLR models, respectively. After rigorous skill assessment and out of more than 20 combinations of ARIMA models, the ARIMA (0, 1, 1) time series model performed the best with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE = 4.59%) for wheat crop estimation. Forecasted crop yields were successfully cross-validated using four years’ data (2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18 and 2018–19) for regression and time series models by comparing Relative Error (RE%) between observed and forecasted crops yields. Results were statistically analyzed using correlation coefficient (R), Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), RMSE%, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE%), t-value and p-value. The crop yield estimation and forecasting results showed reasonably quantifiable information with the actual datasets. The outcomes of the present study have policy level implications for compensation to farming communities for the loss of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid Security System is a non-contact sanitizer dispenser, that also monitors vital parameters such as temperature, heart rate, and spo2 sensors based on Internet of Things (IOT) data collection and processing. This device is vital in workplaces like hospitals, colleges, and many more. The system that has the capability to record human body temperature based on contactless mechanism efficiently with pandemic situation has looked up to usage of infrared thermometers. In this paper via our research we realize the human body temperature fast non-contact by utilizing infrared thermometer (MLX90614) along with a pulse oximeter using a pulse sensor (MAX30100) to measure the heart rate in real-time. Parameter like the oxygen level of the user is also rendered and stored on our designed IOT processing framework which can provide alerts both online or offline based on previous maintained records. In this research we have recorded parameters of the sample space comprising of 500 users. The main aspect of the research is the cost affectability where is the system can be easily interfaced with any existing framework of workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-eddy simulation was used to model turbulent atmospheric surface layer (ASL) flow over canopies composed of streamwise-aligned rows of synthetic trees of height, $h$ , and systematically arranged to quantify the response to variable streamwise spacing, $\delta _1$ , and spanwise spacing, $\delta _2$ , between adjacent trees. The response to spanwise and streamwise heterogeneity has, indeed, been the topic of a sustained research effort: the former resulting in formation of Reynolds-averaged counter-rotating secondary cells, the latter associated with the $k$ - and $d$ -type response. No study has addressed the confluence of both, and results herein show secondary flow polarity reversal across 'critical' values of $\delta _1$ and $\delta _2$. For $\delta _2/\delta \lesssim 1$ and $\gtrsim 2$ , where $\delta$ is the flow depth, the counter-rotating secondary cells are aligned such that upwelling and downwelling, respectively, occurs above the elements. The streamwise spacing $\delta _1$ regulates this transition, with secondary cell reversal occurring first for the largest $k$ -type cases, as elevated turbulence production within the canopy necessitates entrainment of fluid from aloft. The results are interpreted through the lens of a benchmark prognostic closure for effective aerodynamic roughness, $z_{0,{Eff.}} = \alpha \sigma _h$ , where $\alpha$ is a proportionality constant and $\sigma _h$ is height root mean square. We report $\alpha \approx 10^{-1}$ , the value reported over many decades for a broad range of rough surfaces, for $k$ -type cases at small $\delta _2$ , whereas the transition to $d$ -type arrangements necessitates larger $\delta _2$. Though preliminary, results highlight the non-trivial response to variation of streamwise and spanwise spacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Himalayan sector is well known to support the diversified bryophyte species and communities due to varied phytoclimatical conditions met within different dissected topographical zones. Many potential wilderness areas are still waiting to be explored in terms of their exuberant bryodiversity. During a bryoexploratory survey of an unexplored high-altitude area in the Garhwal Himalayan region, we came across an interesting rheophytic moss Bryocrumia L. E. Anderson. The genus Bryocrumia is represented in India by two species, viz. B. vivicolor (Broth. et Dixon) W. R. Buck and B. malabarica Manju, Prajitha, Prakashkumar et W. Z. Ma. Both of these pleurocarpous species are known to be confined in the southern part of the country. From the Indian Himalayan sector, this moss genus has never been documented earlier. Recently, B. vivicolor has been reported for the first time from the Tungnath area (2,100–3,000 m above sea level) in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand state as a new addition to the Western Himalayan moss flora, indicating its new distributional range. This hypnaceous moss was found colonising the slopy, wet, submerged rock surfaces along