Search

Purpose: To determine whether competitive performance, as defined by International Biathlon Union (IBU) and International Ski Federation (FIS) points in biathlon and cross-country (XC) skiing, respectively, can be projected using a combination of anthropometric and physiological metrics. Shooting accuracy was also included in the biathlon models. Methods: Data were analyzed using multivariate methods from 45 (23 female and 22 male) biathletes and 202 (86 female and 116 male) XC skiers who were all members of senior national teams, national development teams, or ski-university or high school invite-only programs (age range: 16–36 y). Anthropometric and physiological characteristics were assessed via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and incremental roller-ski treadmill tests, respectively. Shooting accuracy was assessed via an outdoor standardized testing protocol. Results: Valid projective models were identified for female biathletes' IBU points (R2 =.80/Q2 =.65) and female XC skiers' FIS distance (R2 =.81/Q2 =.74) and sprint (R2 =.81/Q2 =.70) points. No valid models were identified for the men. The most important variables for the projection of IBU points were shooting accuracy, speeds at blood lactate concentrations of 4 and 2 mmol·L−1, peak aerobic power, and lean mass. The most important variables for the projection of FIS distance and sprint points were speeds at blood lactate concentrations of 4 and 2 mmol·L−1 and peak aerobic power. Conclusions: This study highlights the relative importance of specific anthropometric, physiological, and shooting-accuracy metrics in female biathletes and XC skiers. The data can help to identify the specific metrics that should be targeted when monitoring athletes' progression and designing training plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for transparency about the microeconomic sources of environmental pollution has surged recently, causing carbon disclosure to rise to the top of the global climate change discourse. In this study, we empirically investigate how the environmental performance of firm production technologies shapes their voluntary carbon disclosure behaviour and how key stakeholders influence the performance‐disclosure relationship. Using a panel of 1,547 firms across 24 countries covering 2006–20, we find that firms with the most efficient technologies for reducing emissions tend to disclose their carbon impact, especially when they face more stringent environmental regulations. These high‐performing firms demonstrate a tendency for non‐disclosure when faced with intense shareholder and environmental activist pushback against pollution. Our findings also highlight the existence of a profitability penalty for transparent high‐efficiency firms relative to comparable firms that adopt strategic silence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To infer adaptation of plant material, restoration practitioners often consider only surrogate geographic or climatic information. However, empirical biomass data could assist in deciding what material to use where. To test this approach, we transplanted seven bluebunch wheatgrass (BBWG; Pseudoroegneria spicata) and five Snake River wheatgrass (SRWG; Elymus wawawaiensis) populations to three sites ranging from low to high precipitation (LPPT, MPPT, and HPPT). We measured establishment‐year (2011) biomass at all sites and 2012–16 biomass at MPPT and HPPT. When data were standardized by site, P‐7 and Anatone produced the most BBWG biomass across sites and Wahluke the least in both 2011 and 2012–16, while E‐58X produced the most SRWG biomass and Secar and E‐49X the least in 2011 and 2012–16, respectively. Among BBWG populations in 2011, relative performance of P‐7 (G6 generation) and Goldar increased and Whitmar decreased at wetter sites, while Columbia was stable (high) and Wahluke was stable (low) over sites. Among SRWG populations in 2011, Secar, Secar78, and E‐58X increased at drier sites and Discovery at wetter sites. However, once established, populations of both species were much more similar for trend. In 2012–16, trend somewhat increased for five BBWG populations from MPPT to HPPT, was stable for Wahluke, but declined for Columbia, while all five SRWG populations declined at HPPT. These results suggest that, once established, BBWG is mostly stable across sites, while SRWG is less adapted to wetter sites. In 2012–16, BBWG populations originating at drier (or wetter) sites mostly performed relatively better at MPPT (or HPPT), suggesting adaptation to site. However, in the establishment year (2011), this relationship did not hold, suggesting seedling vigor and immature growth rate play a stronger role than precipitation at the site of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magma fragmentation is an essential process driving explosive volcanic eruptions, generating a distribution of pyroclasts with characteristic shape and grain size. These characteristics are often used to inform on the energetics of magma fragmentation and the associated eruption style and intensity. However, a portion of these pyroclasts, droplets when still in the molten state, are likely to be generated through impact mechanisms (i.e., collisions), and subsequent secondary fragmentation (i.e., splashing). Here, we successfully apply and dynamically scale concepts and findings of liquid droplet impacts in engineering to magma fragmentation processes in volcanology. We compile and model physical data for two mafic melt compositions (kimberlite and basalt) and use specific eruption examples from Igwisi Hills, Kīlauea and Stromboli volcanoes to define composition‐specific impact dynamics. Pyroclast impact dynamics have a direct control on in‐conduit processes, eruption dynamics, and ash dispersal. For low viscosity mafic melts such as kimberlite and basalt, pyroclast impacts can lead to both splash and deposition on the conduit wall, resulting either in conduit clearing or conduit narrowing, respectively. In both cases, shifting the impact regime toward surface deposition will lead to an inexorable decay in explosiveness, potentially switching the eruption style to effusive behavior. This has direct consequences for the transport of volcanic ash at the surface and inferring magma fragmentation processes (e.g., energies) from the depositional record. Plain Language Summary: During explosive eruptions, magma is ripped apart to form a distribution of incandescent fragments, termed pyroclasts, of different sizes and shapes. These characteristics are often used to forensically reconstruct eruption dynamics. For explosive volcanic eruptions of low viscosity magmas, fragmentation dynamics often resemble water spraying with the generation of droplets. In volcanoes, and under certain conditions, magma droplets can impact a surface or each other and further fragment, splashing into finer droplets. Such liquid impact dynamics have been long researched in engineering but seldom considered in volcanology. Here, we apply and scale the concepts of liquid impacts from engineering to volcanic processes. We compiled data for ultramafic and mafic magma compositions, which are characterized by different physical properties that influence the impact outcomes (e.g., splash vs. surface deposition). Droplet impacts may lead to splashing or sticking against the conduit wall. For example, under prolonged deposition conditions, progressive narrowing of the conduit could lead to eruption termination or switch to pure lava effusion. Finally, we show that droplet impacts are likely to control the final size of pyroclasts produced during ultramafic and mafic explosive eruptions, and therefore must be considered when interpreting the rock record from related past events. Key Points: Liquid droplet impacts are relevant to magma fragmentation processes in volcanologyMagma composition and ejection velocity are the main factors controlling pyroclast impact dynamicsTransitions between pyroclast splash and deposition can contribute to eruption style transitions and eruption dynamics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cosmic Dawn was marked by the formation of the first stars, and preceded the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), when the Universe underwent a fundamental transformation caused by the radiation from these first stars and