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This study examines the remaining options for sport managers to balance the interests of college athletes and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in regulating college athlete name, image, and likeness (NIL). The paper is divided into six substantive sections. The first section, "Background: The NCAA's Defense of NIL Restrictions," provides a brief history of the NCAA's legal defense to challenges against its NIL regulations. The second section, "U.S. Congress Is Unlikely to Regulate College Athletes' NIL Rights," addresses proposed federal legislation and Congress' willingness to regulate the use of NIL by college athletes. The third section, "The Impact of O'Bannon and Alston on NCAA's NIL Restraints," examines controlling case law, specifically O'Bannon v. NCAA and NCAA v. Alston, and how current antitrust law precedent shapes the scope by which the NCAA can regulate college athletes' NIL. The fourth section, "State Laws Regulating the NIL Marketplace," addresses state legislation regulating college athlete NIL use. The fifth section, "The Applicability of Labor Law to Regulating College Athletes' NIL," discusses the current college athlete NIL marketplace and analyzes whether labor law presents an optimal way forward for the NCAA to regulate NIL post-Alston. The sixth section, "College Athletes' Employee Status as a Pathway to Redefine the NCAA's Amateurism," concludes by examining the law's role in regulating NIL and discussing stakeholder implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding charge transport across molecule–electrode interfaces is essential for advancing organic electronic devices, yet its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the temperature dependence of conductivity in molecular junctions under various biasing regimes. By examining devices with both low and high current rectification, we identify the conditions leading to temperature-activated transport and the less common phenomenon where conductance decreases with increasing temperature. The current increase with temperature is consistent with previous findings in similar systems and is attributed to thermally assisted tunneling and incoherent tunneling processes. Notably, the discovery of the regime with a negative temperature coefficient for conductance provides the first experimental validation of theoretical frameworks that unify Landauer formalism with Marcus theory, which we attribute to entropic effects influencing the molecular conformation. These measurements have also captured the emergence of new electronic states arising from the co-assembly of molecules containing electron donor and acceptor moieties. Our results decipher key aspects related to charge transport in molecular junctions and leveraging these insights holds significant promise for accelerating the development of more complex devices that exploit electrode–molecule interfaces for tunable functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In naive individuals, sensory neurons directly detect and respond to allergens, leading to both the sensation of itch and the activation of local innate immune cells, which initiate the allergic immune response1,2. In the setting of chronic allergic inflammation, immune factors prime sensory neurons, causing pathologic itch3–7. Although these bidirectional neuroimmune circuits drive responses to allergens, whether immune cells regulate the set-point for neuronal activation by allergens in the naive state is unknown. Here we describe a γδ T cell–IL-3 signalling axis that controls the allergen responsiveness of cutaneous sensory neurons. We define a poorly characterized epidermal γδ T cell subset8, termed GD3 cells, that produces its hallmark cytokine IL-3 to promote allergic itch and the initiation of the allergic immune response. Mechanistically, IL-3 acts on Il3ra-expressing sensory neurons in a JAK2-dependent manner to lower their threshold for allergen activation without independently eliciting itch. This γδ T cell–IL-3 signalling axis further acts by means of STAT5 to promote neuropeptide production and the initiation of allergic immunity. These results reveal an endogenous immune rheostat that sits upstream of and governs sensory neuronal responses to allergens on first exposure. This pathway may explain individual differences in allergic susceptibility and opens new therapeutic avenues for treating allergic diseases.A γδ T cell–IL-3 signalling axis is defined that controls the allergen responsiveness of cutaneous sensory neurons, leading to evidence for an immune rheostat that governs sensory neuronal responses to allergens on first exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotopographic surfaces are a powerful tool for studying and controlling cell behavior. However, the fabrication of nanotopographic master patterns using conventional photolithography is expensive, which limits the range of designs that can be explored. In this study, a method is demonstrated for the photoreshaping of large‐area patterns of nanoridges. The original master pattern is created using conventional lithography, and an azopolymer replica is prepared using soft lithography. The manipulation of the nanoridges is achieved by projecting light with specific polarizations and exposure times, resulting in controllable widening, buckling, or removal of the ridges. The reprogrammed azopolymer master patterns can then be replicated, creating reproducible new nanotopographies that can be transferred into other materials using a molding procedure. Diffraction can be used for in situ monitoring of the reprogramming during exposure. Image‐analysis methods are used to characterize buckled ridges as a function of exposure time. The response of MCF10A epithelial cells are investigated to buckled nanoridges. A substantial impact of buckling on the dynamics and location of actin polymerization, as well as on the distribution and lengths of contiguous polymerized regions is also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overarching goal of osteoporosis management is to prevent fractures. A goal-directed approach to long-term management of fracture risk helps ensure that the most appropriate initial treatment and treatment sequence is selected for individual patients. Goal-directed treatment decisions require assessment of clinical fracture history, vertebral fracture identification (using vertebral imaging as appropriate), measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), and consideration of other major clinical risk factors. Treatment targets should be tailored to each patient's individual risk profile and based on the specific indication for beginning treatment, including recency, site, number and severity of prior fractures, and BMD levels at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine. Instead of first-line bisphosphonate treatment for all patients, selection of initial treatment should focus on reducing fracture risk rapidly for patients at very high and imminent risk, such as in those with recent fractures. Initial treatment selection should also consider the probability that a BMD treatment target can be attained within a reasonable period of time and the differential magnitude of fracture risk reduction and BMD impact with osteoanabolic versus antiresorptive therapy. This position statement of the ASBMR/BHOF Task Force on Goal-Directed Osteoporosis Treatment provides an overall summary of the major clinical recommendations about treatment targets and strategies to achieve those targets based on the best evidence available, derived primarily from studies in older postmenopausal women of European ancestry. Lay Summary: Goal-directed treatment can help healthcare providers recommend the best treatments for individual patients to prevent fractures. The goal-directed strategy considers the site, number, and recency of prior fractures. This may require imaging for spine fractures, which may not have caused pain. Treatment decisions also require bone mineral density (BMD) measurement and consideration of other major risk factors. In contrast to the standard approach, same first treatment for all, treatment selection is tailored to an individual's risk. In