small streams and seepages in mixed oak forests on way to Tungnath. The key characteristics include its rheophilic habit, stem lacking central strand, variable leaf forms, indistinct double costa and round to obtuse leaf apex with prorate tip cells. The present paper provides taxonomic details of this rare moss, representing its wide geographical distribution in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades. agriculture in Southeast Asia has experienced robust growth and undergone a significant structural transformation, albeit at a different pace in different countries in the region. This paper aims to understand the process of agricultural transformation and growth in Southeast Asia. The findings of this study show that, driven by technological change, area expansion and diversification, agriculture has grown faster in low income countries in the region. In contrast. agricultural growth in high-income countries has been slow and driven by price increases. mainly of export-oriented commercial crops such. as oil palm, rubber and coconut-alongside expansion of cropped area under these crops. In view of the fixed supply of land and high volatility in global food prices, the area- and price-driven growth is not sustainable in the long run. For efficient, sustainable and inclusive growth, exploiting the potential of existing and frontier technologies and diversification of production portfolio holds greater promise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical village studies in India have focused on ideas of caste, kinship, village as a social reality, with an emphasis on the sociological conditions of life, specifically the socio-cultural and economic aspects of a rural society. The sociological condition of people living in rural areas which have witnessed sustained periods of violence in settings like Jammu and Kashmir, Naxal affected parts of India, and the insurgency affected North-East has not been explored fully and calls for attention of scholars. This paper discusses the experiences of people with an emphasis on displacement from such rural areas-where protracted violence and conflict define everyday life. Some of the questions that need to be addressed include: How can we understand the social life of rural inhabitants whose physical and social setting is profoundly affected by the violence? What about the impacts of displacement, dislocation, exodus from one's native areas affected by violence and conflict within or outside? What about the narratives of resilience, of coping, living together, holding each other's hand, and of facing the violence collectively in a rural setting? These are pertinent questions in contemporary times when many rural areas are affected by violence and conflict. There is a need to re-examine the rural areas through a social anthropological lens to understand the disturbed social milieu. The questions this research poses are: do we need to alter the homeostatic model of Indian villages? Do we need a new search for the perspectives that will help us understand this social aspect of everyday rural life? The understanding of the village has to include the accounts of villages affected by violence and conflict and look beyond the perspectives and approaches of understanding caste and kinship. Drawing mainly from the first author's notes of fieldwork conducted during 2001-2003 in few villages of the then State of Jammu and Kashmir, an attempt is made here in this paper to map the changes in both the physical landscape and social life of the village due to 'living under threat', migration and displacement of its inhabitants triggered by violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates and compares performance of three supervised classification algorithms namely Maximum Likelihood (MXL), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), using very high resolution WorldView-2 satellite imagery for vegetation type/land cover (VT/LC) mapping in Keoladeo National Park (KNP), India. We mapped 16 (8 gregarious VT and 8 LC) classes, and used Bootstrap (with 100 iterations) method for accuracy assessment. All three algorithms produced high overall accuracy (OA) (67–85%) and kappa (K) (65–83) values. Visual comparison of the predictions revealed that SVM (OA = 85.12% (K = 83.9) with 3.85% width of confidence interval) performed the best followed by ANN (69.72% (67.32) with 4.43%) and MXL (67.37% (65.22) with 4.33%). This research provides insight for selection of classification algorithm for detailed VT/LC mapping of wetland associated systems using very high resolution satellite data. The findings of this research are useful for environmental management, restoration and conservation planning of KNP, India. The database will be of high value for future development and sustainability issues in the park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates spatio-temporal paradigm of the impact of road networks on urban ecosystem dynamics (UED) by analysing the composition and configuration of land use land cover (LULC) and land surface temperatures (LST) derived from Landsat data for the years 2000 and 2017. The results indicate a positive association between road network and