galaxies. Interferometric 21-cm experiments aim to probe redshifted neutral hydrogen signals from these periods, constraining the conditions of the early Universe. The SKA-Low instrument of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is envisaged to be the largest and most sensitive radio telescope at metre and centimetre wavelengths. The latest Aperture Array Verification Systems feature 7-m coaxial transmission lines connecting the low noise amplifiers to optical transmitters at the front of the analogue-receiving chain. An impedance mismatch between these components results in a partially reflected electromagnetic signal, introducing chromatic aberrations into the instrument bandpass. This causes power from the foreground signals to appear at higher delays, potentially contaminating the 'EoR window', a region in which the 21-cm signal should be detectable. We present an end-to-end simulation pipeline for SKA-Low using a composite sky model combining radio foregrounds from the Galactic and Extragalactic All-Sky MWA (GLEAM) Survey, Haslam 408 MHz, and a 1.5-cGpc 21-cm brightness temperature cube generated with the 21cm space simulator. We derive a model for the scattering parameters of a coaxial transmission line in terms of its specifications and bulk material properties. Assuming identical cables of length |$\le 15.0$|  m with impedance mismatch |$\le 10\, \Omega$|⁠ , the reflection is confined below the EoR window. However, we demonstrate that even a 0.1 per cent length tolerance introduces contamination with an absolute fractional difference of ~10 per cent across all accessible k-modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When an electromagnetic (EM) wave propagates in a medium whose properties are varied abruptly in time, the wave experiences refractions and reflections known as time-refractions and time-reflections, both manifesting spectral translation as a consequence of the abrupt change of the medium and the conservation of momentum. However, while the time-refracted wave continues to propagate with the same wave-vector, the time-reflected wave propagates backward with a conjugate phase despite the lack of any spatial interface. Importantly, while time-refraction is always significant, observing time-reflection poses a major challenge – because it requires a large change in the medium occurring within a single cycle of the EM wave. For that reason, time-reflection of EM waves was observed only recently. Here, we present the observation of microwave pulses at the highest frequency ever observed (0.59 GHz), and the experimental evidence of the phase-conjugation nature of time-reflected waves. Our experiments are carried out in a periodically-loaded microstrip line with optically-controlled picosecond-switchable photodiodes. Our system paves the way to the experimental realization of Photonic Time-Crystals at GHz frequencies. Time-reflected waves are a critical feature of time-crystals, yet their properties are historically difficult to measure. Here, the authors experimentally demonstrate time-reflected electromagnetic waves including direct evidence of their phase conjugate nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability requires that policy makers be able to use market signals to implement energy and environmental policy and that energy consumers respond rationally to these signals. Therefore, it is essential to understand how consumers' responses to market signals are formed. We propose a new model to measure behavioral efficiency in residential electricity consumption derived from the individual householder indirect utility function. This leads to a pair of simultaneous stochastic demand frontiers for electricity consumption (kWh) and power demand (kVA). Each is a function of power demand (standing) charges and energy demand (running) charges together with the net income after demand charges, the stock of appliances and household characteristics. We estimate the model using two samples of household responses, each of which represents around one percent of the total national population available, and we also pool these samples using pseudo-panel data procedures. We demonstrate how the resulting elasticity and efficiency estimates are related to the theory of behavioral agents from recent developments in behavioral economics. These developments also use the individual indirect utility function to derive propositions based on internality and hyperbolic discounting. The econometric estimates permit the calibration of the individual welfare effects of policy initiatives using carbon tax and price incentives with behavioral agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: COPD and bronchiectasis are common causes of morbidity, particularly around exacerbation. Colonisation with respiratory pathogens can increase the frequency and severity of exacerbations. However, bacterial and viral presence at exacerbation in people with airway colonisation has not been well studied. Methods: A 6‐month cohort study of participants (n = 30) with chronic bronchitis due to bronchiectasis (n = 26) and/or COPD (n = 13) and colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Haemophilus influenzae was proven on two sputum cultures at exacerbation in the previous 12 months. Participants were provided self‐management education and collected sputum samples daily. Sputum samples at baseline (at least 14 days before or after an exacerbation) and at each exacerbation were examined for a panel of 34 respiratory pathogens using commercially available RT‐PCR kits and compared to results obtained using culture methods for the detection of bacteria. Results: Participants provided 29 baseline samples and 71 samples at exacerbation. In 17/29 baseline samples, RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the organism demonstrated by culture, while 12 samples showed a discrepancy from culture results. Most exacerbations (57.7%) were not associated with acquiring new bacteria or viruses, while 19.8% showed new bacteria, 15.7% new viruses and 7% both new viruses and bacteria. Conclusion: Over half of exacerbations were not associated with new organisms in this cohort of participants with chronic bronchitis and colonisation. However, 26.8% demonstrated a new bacterial species in sputum, which is relevant for antibiotic therapy. Baseline RT‐PCR and culture results were discordant in one‐third of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The striking appearance of wax 'tails'—posterior wax projections on planthopper nymphs—has captivated entomologists and naturalists alike. Despite their intriguing presence, the functional roles of these formations remain largely unexplored. This study leverages high-speed imaging to uncover the biomechanical implications of wax structures in the aerial dynamics of planthopper nymphs (Ricania sp.). We quantitatively demonstrate that removing wax tails significantly increases body rotations during jumps. Specifically, nymphs without wax undergo continuous rotations, averaging 4.2 ± 1.8 per jump, in contrast to wax-intact nymphs, who do not complete a full rotation, averaging only 0.7 ± 0.2 per jump. This along with significant reductions in angular and translational velocity from takeoff to landing suggest that aerodynamic drag forces on wax structures effectively counteract rotation. These stark differences in body rotation correlate with landing success: Nymphs with wax intact achieve a near perfect landing rate of 98.5%, while those without wax manage only a 35.5% success rate. Jump trajectory analysis reveals that wax-intact jumps transition from parabolic to asymmetric shapes at higher takeoff velocities and show a significantly greater reduction in velocity from takeoff to landing compared to wax-removed jumps, demonstrating how wax structures help nymphs achieve more stable and controlled descents. Our findings confirm the aerodynamic self-righting functionality of wax tails in stabilizing planthopper nymph landings, advancing our understanding of the complex relationship between wax morphology and aerial maneuverability, with broader implications for wingless insect aerial adaptations and bioinspired robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation of photosynthetic biofilms growing on the Fine Residue Deposit (FRD) kimberlite produced by the Venetia Diamond Mine, Limpopo, South Africa