patients with recent fractures of the spine, hip, or pelvis, fracture risk is very high and treatment should rapidly reduce that risk. For others, the target is a specific BMD level and should consider the likelihood that the treatment target can be attained within a reasonable period of time, which differs for osteoporosis medications. After initial therapy, BMD should be assessed to determine if the target has been achieved. If so, strategies should focus on maintaining BMD. If the target is not yet achieved, treatment should be intensified, or continued if it is already the most potent option. This position statement represents a consensus of expert recommendations about treatment targets and strategies to achieve those targets based on the best available evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatibility testing using in vivo tests is often one of the final evaluations of new dental materials. To reduce the likelihood of failure at this late stage, predictive biocompatibility testing using in vitro methods is needed. In this study, we describe a sensitivity analysis of an oral irritation test by evaluating changes in the viability, using the MTT assay, of 3-D models with EpiOral constructs as a case study. Experiments that tested sources of variability in the assay led to recommendations regarding the storage of the constructs after arrival, pipetting procedure, use of MTT reagents from different vendors, use of transepithelial electrical resistance measurements, and statistical analyses. A statistical model was proposed to evaluate whether test substances yield a positive or negative result and the associated statistical confidence. Testing several test compounds such as the Y-4 polymer, which contains a known irritant, and dentally relevant substances such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at varying concentrations revealed statistically significant results as expected. Lastly, a software app was designed to support a multiwell culture plate layout design. Overall, the findings and suggestions documented here will support the further development and potential standardization of this assay system and may be useful for the development of other assays using 3-D constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic researchers faced a multitude of challenges posed by the COVID‐19 pandemic, including widespread shelter‐in‐place orders, workplace closures, and cessation of in‐person meetings and laboratory activities. The extent to which these challenges impacted musculoskeletal researchers, specifically, is unknown. We developed an anonymous web‐based survey to determine the pandemic's impact on research productivity and career prospects among musculoskeletal research trainees and faculty. There were 116 musculoskeletal (MSK) researchers with varying demographic backgrounds who completed the survey. Of respondents, 48.3% (n = 56) believed that musculoskeletal funding opportunities decreased because of COVID‐19, with faculty members more likely to hold this belief compared to nonfaculty researchers (p = 0.008). Amongst MSK researchers, 88.8% (n = 103) reported research activity was limited by COVID‐19, and 92.2% (n = 107) of researchers reported their research was not able to be refocused on COVID‐19‐related topics, with basic science researchers less likely to be able to refocus their research compared to clinical researchers (p = 0.030). Additionally, 47.4% (n = 55) reported a decrease in manuscript submissions since the onset of the pandemic. Amongst 51 trainee researchers, 62.8% (n = 32) reported a decrease in job satisfaction directly attributable to the COVID‐19 pandemic. In summary, study findings indicated that MSK researchers struggled to overcome challenges imposed by the pandemic, reporting declines in funding opportunities, research productivity, and manuscript submission. Trainee researchers experienced significant disruptions to critical research activities and worsening job satisfaction. Our findings motivate future efforts to support trainees in developing their careers and target the recovery of MSK research from the pandemic stall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in the field of radiation oncology due to its superior precision in controlling temperature and managing the heating area compared to conventional hyperthermia. Recent studies have proposed solutions to address clinical safety concerns associated with MHT, which arise from the use of highly concentrated magnetic nanoparticles and the strong magnetic field needed to induce hyperthermic effects. Despite these efforts, challenges remain in quantifying therapeutic outcomes and developing treatment plan systems for combining MHT with radiation therapy (RT). Purpose: This study aims to quantitatively measure the therapeutic effect, including radiation dose enhancement (RDE) in the magnetic hyperthermia‐radiation combined therapy (MHRT), using the equivalent radiation dose (EQD) estimation method. Methods: To conduct EQD estimation for MHRT, we compared the therapeutic effects between the conventional hyperthermia‐radiation combined therapy (HTRT) and MHRT in human prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and LNCaP. We adopted a clonogenic assay to validate RDE and the radiosensitizing effect induced by MHT. The data on survival fractions were analyzed using both the linear‐quadradic model and Arrhenius model to estimate the biological parameters describing RDE and radiosensitizing effect of MHRT for both cell lines through maximum likelihood estimation. Based on these parameters, a new survival fraction model was suggested for EQD estimation of MHRT. Results: The newly designed model describing the MHRT effect, effectively captures the variations in thermal and radiation dose for both cell lines (R2 > 0.95), and its suitability was confirmed through the normality test of residuals. This model appropriately describes the survival fractions up to 10 Gy for PC3 cells and 8 Gy for LNCaP cells under RT‐only conditions. Furthermore, using the newly defined parameter r, the RDE effect was calculated as 29% in PC3 cells and 23% in LNCaP cells. EQDMHRT calculated through this model was 9.47 Gy for PC3 and 4.71 Gy for LNCaP when given 2 Gy and MHT for 30 min. Compared to EQDHTRT, EQDMHRT showed a 26% increase for PC3 and a 20% increase for LNCaP. Conclusions: The proposed model effectively describes the changes of the survival fraction induced by MHRT in both cell lines and adequately represents actual data values through residual analysis. Newly suggested parameter r for RDE effect shows potential for quantitative comparisons between HTRT and MHRT, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes in MHRT for prostate cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It can be challenging for children to cooperate for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam. General anesthesia is often used to ensure a high-quality image. When determining the need for general anesthesia, many institutions use a simple age cutoff. Decisions on the necessity for anesthesia are often left to schedulers who lack training on determination of patient compliance. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate whether screening questions administered by certified child life specialists (CCLS) could successfully predict which children could complete an MRI without sedation. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective, institutional review board approved study. Data was collected as part of a quality improvement program, where a CCLS screened 4- to 12-year-old children scheduled for MRI scanning using a questionnaire. Parent responses to the screening questions, CCLS's recommendation for scheduling the MRI awake, start and end time for the MRI scan, and scan success were recorded. A predictive model for the CCLS's recommendation was developed using the child's age, estimated scan length, scan difficulty, and the parent's responses to the screening questions. The primary outcome measure was a successfully completed MRI not requiring additional imaging under anesthesia. Results: Of the 403 screened children, 317 (79%) were recommended to attempt the MRI without anesthesia. The median age of participants was 7 (IQR 4–17) years. Overall, 309 of 317 (97.5%) participants, recommended by the CCLS for the program, met the primary outcome of successful MRI completion on their first attempt. The multivariable regression model which included clinical information about the child's age, estimated scan length, scan difficulty, and four of the six parent screening questions had excellent performance (area under the curve = 0.89). Conclusion: Information collected by the CCLS via screening along with the child's age, the estimated scan length, and difficulty can help predict which children are likely to successfully complete a non-sedate MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection and monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal populations living in close proximity to humans is crucial for preventing reverse zoonosis of new viral strains. Evidence accumulated has revealed widespread SARS-CoV-2 infection among white-tailed deer (WTD), (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in the United States except in the southeast region. Therefore, the objective was to conduct surveillance for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among WTD in Mississippi. Materials and Methods: Blood, kidney tissues, and nasal swab samples were collected in 17 counties from hunter-harvested deer during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023.Samples of kidney tissue were collected to evaluate for detecting antibody as a possible alternative to blood that is not always available from dead WTD. Nasal swab samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA by a RT-PCR assay. Sera and kidney tissue samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody by an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and sera by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT80). Results: The results of testing sera and kidney homogenate samples provided the first evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among WTD in Mississippi. The infection rate during 2021–2022 was 67% (10/15) based on the detection of neutralizing antibody by the PRNT80 and 26%(16/62) based on the testing of kidney tissue homogenates by an ELISA, and viral RNA was detected in 25% (3/12) of nasal swab samples. In 2022 to 2023, neutralizing antibody was detected in 62% (28/45) of WTD serum samples. In contrast, antibodies were not detected in 220 kidney homogenates by an ELISA nor was viral RNA detected in 220 nasal swab samples. Evidence of WTD activity was common in urban areas during the survey. Conclusion: Overall, the findings documented the first SARS-CoV-2 infection among WTD in Mississippi and showed that WTD commonly inhabited urban areas as a possible source of acquiring infection from humans infected with this virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is confronting numerous challenges, including global warming, health epidemics, and population growth, each presenting significant threats to the stability and sustainability of our planet's ecosystems. Such issues have collectively contributed to a reduction in agricultural productivity, corresponding with an increase in demand and costs of essential commodities. This critical situation requires more sustainable environmental, social, and technological solutions. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been suggested as a "green" solution for our energy needs and many health, agricultural, and food applications. H2 supplementation in agriculture may represent a novel and lowcarbon biotechnological strategy applicable to the abundant production of crops, vegetables, and fruits in agri-food chains. H2 is a potential green alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers. The use of a hydrogen-rich water irrigation system may also provide other health-related advantages, i.e., decreasing the heavy metal accumulation in crops. By adopting a H2 strategy, crop producers, food processors, and decision-makers can contribute to sustainable solutions in the face of global challenges such as climate change, communicable disease epidemics, and a growing population. The versatile applications of H2 in agriculture and the wider food industry position it as a uniquely suitable approach to address today's significant challenges, potentially fostering better crop production and positively impacting the agri-food chain. The present review is timely in combining the latest knowledge about the potential applications of H2 in the agriculture and food industry, from farm to fork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, Indiana University launched the Precision Health Initiative to enhance the institutional adoption of precision medicine, including pharmacogenetics (PGx) implementation, at university‐affiliated practice sites across Indiana. The overarching goal of this PGx implementation program was to facilitate the sustainable adoption of genotype‐guided prescribing into routine clinical care. To accomplish this goal, we pursued the following specific objectives: (i) to integrate PGx testing into existing healthcare system processes; (ii) to implement drug–gene pairs with high‐level evidence and educate providers and pharmacists on established clinical management recommendations; (iii) to engage key stakeholders, including patients to optimize the return of results for PGx testing; (iv) to reduce health disparities through the targeted inclusion of underrepresented populations; (v) and to track third‐party reimbursement. This tutorial details our multifaceted PGx implementation program, including descriptions of our interventions, the critical challenges faced, and the major program successes. By describing our experience, we aim to assist other clinical teams in achieving sustainable PGx implementation in their health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of barley cultivars with malting and brewing quality characteristics is subject to strict grading and technical standards for the end-use market. Environmental and management factors can significantly alter grain quality, and the qualities required for malting. Crop and kernel uniformity are critical factors where variability can exceed the tolerance for meeting malt quality. A practice to address variations in crop maturity is the application of pre-harvest glyphosate. Pre-harvest glyphosate applications can, however, alter malting characteristics in barley, and, if mis-timed, can also reduce yield. A 4-year study at five locations in Alberta and Saskatchewan from 2013 to 2017 was conducted to determine the effects of pre-harvest glyphosate applications on malting barley characteristics. Glyphosate was applied at 900 and 1125 g ae ha−1 on malting barley cultivars 'CDC Meredith' and 'AC Metcalfe' malting barley at soft dough, hard dough, and physiological maturity growth stages. Yield reductions of up to 12% were observed from glyphosate applications at soft dough, and yield was maximized with applications at physiological maturity. Glyphosate application, at two rates, reduced percentage plump kernels, but did not affect kernel weight or protein concentration. The growth stage of barley plants did not provide an accurate indicator of seed moisture levels at the time of application, which motivated our conclusion that glyphosate applications can be mistimed by inaccurate indicators. The results motivate our questioning of the utility of pre-harvest glyphosate applications, given the adverse effects to barley yield and quality observed, even when applied according to the label instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2010, the cargo vessel M/V Vogetrader ran aground on a forereef in Oahu, Hawaii. Baseline surveys documented considerable damage to coral communities. Several restoration actions were implemented in 2013, including active restoration (rubble removal, coral outplanting) and passive restoration (natural recovery), with the goal of returning corals to their pre-disturbance state. In 2022, repeated surveys were conducted across three injury zones that varied in the severity of impact and the restoration actions employed to provide a rare assessment of restoration outcomes a decade post-grounding. We found coral recovery to be contingent on the