built-up land showing higher concentration of built-up land closer to the road network. This increase in grey infrastructure has led to an increase in the maximum LST by 6 °C to 7.5 °C along primary and tertiary roads, whereas 4 °C to 5 °C along secondary roads. Rapid intensification of road network along with the associated disproportionate changes in LULC and LST are deemed to be the major contributors to UED. Findings from this study will serve as baseline for examining the influence of road network on regional urban growth and assist in sustainable road infrastructure planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragile mountains of Himalaya are one of the most complex and heterogeneous mountain socio-ecological system (SES) due to its high diversity and intricate linkages of biophysical, sociocultural, and political aspects. An absence of substantial place-based knowledge and failed developmental initiatives due to absence of holistic approach in Himalaya has motivated to conduct a systematic review. In this study, we systematically review peer-reviewed literature focused on SESs (n = 53) in the Himalayan countries (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). The review summarizes the existing knowledge of Himalayan SES scholarship. It documents the trends and distribution of Himalayan SESs and its scholarship. We examined the year-wise, spatial (geographical), and methodological trends in SES discourse. The review appraises the conceptualization of the term SES. Further, major drivers impacting the Himalayan SESs are identified and discussed. Our findings highlight that 87% of literature has attempted country-specific study, with Nepal and India in the lead. Such a spatial disparity compounded by the complexity arising from a dearth of inconsistent conceptualization, cross-scale interactions and geospatial exploration of Himalayan SESs mask the deeper realities of unique Himalayan SESs. Thus, we advocate for a comprehensive definition and characteristic attributes of SES while considering cross-scale interactions and inherent mountain specificities. The decisions that direct sustainable development of Himalaya are made locally, and these decisions are influenced by social and ecological values. Targeting locally perceived characteristics attributes of SES in decision-making can ensure sustainable future of Himalaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to record the complete life cycle of oak tasar silk worm Anthraea proylei in the western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. During this study the duration of larval instar stages were 4.80 ± 0.41, 4.00 ± 0, 4.80 ± 0.41, 8.00 ± 0 and 11.66 ± 0.72 days for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars, respectively. The shortest duration of the larval stage was recorded for the 2nd instar (4.00 ± 00 days), while, longest duration of the larval stage was recorded for 5th instar (11.66 ± 0.72 days). All the larval stages were completed within 42 ± 10 days. After hatching, the larvae developed, which were elongated about 4.17 ± 0.36 mm long. The larvae covered with many brownish-black hairs and start feeding at the given food plant. After feeding the total weight was recorded 0.07 ± 0.006, 0.26 ± 0.02, 1.27 ± 0.17, 4.65 ± 0.86, 13.72 ± 1.10 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars respectively. The total length of all instars was 1.02 ± 0.03, 2.39 ± 0.43, 6.12 ± 0.12, 7.44 ± 0.43, 10.25 ± 0.17 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars respectively. Larvae were reddish-brown in color. The weight and length of female pupae were 8.75 ± 0.15 gm and 4.31 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The weight and length of male pupae were 6.41 ± 0.08 gm and 4.42 ± 0.22 cm, respectively. The weight of adult male and the female moth was reported as 4.02 ± 0.13 and 1.89 ± 0.07 gm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragile landscape of Himalaya harbors a wide range of natural resource dependent communities. However, they are the primary receivers for any adverse social and environmental changes. The study explored the impact of climate variability, disaster, migration, and wildlife on resource utilization pattern of two natural resource dependent Socio-Ecological Systems (SESs) in the Central Himalaya. Integrated SES framework-based household survey and non-parametric statistical tests (Pearson's Chi-square test of homogeneity and Mann–Whitney U tests) were used to draw the conclusions. Results indicated that resource dependency and socio-environmental risks are heterogeneously distributed in the SESs. Climate change and wildlife intrusion were the most widespread risks causing agricultural decline, forest, and water degradation. Whereas the impact of migration and disasters were localized. However, an overall negative impact of risks on resource dependency was ubiquitously perceived. Diverse coping, disengagement, and adaptive responses were observed that indicated resilience of resource dependent SESs in the Central Himalaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report formation of self-organized nanodiamond ring structures due to dynamical heterogeneity in super undercooled