suggests that processed kimberlite supports bacterial growth. The presence of this biofilm may aid in the acceleration of weathering of this ultra-mafic host material - a process that can sequester CO2 via carbon mineralization. Laboratory and field trial experiments were undertaken to understand the microbe-mineral interactions occurring in these systems, and how these interactions impact geochemical cycling and carbonate precipitation. At laboratory scale it was discovered that using kimberlite as a growth supplement increased biomass production (up to 25-fold) and promoted microbiome diversity, while the inoculation of FRD systems aided in the aggregation, settling, and dewatering of kimberlitic slurries. Field trial studies combining photosynthetic biofilms (cultured in 3 × 1,000 L bioreactors) with FRD material were initiated to better understand microbially enhanced mineral carbonation across different depths, and under field environmental conditions. Over the 15-month experiment the microbial populations shifted with the kimberlitic environmental pressure, with the control and inoculated systems converging. The natural endogenous biosphere (control) and the inoculum accelerated carbonate precipitation across the entire 40 cm bioreactor depth, producing average 15-month carbonation rates of 0.57 wt.% and 1.17 wt.%, respectively. This corresponds to an annual CO2e mine offset of ~4.48% and ~ 9.2%, respectively. Millimetre-centimetre scale secondary carbonate that formed in the inoculated bioreactors was determined to be biogenic in nature (i.e., possessing microbial fossils) and took the form of radiating colloform precipitates with the addition of new, mineralized colonies. Surficial conditions resulted in the largest production of secondary carbonate, consistent with a ca. 12% mine site CO2e annual offset after a 15-month incubation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasts of tropical cyclone (TC) tornadoes are less skillful than their non‐TC counterparts at all lead times. The development of a convection‐allowing regional ensemble, known as the Warn‐on‐Forecast System (WoFS), may help improve short‐fused TC tornado forecasts. As a first step, this study investigates the fidelity of convective‐scale kinematic and thermodynamic environments to a preliminary set of soundings from WoFS forecasts for comparison with radiosondes for selected 2020 landfalling TCs. Our study shows reasonable agreement between TC convective‐scale kinematic environments in WoFS versus observed soundings at all forecast lead times. Nonetheless, WoFS is biased toward weaker than observed TC‐relative radial winds, and stronger than observed near‐surface tangential winds with weaker winds aloft, during the forecast. Analysis of storm‐relative helicity (SRH) shows that WoFS underestimates extreme observed values. Convective‐scale thermodynamic environments are well simulated for both temperature and dewpoint at all lead times. However, WoFS is biased moister with steeper lapse rates compared to observations during the forecast. Both CAPE and, to a lesser extent, 0–3‐km CAPE distributions are narrower in WoFS than in radiosondes, with an underestimation of higher CAPE values. Together, these results suggest that WoFS may have utility for forecasting convective‐scale environments in landfalling TCs with lead times of several hours. Plain Language Summary: Landfalling tropical cyclones (known as tropical depressions, tropical storms, or hurricanes) often spawn tornadoes, which are more challenging to forecast than Great Plains tornadoes. The development of a weather forecast ensemble model, known as the Warn‐on‐Forecast system, may help improve tornado forecasts. This study compares vertical profiles of winds, temperature, moisture, and associated severe weather metrics from the Warn‐on‐Forecast with observed radiosonde data (i.e., balloon‐borne instruments) in landfalling tropical cyclones. Our analysis shows agreement between the observed and forecasted vertical structure of TC winds at all lead times including strong changes in near‐surface wind speed and direction. Nonetheless, forecasted tropical cyclone winds tend to be biased weaker than observed, which is associated with an underestimation of environmental favorability for tornadoes. Similarly, forecasted temperature and moisture are also reasonably represented compared to observations. However, Warn‐on‐Forecast tends to overestimate moisture and near‐surface temperature, with smaller‐than‐observed variability in thermodynamic environmental favorability. Together, these results suggest that the weather forecast model used here may be useful for improving forecasts of supercell environments in landfalling TCs. Key Points: Warn‐on‐Forecast tropical cyclone forecasts show reasonable agreement between observed and forecast convective‐scale kinematic environmentsForecast convective‐scale thermodynamic environments also show reasonable fidelity compared to observationsA case study shows stronger discrepancies than the full sample including weaker than observed winds, temperature inversions, and dry layers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lava flows have presented the greatest hazard to human property during the most recent eruptions of Hawaiian volcanoes, and lava fountains are a source of these lava flows. The height of Hawaiian lava fountains reflects the exsolved gas content of the magma that controls eruption intensity. However, fountain height is not always observed, so we sought a proxy to estimate fountain heights of eruptions that were older or otherwise unobserved. Here, methods are described to empirically derive a relationship between the modal diameter of vesicles within Pele's tears and spheres and lava fountain height, using samples of Pele's tears produced during the last eruptions of Kīlauea Iki (1959) and Mauna Ulu (1969). The tears used to develop these relationships were approximately 1 to 4 mm in diameter. Additionally, since lava fountains 50-580 m high were used, the relationships we describe may only describe lava fountains in this height range. The strongest empirical relation follows the trendline Hmax = -2575d + 820, where Hmax is maximum lava fountain height and d is modal vesicle diameter. This empirical relationship may be applied to sub-Strombolian eruptions of tholeiite basalt that were not directly measured or observed to assess long-term shifts in lava fountain heights and thus the exsolved gas contents of a volcanic system. While the same conceptual framework can be applied beyond Hawai'i, the quantitative empirical relation may be slightly different in different systems, depending on total dissolved volatiles, magma chemistry and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas (PAs) such as national parks face funding issues that undermine effective management. Therefore, many PAs are exploring new financial instruments, such as visitor donations, to supplement their conservation budgets. This paper investigates visitor perceptions of one such system, a new conservation donation under consideration in Aso Kuju National Park, southwest Japan, is due to be introduced. Our on-site survey at two trailheads in autumn 2022 gauged visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) the expected JPY 500 donation. The analysis used Bayesian linear regression to look for significant predictors of WTP. Findings show that female, older, and higher-income visitors were more likely to pay the donation collectively rather than voluntarily. Prior knowledge of the donation system was also a significant predictor of WTP, but more frequent climbers were significantly less likely to pay the donation collectively, regardless of prior Kuju climbing experience, possibly due to the perceived increase in use costs. Moreover, visitors willing to pay the cooperation donation collectively are also willing to pay higher prices than those willing to pay voluntarily. The elicited WTP values confirm that the implementation of a new conservation donation could help to improve the long-term sustainable financing of PAs such as Aso Kuju while raising issues over price fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are the most lethal of all volcanic hazards. An ongoing challenge is to accurately forecast their run-out distance such that effective mitigation strategies can be implemented. Central