severity of impact and the quality of the impacted habitat, not the amount of active restoration. Despite rubble removal efforts, present-day rubble cover was significantly higher at the impact sites compared to the reference sites and appeared to constrain recovery in the injury zone where grounding impacts destabilized the reef framework. Outplant efforts did not increase coral density or mean size relative to natural recovery sites, though this may be the result of an ineffective outplant design rather than failed outplanting as a whole. The sites closest to returning to a pre-disturbance state were the passive restoration sites. This, however, likely reflects the low severity of grounding impacts and the marginal (e.g., small and sparse) population of corals at these sites. These findings suggest that the extent of active restoration actions should be carefully and intentionally scaled to the severity and spatial extent of impact (with greater impacted areas receiving greater amounts of restoration), and that with sufficient time, marginal reef habitats with a low impact severity can likely recover from passive restoration alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The route of transmission of wild and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses remains controversial, between respiratory and faecal-oral, and we aim to identify the most plausible one to settle the controversy. Methods: We explored available epidemiological clues and evidence in support of either route in order to arrive at an evidence-based conclusion. Results: Historically the original concept was respiratory transmission based on epidemiological features of age distribution, which was later revised to faecal-oral as the rationale for popularising the live attenuated oral polio vaccine in preference to the inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Through epidemiological logic, we find no evidence for the faecal-oral route from available studies and observations, but all available information supports the respiratory route. Conclusions: The route is respiratory, not faecal-oral. The global polio eradication initiative assumed it was faecal-oral – and its gargantuan efforts based on this assumption have failed in two ways: eradication remains pending and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses have seeded widely. With clarity on the route of transmission the choice of vaccine is also clear – it can only be the inactivated poliovirus vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Longer time to surgery (TTS) is associated with worse survival in patients with breast cancer. Whether this association has encouraged more prompt care delivery remains unknown. Methods: The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients ≥18 years of age diagnosed with clinical stage 0–III breast cancer between 2006 and 2019 for whom surgery was the first mode of treatment. A linear-by-linear test for trend assessed median TTS across the interval. Adjusted linear regression modeling was used to examine TTS trends across patient subgroups. Results: Overall, 1,435,584 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 63 years (interquartile range [IQR] 53–72), 84.3% of patients were White, 91.1% were non-Hispanic, and 99.2% were female. The median TTS in 2006 was 26 days (IQR 16–39) versus 39 days in 2019 (IQR 27–56) [p < 0.001]. In a multivariable linear regression model, TTS increased significantly, with an annual increase of 0.83 days (95% confidence interval 0.82–0.85; p < 0.001). A consistent, significant increase in TTS was observed on subgroup analyses by surgery type, reconstruction, patient race, hospital type, and disease stage. Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and having either Medicaid or being uninsured were significantly associated with prolonged TTS, as were mastectomy and reconstructive surgery. Conclusions: Despite evidence that longer TTS is associated with poorer outcomes in patients with breast cancer, TTS has steadily increased, which may be particularly detrimental to marginalized patients. Further studies are needed to ensure the delivery of timely care to all patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experience goods like Broadway theatre often include an artistic component involving both a personally subjective aesthetic element as well as technical standards and cultural significance that may be challenging for the typical consumer to observe. Some consumers will likely have preferences focused on the aesthetic value while others will be more concerned with artistic merit of the production. This suggests that different consumers may find differing sources of information valuable in determining whether to make a purchase. The wisdom of the masses is likely correlated with the aesthetic element while expert opinions may help distill the larger artistic merit of the work. We examine the impact of favourable reviews by patrons and expert critics on weekly revenues for an unbalanced panel of 276 Broadway productions running for an average of 58 weeks. Results show a positive effect from both patron and critic reviews across the range of productions, with critic reviews serving a similar role to Tony Award wins. Dividing the data into musicals and non-musicals, we find positive significance for patron reviews, reputation of the director, and revival status in revenues for non-musicals while critic reviews and Tony wins are associated with significantly higher weekly revenues for musicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel tetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl-containing oligomers prepared by visible light-promoted addition of 1,4-(bis-chlorotetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl) benzene or 1,3-(bis-chlorotetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl) benzene to either 1,4-diethynyl benzene or the 1,3-diethynyl isomers form hard, stress resistant thin films on spin casting. The isomeric oligomers were utilized to establish a structure-function relationship for the mechanical properties of films prepared from the oligomers. The Young's moduli of 145-nm-thick cured films could reach 60 GPa. The measured hardnesses, between 1.57 and 2.77 GPa, were more than double those of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films. Curing of the tetrafluoro-λ6-sulfanyl-containing polymer films by UV irradiation resulted in coatings that exhibited remarkable hardness and modulus with good surface adhesion to silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing scientific alarm about anthropogenic climate change, the world is not on track to solve the crisis. Inaction may be partially explained by skepticism about climate change and resistance to proenvironmental policies from people who are motivated to maintain the status quo (i.e., conservative-rightists). Therefore, practical interventions are needed. In the present research program, we tested an experimental manipulation derived from system justification theory in which proenvironmental initiatives were framed as patriotic and necessary to maintain the American "way of life." In a large, nationally representative U.S. sample, we found that the system-sanctioned change intervention successfully increased liberal-leftists' as well as conservative-rightists' belief in climate change; support for proenvironmental policies; and willingness to share climate information on social media. Similar messages were effective in an aggregated analysis involving 63 countries, although the overall effect sizes were small. More granular exploratory analyses at the country level revealed that while the intervention was moderately successful in some countries (e.g., Brazil, France, Israel), it backfired in others (Germany, Belgium, Russia). Across the three outcome variables, the effects of the intervention were consistent and pronounced in the United States, in support of the hypothesis that system justification motivation can be harnessed on behalf of social change. Potential explanations for divergent country-level effects are discussed. The system-sanctioned change intervention holds considerable promise for policymakers and communicators seeking to increase climate