carbon, created by nanosecond laser melting of amorphous carbon layers. We envisage that diamond tetrahedra self-organize and lead to formation of string and ring structures on which nanodiamonds nucleate and grow. Denser ring structures are formed in Q-carbon due to higher undercooling and enhanced diamond nucleation. The average size is larger under heterogeneous nucleation compared to homogeneous nucleation due to lower critical size and free energy, allowing more time for growth. With nanosecond laser melting, growth velocities range 5–10 ms−1 and even higher for Q-carbon. Significant advancement in the creation of self-organized nanodiamond ring and string structures by laser processing at ambient pressure and temperature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsicum (Solanaceae), comprising of sweet and hot chilli pepper, is a globally known spice crop. This genus is well known for its huge genetic diversity at intra- and inter-species level. Diversity among Akabarechilli landraces, a unique Capsicum from Nepal, has not been studied so far. The present study characterized thirty accessions of Akabarechilli using 26 qualitative and 21 quantitative agro-morphological markers at the experimental plots of National Genebank, Khumaltar, Nepal during the summer season of 2018/019. Using principal component analysis, the first-principal components with eigen-values more than 1 contributed 25% of the variability among accessions for quantitative traits, whereas the first principal components with eigen-values more than 1 contributed 22.2% of the variability among accessions for qualitative traits. These findings suggested a wide range of morphological variations among the tested accessions. Based on qualitative and quantitative traits, 30 accessions were grouped into 6 distinct clusters by Euclidian distance and average method. Accessions CO-11048 and CO-11050 under cluster-III were round shape fruit type and accessions CO-11044, CO- 11046 andCO-11047 under cluster-I were high fruiting with longer fruitbearing period and could be utilized for breeding purpose as these are the traits preferred by consumers or processors in Nepalese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) are observed to be important parameters in understanding the status of ambient aerosol concentration over a particular location and depend not only upon the local but also on the large-scale dynamics of the atmosphere. The present article analyses the AOD and AE parameters retrieved with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR) instruments onboard satellites, for the upper (Chamoli) and foothill (Dehradun) regions of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India, from 2006 to 2015. Aerosol properties are investigated at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales. The monthly mean values of MODIS-derived AOD and AE were observed to be 0.18 (± 0.14) and 1.05 (± 0.43) respectively over the Dehradun region. The seasonal maximums in AOD with MODIS and MISR were observed as 0.23 ± 0.06 and 0.29 ± 0.07 respectively in the pre-monsoon season, and the minimum values (0.099 ± 0.02) were observed in the post-monsoon season, over the Dehradun region. In contrast, in the Chamoli region, the maximum AOD (MODIS) was 0.21 ± 0.06 observed in the monsoon season and the minimum was 0.036 ± 0.007 in the post-monsoon season. Over a decade, the AE for Chamoli and Dehradun was found to vary from 0.07 to 0.17 and from 0.14 to 0.20 respectively. The median AE for Chamoli and Dehradun was found to be 1.49 and 1.47 respectively, marking the dominance of fine mode particles of anthropogenic origin. Observations show the presence of dust and polluted dust resulting from the long-range transport from the west. The comparison of AOD values from the two sensors shows a significant correlation (0.73) with slightly higher values from MISR over the year. The results obtained are important in understanding the climatic implications due to the atmospheric aerosols over the abovementioned Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "A rare case of melena: Ampullary Hemangioma," discusses the case of a 64-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency department with melena (black, tarry stools) and a drop in hemoglobin levels. After resuscitation, a gastroscopy was performed, revealing a smooth atypical hemorrhagic mass protruding from the ampulla. Biopsies were inconclusive, so the option of surgical biopsy and ampullectomy (removal of the ampulla) was offered and chosen by the patient's family. Computed tomography confirmed a 3.5 cm non-metastatic ampullary mass, and the patient underwent successful surgical ampullectomy. The final pathology confirmed the diagnosis of ampullary hemangioma, a rare benign vascular tumor that can cause melena. The article highlights the challenges of endoscopic hemostasis (stopping bleeding) in such rare conditions, which often require surgical resection. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: New varieties of paddy are constantly being developed in India in order to sustain yield gains in the face of biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the authors attempt to identify the drivers for adoption of new varieties of paddy in India; the authors also estimate the impact on yield of the adoption of new paddy varieties. Design/methodology/approach: Survey data consisted of the reported information from approximately 20,000 paddy farmers in India. The study employs Cragg's double-hurdle model to study the probability and intensity of adoption of new varieties; we use regression discontinuity design to estimate the change in yield due to adoption of new varieties. Findings: The authors' findings indicate that the adoption of new varieties of paddy in India varies significantly within and between regions; further, the adoption of new varieties is affected by a number of socioeconomic and demographic factors; the authors also find that the adoption of new varieties increases yield significantly. Research limitations/implications: These are observational data and not based on the experiments. The authors relied on farmers' memory to recall the information. Originality/value: The authors suggest the formulation of strategic policies that can cater to the needs of regions and states that are lagging behind in the adoption of new paddy varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing biophysical variables are essential for evaluation of carbon dynamics due to anthropogenic activities. Biomass carbon is an important biophysical parameter of forest ecosystems that indicates carbon mitigation and human–forest interactions. Spectral modeling approach was used to assess the relation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with biomass carbon, crown density, tree density, slope, altitude, aspect, species, and forest division in temperate conifer region of Himalaya. Field inventory was recorded from 188 biomass plots of 0.1 ha each across the study area. NDVI was observed to have a positive relation with aboveground biomass carbon, crown density, tree density, and altitude. The NDVI and ABC values ranged from (0.11 to 0.43) and (1.54 to 276.82 t ha−1), respectively. Among the aspects, highest and lowest average NDVI was observed for south east (0.289) and north (0.258), respectively. Similarly highest and lowest average aboveground biomass carbon was observed for north east (72.63 t ha−1) and east (44.30 t ha−1), respectively. NDVI expressed a fairly good relation with biophysical parameters including altitude, aspect, crown density, tree density, species, and location (forest division). NDVI using principal tree species composition (forest type) revealed a relation with aboveground biomass carbon for Cedrus deodara (R2 = 0.63), Mixed I (R2 = 0.61), Pinus wallichiana (R2 = 0.57), and Mixed-II (R2 = 0.48). NDVI demonstrates potential to understand biomass carbon variability through establishment of relations with forest biophysical parameters using spectral modeling approach. Varying NDVI can be ascribed to vegetation canopy density, number of stems, species, and altitude. The database and established relations would help indicate biomass carbon dynamics and enable to adopt site-specific management. The study further helps draw inferences on mitigation and adaptation perspectives in view of varying biophysical conditions that occur in a forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Threats of changing climatic conditions on Himalayan agriculture communities are well established and observed. predisposed marginalized social and fragile ecological conditions have increased vulnerability of these communities. However, as vulnerability varies spatially and is effected by the bio-geographical conditions, the information on vulnerability distribution among the different biogeographic zones (BZs) is of value. This study aims to assess impact of social and ecological dimensions on vulnerability of agricultural communities in different biogeographical zones of Himalaya. Inherent vulnerability in different BZs was assessed at village level by performing hierarchal additive clustering. A total of 39 indicators (16 for ecological and 23 for social) were considered and weighed by Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP). The spatial distribution of different vulnerability indices was analyzed by Global and Local Moran's Index. The results show presence of very high social vulnerability (0.71 ± 0.11) for middle Himalayas (BZ2) and higher ecological vulnerability (0.68 ± 0.13) for lower Himalayas (BZ1). Among the different zones, middle Himalayas (BZ2) shows the maximum inherent vulnerability. The present study aids the policy-makers and stakeholders in identifying the regions requiring immediate intervention. The study also highlights the factors among social or ecological dimensions which require greater attention than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollinators play a key functional role in most terrestrial ecosystems and provide important ecosystem service to maintain wild plant communities and agricultural productivity. The decline in pollinators has been related to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat loss, alterations in land use, and climate change. The surge in mobile telephony has led to a marked increase in electromagnetic fields in the