to this goal is an understanding of the flow mobility—a quantitative rheological model detailing how the high temperature gas-pyroclast mixtures propagate. This is currently unknown, yet critical to accurately forecast the run-out distance. Here, we use a laboratory apparatus to perform rheological measurements on real gaspyroclast mixtures at dynamic conditions found in concentrated to intermediate pumice-rich PDCs. We find their rheology to be non-Newtonian featuring (i) a yield stress where deposition occurs; (ii) shear-thinning behavior that promotes channel formation and local increases in velocity and (iii) shearthickening behavior that promotes decoupling and potential co-PDC plume formation. We provide a universal regime diagram delineating these behaviors and illustrating how flow can transition between them during transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To provide a descriptive analysis of the warm-up (WU) strategies employed by cross-country skiers prior to distance and sprint competitions at a national championship and to compare the skiers' planned and executed WUs prior to the respective competitions. Methods: Twenty-one national- and international-level skiers (11 women and 10 men) submitted WU plans prior to the distance and sprint competitions, and after the competitions, reported any deviations from the plans. Skiers used personal monitors to record heart rate (HR) during WU, races, and cooldown. Quantitative statistical analyses were conducted on WU durations, durations in HR-derived intensity zones, and WU loads. Qualitative analyses were conducted on skiers' WU plans and their reasons for deviating from the plans. Results: Skiers' planned WUs were similar in content and planned time in HR-derived intensity zones for both the distance and sprint competitions. However, 45% of the women and 20% of the men reported that their WU was not carried out as planned, with reasons detailed as being due to incorrect intensities and running out of time. WU activities including skiing across variable terrain, muscle-potentiating exercises, and heat-maintenance strategies were missing from the skiers' planned routines. Conclusions: Skiers favored a long, traditional WU approach for both the sprint and distance events, performing less high-intensity and more moderate-intensity exercise during their WUs than planned. In addition, elements likely relevant to successful performance in cross-country skiing were missing from WU plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native grasses are widely used in the Intermountain West for restoration and conservation of semi-arid rangelands negatively impacted by exotic weedy annuals and recurrent wildfire. Their utilization, however, is typically limited by low seed yields and poor establishment. To address this, Destination Germplasm Snake River wheatgrass (Elymus wawawaiensis J. Carlson & Barkworth [Poaceae]) was released by USDA ARS on 31 May 2023. Destination Germplasm was developed directly from 'Discovery', released in 2007, being selected for emergence from deep seeding in the greenhouse, which is a generally recognized technique to improve seedling vigor and spike numbers in the field. Establishment-year (2021) biomass of Destination Germplasm exceeded 'Secar' by 118.1% and Discovery by 51.3% at North Park Farm (Hyde Park, Utah). Across 2 seed-production years (2022–2023), Destination Germplasm biomass and seed yield exceeded Secar by 41.0% and 43.7%, respectively, and Discovery by 24.4% and 78.3%, respectively. Likewise, for seed mass, Destination Germplasm exceeded Secar by 25.5% and Discovery by 16.1%. When fall-seeded at Nephi, Utah, in 2022 on an equal seed-number basis, 2023 stand establishment was 65.8%, 34.0%, and 11.5% for Destination Germplasm, Discovery, and Secar, respectively. This calculates to a 93.5% and 66.6% increase in establishment for Destination Germplasm relative to Discovery when sown on an equal seed-number and an equal mass basis, respectively. A strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.958) was found between seed mass at North Park and establishment percentage at Nephi. Destination Germplasm will facilitate improved establishment and seed-production success relative to its predecessors, Secar and Discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video monitoring of mice in the home-cage reveals behavior profiles without the disruptions caused by specialized test setups and makes it possible to quantify changes in behavior patterns continually over long time frames. Several commercial home-cage monitoring systems are available with varying costs and capabilities; however there are currently no open-source systems for home-cage monitoring. We present an open-source system for top-down video monitoring of research mice in a slightly modified home-cage. The system is designed for integration with Allentown NexGen ventilated racks and allows unobstructed view of up to three mice, but can also be operated outside the rack. The system has an easy to duplicate and assemble home-cage design along with a video acquisition solution. The system utilizes a depth video camera, and we demonstrate the robustness of depth video for home-cage mice monitoring. For researchers without access to Allentown NexGen ventilated racks, we provide designs and assembly instructions for a standalone non-ventilated rack solution that holds three systems for more compact and efficient housing. We make all the design files, along with detailed assembly and installation instructions, available on the project webpage (https://github.com/NIH-CIT-OIR-SPIS/MouseVUER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The record number of wildfires in the United States in recent years has led to an increased focus on developing tools to accurately forecast their impacts at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Aims. The Warn-on-Forecast System for Smoke (WoFS-Smoke) was developed to improve these forecasts using wildfire properties retrieved from satellites to generate smoke plumes in the system. Methods. The WoFS is a regional domain ensemble data assimilation and forecasting system built around the concept of creating short-term (0-6 h) forecasts of high impact weather. This work extends WoFS-Smoke by ingesting data from the GOES-16 satellite at 15-min intervals to sample the rapidly changing conditions associated with wildfires. Key results. Comparison of experiments with and without GOES-16 data show that ingesting high temporal frequency data allows for wildfires to be initiated in the model earlier, leading to improved smoke forecasts during their early phases. Decreasing smoke plume intensity associated with weakening fires was also better forecast. Conclusions. The results were consistent for a large fire near Boulder, Colorado and a multi-fire event in Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, indicating a broad applicability of this system. Implications. The development of WoFS-Smoke using geostationary satellite data allows for a significant advancement in smoke forecasting and its downstream impacts such as reductions in air quality, visibility, and potentially properties of severe convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As UN's sustainable development goals (SDGs) are integrated across Asia-Pacific Higher Education Institutes (HEIs), the purpose of this descriptive and exploratory study is to investigate undergraduates' own self-stated commitment to the SDGs and their perceived feasibility by the 2030 target. Design/methodology/approach: A mixed-methodology approach covered quantitative and qualitative approaches facilitated by purposive selection of an Asia-Pacific HEI via a Japanese liberal arts college where a questionnaire survey was administered in Autumn 2021. Responses were monitored from freshmen students in twin courses within the same major (introduction to "Environment" and "Development" studies, respectively; n = 177) that both integrated SDGs within their respective curricula. Findings: Students in both classes rated the SDGs as a useful learning tool but were sceptical of their feasibility by 2030. A self-stated commitment was high, especially among environment studies students. Multiple regression was run to predict SDGs commitment from gender, major, perceived SDGs' usefulness and feasibility. These