awareness and action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exsolution of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on perovskite oxides has been demonstrated as a reliable strategy for producing catalyst‐support systems. Conventional exsolution requires high temperatures for long periods of time, limiting the selection of support materials. Plasma direct exsolution is reported at room temperature and atmospheric pressure of Ni NPs from a model A‐site deficient perovskite oxide (La0.43Ca0.37Ni0.06Ti0.94O2.955). Plasma exsolution is carried out within minutes (up to 15 min) using a dielectric barrier discharge configuration both with He‐only gas as well as with He/H2 gas mixtures, yielding small NPs (<30 nm diameter). To prove the practical utility of exsolved NPs, various experiments aimed at assessing their catalytic performance for methanation from synthesis gas, CO, and CH4 oxidation are carried out. Low‐temperature and atmospheric pressure plasma exsolution are successfully demonstrated and suggest that this approach could contribute to the practical deployment of exsolution‐based stable catalyst systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Current guidelines recommend that the International Normalized Ratio (INR) be less than 1.5 prior to spine intervention. Recent studies have shown that an INR > 1.25 is associated worse outcomes following anterior cervical surgery. We sought to determine the risk of complications associated with an INR > 1.25 following elective posterior cervical surgery. Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried. Patients undergoing elective posterior cervical surgery from 2012 to 2016 with an INR level within 24 h of surgery were included. Primary outcomes were hematoma requiring surgery, 30-day mortality, and transfusions within 72-hours. There were 815 patients in the INR ≤ 1 cohort (Cohort A), 410 patients in the 1 < INR ≤ 1.25 cohort (Cohort B), and 33 patients in the 1.25 < INR ≤ 1.5 cohort (Cohort C). Results: Cohort C had a higher rate of transfusion (4% Cohort A; 6% Cohort B; 12% Cohort C; p = 0.028) and the rate of mortality within 30 days postoperatively trended toward significance (0.4% Cohort A; 0.5% Cohort B; 3% Cohort C; p = 0.094). There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative hematoma formation requiring surgery (0.2% Cohort A; 0% Cohort B; 0% Cohort C; p = 0.58). On multivariate analysis, increasing INR was not associated with an increased risk of developing a major complication. Conclusion: An INR > 1.25 but ≤ 1.5 may be safe for posterior cervical surgery. An INR > 1.25 but ≤ 1.5 was associated with a significantly higher rate of transfusions. However, increasing INR was not significantly associated with increased risk of any of the major complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catchment‐scale sediment storage is conceptualized as increasing in magnitude downstream, although reach‐scale controls may override this trend. We use empirical data from a literature review and two numerical models to quantitatively estimate sediment storage across the Colorado River Basin, USA. We use assumed alluvial thickness with floodplains delineated in the GFPLAIN model from 30 m digital elevation models. We use the SWAT+ model based on model‐estimated (i) groundwater storage and (ii) sediment storage. Existing studies indicate that sediment stored in floodplains and on low terraces is ~0.3–6 m thick. A first‐order approximation of volumetric storage capacity for natural floodplains is ~105 m3 per km. Sediment storage volumes of floodplains are ~108–1011 m3 over river lengths of 101–103 m. For the modeling estimates, we evaluated sediment storage by stream order and by elevation band within the Upper and Lower Colorado River Basins. Comparisons among the outputs cause us to place more confidence in the GFPLAIN and SWAT+ aquifer volume estimates. Each method includes substantial uncertainty and constitutes a first‐order approximation. Results suggest using 21 and 130 billion cubic meters as approximate lower and upper bounds for total sediment storage in the Upper Basin and 314 and 482 billion cubic meters as approximate lower and upper bounds for the Lower Basin. The largest proportion of sediment is stored in the montane and steppe zones in the Upper Basin and in the Sonoran zone in the Lower Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Generalized Pliance Questionnaire (GPQ) and the Generalized Tracking Questionnaire (GTQ) were created to enhance empirical analyses of rule-governed behavior, more cross-cultural research with these instruments is warranted to examine their validity. Therefore, the current study aimed to replicate previous research with a group of undergraduate students in the United States (N = 325). Overall outcomes from the current study replicated those previously reported indicating that pliance and tracking may be similar across different cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Substantial progress has been made to map biodiversity and its drivers across the planet at multiple scales, yet studies that quantify the evolutionary processes that underpin this biodiversity, and test their drivers at multiple scales, are comparatively rare. Studying most fish species, we quantify rates of body size evolution to test the role of fundamental salinity habitats in shaping rates of evolution at multiple scales. We also determine how four additional factors shape evolutionary rates. Location: Global. Time Period: Extant species. Major Taxa Studied: Actinopterygii. Methods: In up to 1710 comparisons studying over 27,000 species, we compare rates of body size evolution among five salinity habits using 13 metrics. The comparisons span a molecular tree, 100 supertrees, and 10 scales of observation to test for robust patterns and reveal how patterns change with scale. Then, three approaches assess the role of three non‐salinity factors on rates, and an alternative habitat scheme tests if lakes influence evolutionary rates. Results: Rates of size evolution rarely differ consistently between salinity habitats; rate patterns are highly clade‐ and scale dependent. One exception is freshwater‐brackish fishes, which possess among the highest size rates of any salinity, showing higher rates than euryhaline fishes in most groupings studied at most scales, and versus marine, freshwater and marine–brackish habitats at numerous scales. Additionally, species richness had the greatest potential to predict phenotypic rates, followed by branch duration, then absolute values of body size. Lacustrine environments were consistently associated with high rates of size evolution. Main Conclusions: We reveal the rate patterns that underpin global body size diversity for fishes, identifying factors that play a limited role in shaping rates of size evolution, such as salinity, and those such as species richness, age and lake environments that consistently shape evolutionary rates across half of vertebrate diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Hypothesis Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are linked to dysfunctions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), including alterations in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PVIs). Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress may represent convergence points in the pathology of schizophrenia, causing dysfunction of GABAergic interneurons and loss of PV. Here, we show that the mitochondrial matrix protein cyclophilin D (CypD), a critical initiator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and modulator of the intracellular redox state, is altered in PVIs in schizophrenia. Study Design Western blotting was used to measure CypD protein levels in postmortem DLPFC specimens of schizophrenic patients (n  = 27) and matched comparison subjects with no known history of psychiatric or neurological disorders (n  = 26). In a subset of this cohort, multilabel immunofluorescent confocal microscopy with unbiased stereological sampling methods were used to quantify (1) numbers of PVI across the cortical mantle (20 unaffected comparison, 14 schizophrenia) and (2) PV and CypD protein levels from PVIs in the cortical layers 2–4 (23 unaffected comparison, 18 schizophrenia). Study Results In schizophrenic patients, the overall number of PVIs in the DLPFC was not significantly altered, but in individual PVIs of layers 2–4 PV protein levels decreased along a superficial-to-deep gradient when compared to unaffected comparison subjects. These laminar-specific PVI alterations were reciprocally linked to significant CypD elevations both in PVIs and total DLPFC gray matter. Conclusions Our findings support previously reported PVI anomalies in schizophrenia and suggest that CypD-mediated mPTP formation could be a potential contributor to PVI dysfunction in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three double-ring B factories—PEP-II, KEKB, and SuperKEKB—were built with asymmetric beam energies to produce high luminosity at the Υ(4S) resonance producing copious B mesons and associated particle physics data, delivered to their respective particle physics detectors, BaBar, Belle, and Belle II. In PEP-II and KEKB, the primary goal was achieved to make the first measurements of charge parity (CP) violation in decays in the B meson system. PEP-II and KEKB have finished beam operations, but particle data analysis continues. SuperKEKB is extending those measurements. The beam operation of SuperKEKB with Belle II has recently started. These three accelerators have pushed the state of the art of accelerators of two-ring colliders, including small beam emittances, small interaction point beam sizes, large stored beam currents, crab cavities, top-up injection with the detectors on, bunch-by-bunch feedbacks, crab waist operation, high beam–beam parameters, high peak luminosity, and high integrated luminosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although tour guides' role in encouraging pro-environmental behavior has been confirmed in the literature, little research has been undertaken to examine how world heritage site (WHS) type may influence the relationship between tour guides' performance and tourists' pro-environmental behavior. The difference between cultural world heritage and natural world heritage in terms of tourists' behavior is under-explored. This research aims to assess the moderating effect of world heritage type (cultural and natural) on the relationship between tour guides' performance and tourists' pro-environmental behavior. A self-administrated survey was used for collecting data from two of the most famous natural and cultural WHSs: Petra Archeological Park in Jordan and Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. PLS-SEM was employed to conduct multi-group and path analysis. The results showed that world heritage type partially moderates the relationship between the performance of tour guides, tourists' experience, satisfaction, and pro-environmental behavior. Managerial and theoretical implications and research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exponential rise in the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is among the most consequential impacts of climate change in terrestrial ecosystems. Rising VPD has negative and cascading effects on nearly all aspects of plant function including photosynthesis, water status, growth and survival. These responses are exacerbated by land–atmosphere interactions that couple VPD to soil water and govern the evolution of drought, affecting a range of ecosystem services including carbon uptake, biodiversity, the provisioning of water resources and crop yields. However, despite the global nature of this phenomenon, research on how to incorporate these impacts into resilient management regimes is largely in its infancy, due in part to the entanglement of VPD trends with those of other co‐evolving climate drivers. Here, we review the mechanistic bases of VPD impacts at a range of spatial scales, paying particular attention to the independent and interactive influence of VPD in the context of other environmental changes. We then evaluate the consequences of these impacts within key management contexts, including water resources, croplands, wildfire risk mitigation and management of natural grasslands and forests. We conclude with recommendations describing how management regimes could be altered to mitigate the otherwise highly deleterious consequences of rising VPD. Summary statement: Rising atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (or VPD) is one of the most widespread and significant consequences of climate warming for terrestrial ecosystems. This article reviews the mechanistic bases of these usually deleterious impacts and synthesises that information into a set of management recommendations to mitigate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may begin developing years or even decades prior to the manifestation of its first symptoms. The APOE ε4 genotype is a prominent genetic risk for AD that has been found to be associated with brain changes across the lifespan since early adulthood. Thus, studying brain changes that may occur in young adults with an APOE ε4 status is highly relevant. Objective: Examine potential differences in grey matter (GM) and functional connectivity (FC) in brains of cognitively healthy young APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers, denoted here as ε4(+) and ε4(−), respectively. Methods: Three Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans were acquired from cognitively healthy young participants aged approximately 20 years (n = 151). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was employed to identify potential structural differences in GM between ε4(+) and ε4(−). In a subsequent seed-based connectivity (SBC) analysis, brain regions that structurally differed in the VBM analysis were considered as seeds and correlated with all the remaining voxels across the brains to then measure the differences in FC between groups. Results: The VBM analysis suggested that ε4(+) (n = 28) had greater GM densities relative to ε4(−) (n = 123) in the left hippocampus and the left posterior insula (puncorr < 0.001). However, the effect did not survive the correction for multiple comparisons, suggesting minimal structural differences in this age range. In contrast, the SBC analysis indicated that ε4(+) exhibited significantly decreased FC between the left hippocampus and areas of the left middle temporal gyrus (n = 27) compared to ε4(−) (n = 102). These results remained significant after multiple comparisons (pFDR < 0.05). Lastly, no statistically significant differences in FC between groups were observed for the left insular seed (pFDR > 0.05). Discussion: These results suggest early structural and functional brain changes associated with the APOE ε4 genotype on young adults. Yet, they must be cautiously interpreted and contrasted with both older adults with genetic risk for AD and patients diagnosed with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young adults with elevated LDL‐C may experience increased burden of additional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. It is unclear how much LDL‐C levels, a modifiable factor, correlate with non‐LDL‐C CVD risk factors among young adults or how strongly these CVD risk factors are associated with long‐term predicted CVD risk. We quantified clustering of non‐LDL‐C CVD risk factors by LDL‐C among young adults to assess the association between non‐LDL‐C and LDL‐C risk factors with predicted CVD risk in young adults. Methods: The current analysis is a cross‐sectional study of adults < 40 years with an LDL‐C< 190 mg/dL participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between January 2015 and March 2020. We measured the prevalence of non‐LDL‐C risk factors by LDL‐C and association between LDL‐C and non‐LDL‐C risk factors with predicted risk of CVD by the Predicting Risk of cardiovascular disease EVENTs (PREVENT) equations. Results: Among 2108 young adults, the prevalence of LDL‐C ≥ 130 mg/dL was 15.5%. Compared with young adults with LDL‐C < 100 mg/dL, those with LDL‐C 100–< 130, 130–< 160, and 160–< 190 mg/dL had greater non‐LDL‐C risk factors. Both LDL‐C and non‐LDL‐C risk factors were independently associated with a 30‐year risk of CVD (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07 and OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.12–1.23, respectively). The