atmosphere, which may affect pollinator and pollination. Several laboratory studies have reported negative effects of electromagnetic radiation on reproduction, development, and navigation in insects. The abundance of insects such as the beetle, wasp, and hoverfly, decreased with electromagnetic radiation(EMR), whereas the abundance of underground- nesting wild bees and bee fly unexpectedly increased with EMR. Potential risks for pollinators and biodiversity are anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (AREMR) (light, radiofrequency). Artificial light at night (ALAN) can alter the function and abundance of pollinator. Evidence of impacts of AREMR is not adequate due to a lack of high quality, fieldrealistic studies. Whether pollinators experiencing a threat of ALAN or AREMR, while major knowledge gap exists. In this review, the effects of EMR on wild pollinator groups such as wild bees, hoverflies, bee flies, beetles, butterflies, and wasps etc. have been highlighted. Researchers are also recommended for further study on the effects of EMR on insects. This study will be significant to conserve pollinators and other important insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of food safety awareness on consumers' milk purchasing behavior in Nepal. We conducted consumer survey and employed an instrumental variable regression. We find education, income, and social network to influence food safety consciousness (FSC). Our results indicate the positive impact of FSC on weekly milk expenditure and probability of purchasing milk from milk cooperatives. Any policy that helps to improve the FSC levels will likely increase the purchase of safe milk from the modern market outlet, and lack of such awareness raising policies has prevented the market for safe food from evolving and expanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present synthetic dust polarization maps of simulated molecular clouds with the goal to systematically explore the origin of the relative orientation of the magnetic field (⁠|$\mathbf {B}$|⁠) with respect to the cloud sub-structure identified in density (n ; 3D) and column density (N ; 2D). The polarization maps are generated with the radiative transfer code polaris , which includes self-consistently calculated efficiencies for radiative torque alignment. The molecular clouds are formed in two sets of 3D magnetohydrodynamical simulations: (i) in colliding flows (CF), and (ii) in the SILCC-Zoom simulations. In 3D, for the CF simulations with an initial field strength below ∼5  μ G, |$\mathbf {B}$| is oriented either parallel or randomly with respect to the n -structures. For CF runs with stronger initial fields as well as all SILCC-Zoom simulations, which have an initial field strength of 3  μ G, a flip from parallel to perpendicular orientation occurs at high densities of |$n_\rm {trans}\, \simeq$| 102–103 cm−3. We suggest that this flip happens if the cloud's mass-to-flux ratio, μ, is close to or below the critical value of 1. This corresponds to a field strength around 3–5  μ G, close to the Galactic average. In 2D, we use the method of Projected Rayleigh Statistics (PRS) to study the relative orientation of |$\mathbf {B}$|⁠. If present, the flip in orientation occurs in the projected maps at |$N_\rm {trans}\, \simeq$| 1021 − 21.5 cm−2. This value is similar to the observed transition value from sub- to supercritical magnetic fields in the interstellar medium. However, projection effects can strongly reduce the predictive power of the PRS method: Depending on the considered cloud or line-of-sight, the projected maps of the SILCC-Zoom simulations do not always show the flip, although it is expected given the 3D morphology. Such projection effects can explain the variety of recently observed field configurations, in particular within a single cloud. Finally, we do not find a correlation between the observed orientation of |$\mathbf {B}$| and the N -PDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop a new analytical model for vibration analysis of cracked-submerged orthotropic micro-plate affected by fibre orientation and thermal environment. Methods: The proposed analytical model is based on Kirchhoff's classical thin plate theory and the size effect is introduced using the modified couple stress theory. Effect of crack is deduced using appropriate crack compliance coefficients based on line spring model while the effect of thermal environment is introduced in terms of thermal in-plane moments and forces. The coupling of shear and normal stresses for fibre orientation is represented using the coefficient of mutual influence. The fluid forces associated with its inertial effects are added in the governing differential equation to incorporate the fluid–structure interaction effect. Results: The results are presented for frequency response as affected by different fibre orientation, crack length, crack location, level of submergence, temperature variation and material length-scale parameter for simply supported boundary condition. Furthermore, to study the phenomenon of shifting of primary resonance in a cracked micro-plate, the classical relations for central deflection of plate is also proposed. Conclusions: The results show that the fundamental frequency of micro-plate decreases by the presence of crack and thermal environment and this decrease in frequency is further intensified by the presence of surrounding fluid medium in present study. Another important conclusion is that with increase in temperature variation the reduction in frequency at 45° of fibre orientation is less when compared to 0 and 90° for both intact and cracked orthotropic plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicles are special additions to mammalian skin with intricate differentiation and growth characteristics. They constantly undergo cycles of regression and regeneration throughout the lifespan of animal. Several rodent models have been studied for androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata in humans with only handful of products approved by United States Food and Drug Administration; topical minoxidil (men and women) and oral finasteride (only men) for hair loss indication. This review summarizes rodent models of human hair loss to emphasize their role in testing traditional medicinal plants as hair growth promoters. Review also discusses the mechanisms of action of various herbs. Currently, both natural and synthetic products are in use to remedy alopecia. Although, use of natural products has shown measurable efficacy, the option is open to test chemically synthesized active fractions of plants as monotherapy or polytherapy to facilitate approval by regulatory agencies. Overall, purpose of this review is to discuss the rodent models of efficacy and how modifications in herbal preparations may bring more alternatives and a better value to the products in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) at BNL uses low-energy RHIC electron cooling (LEReC) to conduct experiments to search for the quantum chromodynamic critical point. The first ever electron cooling based on the RF acceleration of electron beams was experimentally demonstrated on April 5, 2019 using LEReC at BNL. The first critical step in obtaining successful 3D non-magnetized cooling of the Au ion bunches in the RHIC cooling section was matching the electron beam energy with a relative error less than 5 × 10−4 to the ion beam energy. Part of the LEReC beamline is a dipole magnet that bends the electron beam 180°. One of the most outstanding measurement challenges is that the dipole field is so low (≈200 G). Most of the existing NMR probes can only measure fields >400 G. A lower signal-to-noise ratio at low fields requires the use of larger sample volumes. Working with CAYLAR, the NMR probe has been redesigned and optimized for these low field measurements with high resolution. We report the methods, challenges and results for extensive magnetic field mappings of the 180° dipole magnet. A combination of NMR and Hall sensors was successfully implemented to measure uniform field regimes inside the magnet center area and non-uniform field regimes at the magnet ends. Detailed measurement and mapping were performed at five radii and five heights along the beam trajectory. Meanwhile, a finite element magnetic modeling simulation of the magnet using Opera software was performed. The calculated and measured data were compared, and the calculated data are a good reference for the measured data over long length mapping from the magnet edge to the center. The measured magnetic measurement data are directly useful for beam instrumentation, diagnostics and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth of Indian urban population is bound to have a substantial influence on the economic and environmental stability of India. India has the potential of adding double the current urban population, and with intensifying climate change-related disasters it can be home to millions of vulnerable habitants. This study captures the inherent characteristics of the urban population at the district level to compute the inherent vulnerability (IV) index. Our aim was to identify vulnerable regions of the urban population and prepare a composite ranking. Districts were grouped into urban population classes (UPC) for better comparability. We analysed data on 28 indicators under five major components namely, infrastructural, technological, social, financial and ecological. Our results show that 45% and 42% of districts fall under medium and high vulnerability category, respectively. Majority of the high vulnerable districts are clustered in the states already reported for lower Human Development Index (HDI) and high poverty levels in the past. In all the UPCs, the ecological component was observed to be the weak link. In addition, the technology component revealed a major gap. Findings of the study could assist policy makers in identifying the determining components of IV which can be focused for resource and manpower investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important step toward the advent of nuclear fusion as a future power source is the development of plasma-facing materials that can function as designed for a long period of time. While ITER and other devices including Wendelstein 7-X and the Joint European Torus will provide insight into divertor and first