variables partially predicted SDGs commitment but only gender and major variables added statistical significance. Moreover, the same variables were less equivocal in terms of predicting the self-stated belief that the SDGs could be achieved by 2030. Practical implications: The findings can inform instructors of students' perceptions towards SDGs. Significant differences raise academic and applied discussion points, such as how to engage male students, for example, by setting up sustainability "business case" practicums. Originality/value: As global HEIs grapple with effective ways to vertically integrate SDGs into a university's curriculum, students' opinions are often underrepresented. This paper's originality and value address these gaps by exploring a holistic student-centric perspective on SDGs in the context of commitment. This paper also has implications for more effective cross-curricula integration of the SDGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, advancements in NWP and computing power inspired a vision to advance hazardous weather warnings from a warn-on-detection to a warn-on-forecast paradigm. This vision would require not only the prediction of individual thunderstorms and their attributes but the likelihood of their occurrence in time and space. During the last decade, the warn-on-forecast research team at the NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory met this challenge through the research and development of 1) an ensemble of high-resolution convection-allowing models; 2) ensemble- and variational-based assimilation of weather radar, satellite, and conventional observations; and 3) unique postprocessing and verification techniques, culminating in the experimental Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS). Since 2017, we have directly engaged users in the testing, evaluation, and visualization of this system to ensure that WoFS guidance is usable and useful to operational forecasters at NOAA national centers and local offices responsible for forecasting severe weather, tornadoes, and flash floods across the watch-to-warning continuum. Although an experimental WoFS is now a reality, we close by discussing many of the exciting opportunities remaining, including folding this system into the Unified Forecast System, transitioning WoFS into NWS operations, and pursuing next-decade science goals for further advancing storm-scale prediction. Significance Statement: The purpose of this research is to develop an experimental prediction system that forecasts the probability for severe weather hazards associated with individual thunderstorms up to 6 h in advance. This capability is important because some people and organizations, like those living in mobile homes, caring for patients in hospitals, or managing large outdoor events, require extended lead time to protect themselves and others from potential severe weather hazards. Our results demonstrate a prediction system that enables forecasters, for the first time, to message probabilistic hazard information associated with individual severe storms between the watch-to-warning time frame within the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The application of infrared thermography to assess the effects of athletic training is increasing. It is not known if changes in skin temperature (Tsk) as assessed by infrared thermography are affected by the training load or the muscle soreness experienced by the athlete. Purpose: To describe the variations in Tsk in body areas affected by running training and examine any relationships with subjective ratings of muscle soreness. The secondary aim was to assess the feasibility of using infrared thermography for assessing training load in 2 junior male middle-distance athletes. Methods: Data were collected over a 42-d observational period with Tsk of the quadriceps, knees, shins, lateral hamstrings, biceps femoris, and Achilles tendons, and the subjective ratings of muscle soreness were taken each morning prior to any training. All training load was quantified through heart rate, running speed, and distance covered. Changes in Tsk outside the typical error were identified. Relationships between Tsk and subjective ratings of muscle soreness were also examined. Results: Over the 42-d observational period, mean Tsk of the regions of interest was reported outside the typical error on day 31 and day 22 for athletes 1 and 2, respectively. These changes in Tsk did not follow trends similar to those of to training loadings. No significant relationships were observed between Tsk of any regions of interest and muscle soreness. Conclusions: Although Tsk changed outside the typical error throughout the 42-d observational period, these changes were not reflective of training load quantified through cardiovascular strain or subjective ratings of muscle soreness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forecasting convection initiation (CI) has advanced greatly during the past decade through the use of high-resolution satellite observations and model output. One of the primary CI products used in forecast operations is based on GOES-16 visible and infrared imagery along with GLM lightning flash detections to determine the location of growing ice-containing cumulus clouds that are the precursor to developing thunderstorms. Another approach to CI forecasting that has recently become available is high frequency output from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models such as the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS). NWP model simulated composite reflectivity forecasts are one method used to determine when and where severe thunderstorms might develop. However, waiting for high reflectivity (> 40 dBZ) to be created within the NWP model limits the potential lead time available to forecasters when using WoFS output to anticipate areas where convection might form. Also, forecast reflectivity alone does not always give an indication of whether or not the precipitation developed by the NWP model is convective in nature. To address these limitations, this work applies a CI forecasting methodology developed for GOES satellite data on synthetic satellite imagery produced from WoFS output. Forecast cloud objects are tracked over a 10-min interval and CI forecasting parameters are applied to determine whether or not these cloud objects will continue to develop into organized thunderstorms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is a convection-allowing ensemble prediction system designed to primarily provide guidance on thunderstorm hazards from the meso-beta to storm-scale in space and from several hours to less than one hour in time. This article describes unique aspects of WoFS guidance product design and application to short-term severe weather forecasting. General probabilistic forecasting concepts for convection allowing ensembles, including the use of neighborhood, probability of exceedance, percentile, and paintball products, are reviewed and the design of real-time WoFS guidance products are described. Recommendations for effectively using WoFS guidance for severe weather prediction include evaluation of the quality of WoFS storm-scale analyses, interrogating multiple probabilistic guidance products to efficiently span the envelope of guidance provided by ensemble members, and application of conceptual models of convective storm dynamics and interaction with the broader mesoscale environment. Part II of this study provides specific examples where WoFS guidance can provide useful or potentially misleading guidance on convective storm likelihood and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverse-Compton effect (IC) is a widely recognized cooling mechanism for both relativistic and thermal electrons in various astrophysical environments, including the intergalactic medium and X-ray emitting plasmas. Its effect on thermal electrons is, however, frequently overlooked in theoretical and numerical models of colliding-wind binaries (CWB). In this article, we provide a comprehensive investigation of the impact of IC cooling in CWBs, presenting general results for when the photon fields of the stars dominate the cooling of the thermal plasma and when shocks at the stagnation point are expected to be radiative. Our analysis shows that IC cooling is the primary cooling process for the