association of LDL‐C and 30‐year risk did not vary by non‐LDL‐C risk factor burden (pinteraction = 0.43). Conclusion: Non‐LDL‐C risk factors cluster among increasing levels of LDL‐C in young adults. Greater guidance on how to manage cardiovascular risk factors in young adults is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor behaviour using upper-extremity prostheses of different levels is greatly variable, leading to challenges interpreting ideal rehabilitation strategies. Elucidating the underlying neural control mechanisms driving variability benefits our understanding of adaptation after limb loss. In this follow-up study, non-amputated participants completed simple and complex reach-to-grasp motor tasks using a body-powered transradial or partial-hand prosthesis simulator. We hypothesised that under complex task constraints, individuals employing variable grasp postures will show greater sensorimotor beta activation compared to individuals relying on uniform grasping, and activation will occur later in variable compared to uniform graspers. In the simple task, partial-hand variable and transradial users showed increased neural activation from the early to late phase of the reach, predominantly in the hemisphere ipsilateral to device use. In the complex task, only partial-hand variable graspers showed a significant increase in neural activation of the sensorimotor cortex from the early to the late phase of the reach. These results suggest that grasp variability may be a crucial component in the mechanism of neural adaptation to prosthesis use, and may be mediated by device level and task complexity, with implications for rehabilitation after amputation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physician virtues, including humility, are crucial for shaping a physician's identity and practice. This review aimed to develop a cohesive conceptualization of physician humility and to define how it functions in medical practice. Physician virtues, including humility, are crucial for shaping a physician's identity and practice. The health care literature offers varied views on humility, and the rising call for discussing virtues as a framing for professional identity formation underscores the need for a clearer understanding of physician humility. This review aimed to develop a cohesive conceptualization of physician humility and to define how it functions in medical practice. To achieve this, a comprehensive search was done across PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, ERIC, and PsycInfo, covering all records up to 30 October 2023. Articles were included if they discussed physician humility and excluded if they were unrelated to physician humility, focused on nonphysician health professionals, lacked conceptual depth, or focused solely on cultural humility. An applied thematic analysis was conducted. The results provide a synthesized conceptualization of physician humility across stances toward self, others, and the profession. The included articles identified the pivotal role of physician humility within the following 5 domains of medical practice: learning and professional growth, navigating error, uncertainty tolerance, trust and entrustment, and teamwork and communication. The authors highlight some of the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocontextual challenges to cultivating and practicing physician humility. These findings highlight the importance of promoting humility in shaping physicians' actions, thoughts, and relationships with patients, colleagues, and their profession. Integrating such virtues as humility into medical education is essential for upholding the ideals of the medical profession and cultivating moral agents who engage in self-reflection and embody the principles of exemplary physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soil-borne pathogens cause considerable crop losses and food insecurity in smallholder systems of sub-Saharan Africa. Soil and crop testing is critical for estimating pathogen inoculum levels and potential for disease development, understanding pathogen interactions with soil nutrient and water limitations, as well as for developing informed soil health and disease management decisions. However, formal laboratory analyses and diagnostic services for pathogens are often out of reach for smallholder farmers due to the high cost of testing and a lack of local laboratories. Methods: To address this challenge, we assessed the performance of a suite of simplified soil bioassays to screen for plant parasitic nematodes (e.g., Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus) and other key soil-borne pathogens (Pythium and Fusarium). We sampled soils from on-farm trials in western Kenya examining the impact of distinct nutrient inputs (organic vs. synthetic) on bean production. Key soil health parameters and common soil-borne pathogens were evaluated using both simple bioassays and formal laboratory methods across eleven farms, each with three nutrient input treatments (66 samples in total). Results and Discussion: The soil bioassays, which involved counting galls on lettuce roots and lesions on soybean were well correlated with the abundance of gall forming (Meloidogyne) and root lesion nematodes (e.g., Pratylenchus) recovered in standard laboratory-based extractions. Effectiveness of a Fusarium bioassay, involving the counting of lesions on buried bean stems, was verified via sequencing and a pathogenicity test of cultured Fusariumstrains. Finally, a Pythium soil bioassay using selective media clearly distinguished pathogen infestation of soils and infected seeds. When examining management impact on nematode communities, soils amended with manure had fewer plant parasites and considerably more bacterivore and fungivore nematodes compared to soils amended with synthetic N and P. Similarly, Pythium presence was 35% lower in soils amended with manure, while the Fusarium assays indicated 23% higher Fusarium infection in plots with amended manure. Our findings suggest that relatively simple bioassays can be used to help farmers assess soil-borne pathogens in a timely manner, with minimal costs, thus enabling them to make informed decisions on soil health and pathogen management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzyme CbA5H, a [FeFe]‐hydrogenase from Clostridium beijerinckii, has previously been shown to survive exposure to oxygen, making it a promising candidate for biotechnological applications. Thus far [NiFe]‐hydrogenases are typically considered for such applications, due to the superior O2‐tolerance and therefore simplified enzyme handling. However, methods for production of [FeFe]‐hydrogenases are generally more successful than for other classes of hydrogenases, therefore in this work we focus on demonstrating scalable CbA5H production, and report results with active enzyme prepared in bioreactors (up to 10 L) with >20‐fold improvement in purified enzyme yield. We then go on to confirm excellent H2/H+‐cycling activity of the air‐purified protein, highlighting that CbA5H can be prepared and isolated without the need for complex and expensive infrastructure. Next, we demonstrate good stability of the air‐purified CbA5H both in solution assays, and as a heterogenous catalyst system when immobilized on a carbon support. Finally, we successfully implement this enzyme within previously demonstrated biotechnologies for flavin and NADH recycling, highlighting its relevance in chemical synthesis, and we demonstrate production of an important API precursor, 3‐quinuclidinol at >0.4 g scale in standard benchtop hydrogenation infrastructure, with >100,000 CbA5H turnovers over 18 operational hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to Norwegian registries, 91% of individuals ≥ 16 years had received ≥ 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine by mid-July 2022, whereas less than 2% of children < 12 years were vaccinated. Confirmed COVID-19 was reported for 27% of the population, but relaxation of testing lead to substantial underreporting. We have characterized the humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Norway in the late summer of 2022 by estimating the seroprevalence and identifying antibody profiles based on reactivity to Wuhan or Omicron-like viruses in a nationwide cross-sectional collection of residual sera, and validated our findings using cohort sera. Methods: 1,914 anonymized convenience sera and 243 NorFlu-cohort sera previously collected from the Oslo-area with reported infection and vaccination status were analyzed for antibodies against spike, the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral Wuhan strain and Omicron BA.2 RBD, and nucleocapsid (N). Samples were also tested for antibodies inhibiting RBD-ACE2 interaction. Neutralization assays were performed on subsets of residual sera against B.1, BA.2, XBB.1.5 and BQ.1.1. Results: The national seroprevalence estimate from vaccination and/or infection was 99.1% (95% CrI 97.0-100.0%) based on Wuhan (spike_W and RBD_W) and RBD_BA2 antibodies. Sera from children < 12 years had 2.2 times higher levels of antibodies against RBD_BA2 than RBD_W and their seroprevalence estimate showed a 14.4 percentage points increase when also including anti-RBD_BA2 antibodies compared to Wuhan-antibodies alone. 