wall performance, a dedicated device to advance the understanding of material performance in the representative plasma environments is needed. The Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment has been proposed as a linear plasma device to generate and to direct fusion reactor-like plasma energy and particle flux at the target materials with electron temperatures of 1–15 eV and electron densities of $10^{20}$ – $10^{21}\,\,\text{m}^{-3}$. Given that the requirements for radio frequency (RF) heating on-axis field are no greater than 2.5 T and the warm bore diameters must be between 60 cm and 1.5 m, the conceptual design was developed for the experiments on a set of superconducting magnets carried out using commercially available NbTi superconductors. This conceptual design evaluated the cryogenic heat loads, mechanical loads, and quench protection to ensure that the current design is compatible with current technologies. In addition, an alternative evaluation of this design relative to ReBCO high-temperature superconducting magnets determined the conditions under which these technologies could be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of nuclear structure data is a world wide effort to standardize the published nuclear data. This standardization led to generation of table of isotopes, Nuclear Data sheets, Nuclear Wallet Cards etc. This paper deals with two aspects of evaluation of nuclear structure data. First, the problems arising out of some of the recent publications and how to tackle them at pre-publication stage. Second, there is large amount of experimental data available on the NNDC site1. Of these data the half-life values, spin and parity is the most important set of values to understand the nucleon-nucleon interaction within a given nucleus. However, it is observed in our work that the quantum of half-life, spin and parity values measured, in comparison to the number of excited states, in any given nuclei, is very low. Thus, indicating that very few experimental results are available in terms of half-life measurements, spin measurements and determination of parity. This survey besides being an indicator of the quantum of measurements carried out can also be a guide to future experimentalists by highlighting the areas of nuclear chart where measurements are fewer in number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical model is proposed to analyze the vibration and buckling problem of partially cracked thin orthotropic microplate in the presence of thermal environment. The differential governing equation for the cracked plate is derived using the classical plate theory in conjunction with the strain gradient theory of elasticity. The crack is modeled using appropriate crack compliance coefficients based on the simplified line spring model. The influence of thermal environment is incorporated in governing equation in form thermal moments and in-plane compressive forces. The governing equation for cracked plate has been solved analytically to get fundamental frequency and central deflection of plate. To demonstrate the accuracy of the present model, few comparison studies are carried out with the published literature. The stability and dynamic characteristics of the cracked plate are studied considering various parameters such as crack length, plate thickness, change in temperature, and internal length scale of microstructure. It has been concluded that the frequency and deflection are affected by crack length, temperature, and internal length scale of microstructure. Furthermore, to study the buckling behavior of cracked plate, the classical relations for critical buckling load and critical buckling temperature is also proposed considering the effect of crack length, temperature, and internal length scale of microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread prevalence of nutrient deficiency and poor nutritional outcomes has been a significant concern in developing and emerging countries like Nepal. The level of diversity in household diets is an indirect measure of diet quality and the extent to which nutritional needs of households are being met. However, there is a limited understanding on the trends, patterns and determinants of the dietary diversity in Nepal. This study is an attempt to enrich the literature on this issue. Based on unit level data from three rounds (1995, 2004, and 2011) of the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS), we used multilevel modeling, quantile regression, and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method to decipher the trends, determinants and drivers of dietary diversity in Nepal. Our study finds that the changes in household socio-demographic and agricultural characteristics are very important in explaining the improvement in dietary quality. Changes in household characteristics account for at least 37% of the observed improvement and agriculture-related changes explain at least 16% of the observed improvement. Our findings are highly robust across the different model specifications and concludes by bringing a focus on multi-sectoral approach to tackle nutrition issues in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]