shocked-wind layer over a significant portion of the relevant parameter space, particularly in eccentric systems with large wind-momentum ratios, e.g. those containing a Wolf–Rayet and O-type star. Using the binary system WR 140 as a case study, we demonstrate that IC cooling leads to a strongly radiative shocked wind near periastron, which may otherwise remain adiabatic if only collisional cooling was considered. Our results are further supported by 2D and 3D simulations of wind–wind collisions. Specifically, 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of WR 140 show a significant decrease in hard-X-ray emission around periastron, in agreement with observations but in contrast to equivalent simulations that omit IC cooling. A novel method is proposed for constraining mass-loss rates of both stars in eccentric binaries where the wind-collision zone switches from adiabatic to radiative approaching periastron. IC scattering is an important cooling process in the thermal plasma of CWBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare physiological responses between a self-paced 4-min double-poling (DP) time-trial (TTDP) versus a 4-min diagonal-stride (DS) time-trial (TTDS). The relative importance of peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak), anaerobic capacity, and gross efficiency (GE) for projection of 4-min TTDP and TTDS roller-skiing performances were also examined. Methods: Sixteen highly trained male cross-country skiers performed, in each sub-technique on separate occasions, an 8 × 4-min incremental submaximal protocol, to assess individual metabolic rate (MR) versus power output (PO) relationships, followed by a 10-min passive break and then the TTDP or TTDS, with a randomized order between sub-techniques. Results: In comparison to TTDS, the TTDP resulted in 10 ± 7% lower total MR, 5 ± 4% lower aerobic MR, 30 ± 37% lower anaerobic MR, and 4.7 ± 1.2 percentage points lower GE, which resulted in a 32 ± 4% lower PO (all P < 0.01). The V ˙ O2peak and anaerobic capacity were 4 ± 4% and 30 ± 37% lower, respectively, in DP than DS (both P < 0.01). The PO for the two time-trial (TT) performances were not significantly correlated (R2 = 0.044). Similar parabolic pacing strategies were used during both TTs. Multivariate data analysis projected TT performance using V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE (TTDP, R2 = 0.974; TTDS, R2 = 0.848). The variable influence on projection values for V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE were for TTDP, 1.12 ± 0.60, 1.01 ± 0.72, and 0.83 ± 0.38, respectively, and TTDS, 1.22 ± 0.35, 0.93 ± 0.44, and 0.75 ± 0.19, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that a cross-country skier's "metabolic profile" and performance capability are highly sub-technique specific and that 4-min TT performance is differentiated by physiological factors, such as V ˙ O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Load scheduling and dispatch by merit order on electricity generation networks has used a wholesale market electricity system operator model focused on system marginal pricing, in which the spot price of electricity at any point in time is equal to the system marginal cost given by the higher value of the price, which rations demand to capacity or the operating cost of the most expensive plant on the system, which is usually a fossil fuel price. This idea has come under challenge because renewable technologies such as wind power farms or solar power farms are treated as having close to zero operating costs. The challenges, under the general heading of energy price decoupling, include suggestions for operating split markets possibly overseen by a regulator, and the prediction that marginal cost pricing should be abandoned. This review evaluates these in terms of their economic impact, relating them to the policy debates on electricity market reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising intervention for late-life depression (LLD) but may have lower rates of response and remission owing to age-related brain changes. In particular, rTMS induced electric field strength may be attenuated by cortical atrophy in the prefrontal cortex. To identify clinical characteristics and treatment parameters associated with response, we undertook a pilot study of accelerated fMRI-guided intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 25 adults aged 50 or greater diagnosed with LLD and qualifying to receive clinical rTMS. Methods: Participants underwent baseline behavioral assessment, cognitive testing, and structural and functional MRI to generate individualized targets and perform electric field modeling. Forty-five sessions of iTBS were delivered over 9 days (1800 pulses per session, 50-min inter-session interval). Assessments and testing were repeated after 15 sessions (Visit 2) and 45 sessions (Visit 3). Primary outcome measure was the change in depressive symptoms on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-30-Clinician (IDS-C-30) from Visit 1 to Visit 3. Results: Overall there was a significant improvement in IDS score with the treatment (Visit 1: 38.6; Visit 2: 31.0; Visit 3: 21.3; mean improvement 45.5%) with 13/25 (52%) achieving response and 5/25 (20%) achieving remission (IDS-C-30 < 12). Electric field strength and antidepressant effect were positively correlated in a subregion of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Brodmann area 47) and negatively correlated in the posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Conclusion: Response and remission rates were lower than in recently published trials of accelerated fMRI-guided iTBS to the left DLPFC. These results suggest that sufficient electric field strength in VLPFC may be a contributor to effective rTMS, and that modeling to optimize electric field strength in this area may improve response and remission rates. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of induced electric field strength with antidepressant effects of rTMS for LLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Icosapent ethyl (IPE) was the first fish oil product the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in adults. IPE is an esterified version of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and acts as a prodrug in the body to exert its effects. IPE affects the body primarily through triglyceride (TG) reduction and was initially indicated for hypertriglyceridemia in addition to statin therapy or for patients with statin intolerances. Various studies have investigated this agent, and multiple subanalyses have been conducted since the FDA approval. These subanalyses have assessed factors such as sex, statin therapy, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (hs-CRP), and various inflammatory biomarkers in groups of patients taking IPE. This article aims to provide a critical review of the clinical data available regarding cardiovascular benefits of IPE in patients with ASCVD and its value as a treatment option for patients with elevated TG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiological weathering of coarse residue deposit (CRD) kimberlite produced by the Venetia Diamond Mine, Limpopo, South Africa enhanced mineral carbonation relative to untreated material. Cultures of photosynthetically enriched biofilm produced maximal carbonation conditions when mixed with kimberlite and incubated under near surface conditions. Interestingly, mineral carbonation also occurred in the dark, under water-saturated conditions. The examination of mineralized biofilms in ca. 150 µm-thick-sections using light microscopy, X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) and backscatter electron—scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry demonstrated that microbiological weathering aided in producing secondary calcium/magnesium carbonates on silicate grain boundaries. Calcium/magnesium sulphate(s) precipitated under vadose conditions demonstrating that evaporites formed upon drying. In this system, mineral carbonation was only observed in regions possessing bacteria, preserved within carbonate as cemented microcolonies. 