50.3% (95% CI 45.0-55.5%) of residual sera from children and 38.1% (95% CI 36.0-40.4%) of all residual sera were positive for anti-N-antibodies. By combining measurements of binding- and ACE2-RBD-interaction-inhibiting antibodies, reactivity profiles indicative of infection and vaccination history were identified and validated using cohort sera. Residual sera with a profile indicative of hybrid immunity were able to neutralize newer Omicron variants XBB.1.5 and BQ.1.1. Conclusions: By late summer of 2022, most of the Norwegian population had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, and almost all children had been infected. Antibody profiles indicated that children mostly had experienced a primary Omicron infection, while hybrid immunity was common among adults. The finding that sera displaying hybrid immunity could neutralize newer Omicron variants indicates that Wuhan-like priming of the immune response did not have a harmful imprinting effect and that infections induce cross-reacting antibodies against future variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of MgO and titanomagnetite mixture on the high-temperature pyrolysis of radiata pine wood in a fluidised bed reactor at 850 °C. The catalytic performance of the MgO-titanomagnetite (MgO-TM) mixture was experimentally evaluated based on product distribution, gas composition, gas properties, and tar composition. The results revealed that addition of MgO-titanomagnetite resulted in a decrease in gas yield (67.2 wt.%) compared to addition of titanomagnetite (TM) alone (72.9 wt.%), but an improvement was found compared to addition of MgO alone (63.9 wt.%). The hydrogen concentration in the gas product was significantly enhanced (23.2 vol.%) compared to titanomagnetite alone (12.8 vol.%) or to non-catalytic (NC) pyrolysis (14.1 vol.%) but was similar to that with addition of MgO alone (22.6 vol.%). However, the addition of MgO and titanomagnetite mixture resulted in a reduction in CO concentration to 2.7 vol.% in the gas product whereas increased the CO2 and light olefins formation. It was also found that the addition of the MgO and titanomagnetite mixture significantly increased the total concentration of ethylene and propylene (18.3 vol.%) compared to addition of titanomagnetite (5.8 vol.%), MgO (9.0 vol.%), or non-catalytic pyrolysis (12.0 vol.%). The lower heating value of the gas product and the H2 to CO ratio (17.5 MJ/Nm3 and 8.7) were also improved with addition of the MgO-titanomagnetite mixture. These findings demonstrate that application of physically mixed MgO and titanomagnetite as catalyst is a promising method for converting biomass into a H2-rich gas product via high-temperature pyrolysis. This study offers a useful reference for the development of novel catalytic systems for biomass conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utility of spatial omics in leveraging cellular interactions in normal and diseased states for precision medicine is hampered by a lack of strategies for matching disease states with spatial heterogeneity-guided cellular annotations. Here we use a spatial context-dependent approach that matches spatial pattern detection to cell annotation. Using this approach in existing datasets from ulcerative colitis patient colonic biopsies, we identified architectural complexities and associated difficult-to-detect rare cell types in ulcerative colitis germinal-center B cell follicles. Our approach deepens our understanding of health and disease pathogenesis, illustrates a strategy for automating nested architecture detection for highly multiplexed spatial biology data, and informs precision diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is a leading cause of children's hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and missed school days. Our school-based asthma intervention has reduced asthma exacerbations for children experiencing health disparities in the Denver Metropolitan Area, due partly to addressing care coordination for asthma and social determinants of health (SDOH), such as access to healthcare and medications. Limited dissemination of school-based asthma programs has occurred in other metropolitan and rural areas of Colorado. We formed and engaged community advisory boards in socioeconomically diverse regions of Colorado to develop two implementation strategy packages for delivering our school-based asthma intervention — now termed "Better Asthma Control for Kids (BACK)" — with tailoring to regional priorities, needs and resources. Methods: In this proposed type 2 hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial, where the primary goal is equitable reach to families to reduce asthma disparities, we will compare two different packages of implementation strategies to deliver BACK across four Colorado regions. The two implementation packages to be compared are: 1) standard set of implementation strategies including Tailor and Adapt to context, Facilitation and Training termed, BACK-Standard (BACK-S); 2) BACK-S plus an enhanced implementation strategy, that incorporates network weaving with community partners and consumer engagement with school families, termed BACK-Enhanced (BACK-E). Our evaluation will be guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework, including its Pragmatic Robust Implementation Sustainability Model (PRISM) determinants of implementation outcomes. Our central hypothesis is that our BACK-E implementation strategy will have significantly greater reach to eligible children/families than BACK-S (primary outcome) and that both BACK-E and BACK-S groups will have significantly reduced asthma exacerbation rates ("attacks") and improved asthma control as compared to usual care. Discussion: We expect both the BACK-S and BACK-E strategy packages will accelerate dissemination of our BACK program across the state – the comparative impact of BACK-S vs. BACK-E on reach and other RE-AIM outcomes may inform strategy selection for scaling BACK and other effective school-based programs to address chronic illness disparities. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06003569, registered on August 22, 2023, https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06003569. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A memristor array has emerged as a potential computing hardware for artificial intelligence (AI). It has an inherent memory effect that allows information storage in the form of easily programmable electrical conductance, making it suitable for efficient data processing without shuttling of data between the processor and memory. To realize its full potential for AI applications, fine-tuning of internal device dynamics is required to implement a network system that employs dynamic functions. Here, we provide a perspective on multicationic entropy-stabilized oxides as a widely tunable materials system for memristor applications. We highlight the potential for efficient data processing in machine learning tasks enabled by the implementation of "task specific" neural networks that derive from this material tunability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]