16S rDNA molecular diversity of bacteria in kimberlite and in natural biofilms growing on kimberlite were dominated by Proteobacteria that are active in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur cycling. Cyanobacteria based enrichment cultures provided with nitrogen & phosphorus (nutrients) to enhance growth, possessed increased diversity of bacteria, with Proteobacteria re-establishing themselves as the dominant bacterial lineage when incubated under dark, vadose conditions consistent with natural kimberlite. Overall, 16S rDNA analyses revealed that weathered kimberlite hosts a diverse microbiome consistent with soils, metal cycling and hydrocarbon degradation. Enhanced weathering and carbonate-cemented microcolonies demonstrate that microorganisms are key to mineral carbonation of kimberlite. Highlights: Kimberlite-water interactions supports the growth of biofilm. Light-limited evaporite conditions produced gypsum, limiting mineral carbonation. Kimberlite weathering was enhanced by adding a cultivated photosynthetic biofilm. Biogeochemical activity is responsible for accelerated mineral carbonation of kimberlite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental rapid-cycling Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) in the convection-allowing ensemble-based Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) is used to assimilate all-sky infrared radiance observations from the GOES-16 7.3 μm water vapor channel in combination with radar wind and reflectivity observations to improve the analysis and subsequent forecast of severe thunderstorms (which occurred in Oklahoma on 2 May 2018). The method for radiance data assimilation is based primarily on the version used in WoFS. In addition, the methods for adaptive observation error inflation and background error inflation and the method of time-expanded sampling are also implemented in two groups of experiments to test their effectiveness and examine the impacts of radar observations and all-sky radiance observations on ensemble analyses and predictions of severe thunderstorms. Radar reflectivity observations and brightness temperature observations from the GOES-16 6.9 μm mid-level troposphere water vapor channel and 11.2 μm longwave window channel are used to evaluate the assimilation statistics and verify the forecasts in each experiment. The primary findings from the two groups of experiments are summarized: (i) Assimilating radar observations improves the overall (heavy) precipitation forecast up to 5 (4) h, according to the improved composite reflectivity forecast skill scores. (ii) Assimilating all-sky water vapor infrared radiance observations from GOES-16 in addition to radar observations improves the brightness temperature assimilation statistics and subsequent cloud cover forecast up to 6 h, but the improvements are not significantly affected by the adaptive observation and background error inflations. (iii) Time-expanded sampling can not only reduce the computational cost substantially but also slightly improve the forecast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve] is somewhat indeterminate and shatters its seed. To avoid shattering losses, growers tend to harvest basin wildrye seed prior to maximal physiological maturity. To resolve the intersecting problems of floral indeterminacy and seed shattering, USDA‐ARS released the L‐74X basin wildrye × creeping wildrye [L. triticoides (Buckl.) Pilger] germplasm (Reg. no. GP‐106, PI 701909) on August 26, 2021. While L‐74X has a narrow genetic base due to a biparental cross in its history, it can be used to introgress the nonshattering recessive sh6 allele of creeping wildrye (2n = 4x = 28) into 4x basin wildrye and closely related 4x Leymus species. L‐74X originated with hybridization between 4x populations of basin wildrye and creeping wildrye, followed by eight generations of recombination and natural selection that restored fertility to the interspecific hybrid. Intentional selection led to fixation of the sh6 allele. Averaged across 2 years, shattering genotypes (Sh6/sh6) averaged 19.4% greater (P < 0.05) seed yield per spike 23 days after pollination (DAP), but by 95 DAP, nonshattering genotypes (sh6/sh6) averaged 167% greater (P < 0.05) seed yield per spike. Germination increased from 72.1% at 23 DAP to 86.4% at 95 DAP. The sh6 allele allows seed growers to delay seed harvest until seed is fully ripe, concomitantly reducing shattering losses and improving physiological seed quality. Core Ideas: The L‐74X basin wildrye × creeping wildrye germplasm has been released based on its high seed retention.Fertility in the interspecific hybrid was recovered by eight generations of recombination and natural selection.Nonshattering genotypes are homozygous recessive for the sh6 allele, which originated in creeping wildrye.Because of its high seed retention, L‐74X seed harvest may be delayed until seeds are more physiologically mature.Delayed harvest increased germination percentage, suggesting improved physiological seed quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) fuels lung cancer evolution, which leads to immune evasion and resistance to therapy1. Here, using paired whole-exome and RNA sequencing data, we investigate intratumour transcriptomic diversity in 354 non-small cell lung cancer tumours from 347 out of the first 421 patients prospectively recruited into the TRACERx study2,3. Analyses of 947 tumour regions, representing both primary and metastatic disease, alongside 96 tumour-adjacent normal tissue samples implicate the transcriptome as a major source of phenotypic variation. Gene expression levels and ITH relate to patterns of positive and negative selection during tumour evolution. We observe frequent copy number-independent allele-specific expression that is linked to epigenomic dysfunction. Allele-specific expression can also result in genomic–transcriptomic parallel evolution, which converges on cancer gene disruption. We extract signatures of RNA single-base substitutions and link their aetiology to the activity of the RNA-editing enzymes ADAR and APOBEC3A, thereby revealing otherwise undetected ongoing APOBEC activity in tumours. Characterizing the transcriptomes of primary–metastatic tumour pairs, we combine multiple machine-learning approaches that leverage genomic and transcriptomic variables to link metastasis-seeding potential to the evolutionary context of mutations and increased proliferation within primary tumour regions. These results highlight the interplay between the genome and transcriptome in influencing ITH, lung cancer evolution and metastasis.Computational and machine-learning approaches that integrate genomic and transcriptomic variation from paired primary and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer samples from the TRACERx cohort reveal the role of transcriptional events in tumour evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social activism is a burgeoning human response to pressing problems around the world, and nowhere is this response more apparent than in the ongoing global push back against environmental externalities. In this article, we explore—for the first time—whether there are degrees of activism that relate to degrees of regulatory stringency. Using data on environmental conflicts resulting from fossil fuel production across 68 countries over the period 1995–2014, we find that, for a given tax rate, a move from a lax to more stringent regime lowers the rate of environmental conflicts. These findings underscore the contingent role of policy stringency as a trigger for intense social movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For 8 mm OFCu rod, the formation of pulse mark defects on the exterior of the rod and periodic macroporosity (> 1 mm diameter pores) occurring internally along the centerline of the castings have been observed and noted to limit the maximum attainable withdrawal rates (~ 4 m/s). Conversely, the same casting defects have been witnessed for slower rates; therefore, investigations were performed to investigate how the casting motions (withdrawal, dwell, and pushback) formed these defects and could be prevented. Characterization of the physical properties of the cast rods by tensile testing and analysis by optical and computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed correlations to the outer pitch length marks on the rods and confirmed relationships to casting motions and pitch lengths evaluated from metallurgical equations. Computational fluid dynamic modeling using Ansys Fluent v.R1 was applied to quantify the localized formation and dissipation of periodic hotspots internally within the die for the different motions. A mechanism leading to periodic porosity was identified, which was irrespective of the average casting withdrawal rates and enabled prediction of the location, frequency, and magnitude of the macroporosity defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Touch and other types of patient stimulation are necessary in critical care and generally presumed to be beneficial. Recent pre-clinical studies as well as randomized trials assessing early mobilization have challenged the safety of such routine practices in patients with acute neurological injury such as stroke. We sought to determine whether patient stimulation could result in spreading depolarization (SD), a dramatic pathophysiological event that likely contributes to metabolic stress and ischemic expansion in such patients. Patients undergoing surgical intervention for severe acute neurological injuries (stroke, aneurysm rupture, or trauma) were prospectively consented and enrolled in an observational study monitoring SD with implanted subdural electrodes. Subjects also underwent simultaneous video recordings (from continuous EEG monitoring) to assess for physical touch and other forms of patient stimulation (such as suctioning and positioning). The association of patient stimulation with subsequent SD was assessed. Increased frequency of patient stimulation was associated with increased risk of SD (OR = 4.39 [95%CI = 1.71–11.24]). The overall risk of SD was also increased in the 60 min following patient stimulation compared to times with no stimulation (OR = 1.19 [95%CI = 1.13–1.26]), though not all subjects demonstrated this effect individually. Positioning of the subject was the subtype of stimulation with the strongest overall effect on SD (OR = 4.92 [95%CI = 3.74–6.47]). We conclude that in patients with some acute neurological injuries, touch and other patient stimulation can induce SD (PS-SD), potentially increasing the risk of metabolic and ischemic stress. PS-SD may represent an underlying mechanism for observed increased risk of early mobilization in such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This post hoc analysis evaluated influenza adverse events (AEs) across rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ulcerative colitis (UC), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) tofacitinib clinical programs. Methods: Available data from phase 1, randomized phase 2/3/3b/4 clinical trials (completed by 2018), and long-term extension (LTE) studies (up to May 2019) in patients with RA, UC, and PsA were included [randomized or Overall (phase 1–3b/4 and LTE studies) tofacitinib cohorts]. Incidence rates (IRs; events per 100 patient-years) of combined influenza AEs (seasons 2004/2005 to 2018/2019) were analyzed, including by tofacitinib dose [5 or 10 mg twice daily (BID)] and age (< 65 versus ≥ 65 years). Logistic regression models evaluated risk factors for influenza AEs in the RA Overall tofacitinib cohort. Results: In randomized cohorts, combined influenza AE IRs were generally similar across tofacitinib, adalimumab, methotrexate, and placebo groups, across indications. Among Overall tofacitinib cohorts, combined influenza AE IRs with tofacitinib 5/10 mg BID, respectively, were higher in the UC (3.66/5.09) versus RA (2.38/2.19) and PsA (1.74/1.29) cohorts. IRs were generally similar across tofacitinib dose and age groups. Most influenza AEs were nonserious and did not require changes to tofacitinib treatment. Significant risk factors for influenza AEs in patients with RA were geographic region, baseline oral corticosteroid and methotrexate use, and tofacitinib dose. Conclusions: In the RA, UC, and PsA clinical programs, combined influenza AE IRs were highest in UC, while in each indication they were generally similar across tofacitinib, placebo, and comparator groups. Influenza AEs were predominantly nonserious and not associated with changes to tofacitinib treatment. Trial Registration Numbers: NCT01262118, NCT01484561, NCT00147498, NCT00413660, NCT00550446, NCT00603512, NCT00687193, NCT01164579, NCT00976599, NCT01059864, NCT01359150, NCT02147587, NCT00960440, NCT00847613, NCT00814307, NCT00856544, NCT00853385, NCT01039688, NCT02281552, NCT02187055, NCT02831855, NCT00413699, NCT00661661, NCT00787202, NCT01465763, NCT01458951, NCT01458574, NCT01470612, NCT01877668, NCT01882439, NCT01976364. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, the Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) has been tested and evaluated during the Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment (SFE) and summer convective seasons. The system has shown promise in predicting high temporal and spatial specificity of individual evolving thunderstorms. However, this baseline version of the WoFS has a 3-km horizontal grid spacing and cannot resolve some convective processes. Efforts are under way to develop a WoFS prototype at a 1-km grid spacing (WoFS-1km) with the hope to improve forecast accuracy. This requires extensive changes to data assimilation specifications and observation processing parameters. A preliminary version of WoFS-1km nested within WoFS at 3 km (WoFS-3km) was developed, tested, and run during the 2021 SFE in pseudo–real time. Ten case studies were successfully completed and provided simulations of a variety of convective modes. The reflectivity and rotation storm objects from WoFS-1km are verified against both WoFS-3km and 1-km forecasts initialized from downscaled WoFS-3km analyses using both neighborhood- and object-based techniques. Neighborhood-based verification suggests WoFS-1km improves reflectivity bias but not spatial placement. The WoFS-1km object-based reflectivity forecast accuracy is higher in most cases, leading to a net improvement. Both the WoFS-1km and downscaled forecasts have ideal reflectivity object frequency biases while the WoFS-3km overpredicts the number of reflectivity objects. The rotation object verification is ambiguous as many cases are negatively impacted by 1-km data assimilation. This initial evaluation of a WoFS-1km prototype is a solid foundation for further development and future testing. Significance Statement: This study investigates the impacts of performing data assimilation directly on a 1-km WoFS model grid. Most previous studies have only initialized 1-km WoFS forecasts from coarser analyses. The results demonstrate some improvements to reflectivity forecasts through data assimilation on a 1-km model grid although finer resolution data assimilation did not improve rotation forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instrumental stakeholder theory considers the performance consequences for firms of highly ethical relationships with stakeholders, characterized by high levels of trust, cooperation, and information sharing. While research suggests performance benefits, an obvious question remains: If instrumental stakeholder theory–based stakeholder treatment is so valuable, why isn’t it the dominant mode of relating to stakeholders? We argue that the existing instrumental stakeholder theory literature has three shortcomings that limit its ability to explain variance in performance. (1) Little theory exists around how instrumental stakeholder theory–based stakeholder management could provide sustainable competitive advantage. (2) The literature has largely neglected the potential downsides (i.e., costs) associated with pursuing these sorts of stakeholder relationships. (3) There is a paucity of theory on the contexts in which the incremental benefits of instrumental stakeholder theory–based stakeholder relationships are most likely to exceed the costs. As our primary contribution, we develop a theoretical path from a communal sharing relational ethics strategy—characterized by an intention to rely on relational contracts, joint wealth creation, high levels of mutual trust and cooperation, and communal sharing of property—to a close relationship capability, which we argue is valuable, rare, and difficult to imitate and, thus, a potential source of sustainable competitive advantage. We also consider the potential costs of achieving this capability and identify contexts in which the resulting relationships are likely to have the greatest net value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]