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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a key role in plant phosphate (Pi) uptake by their efficient capture of soil phosphorus (P) that is transferred to the plant via Pi transporters in the root cortical cells. The activity of this mycorrhizal Pi uptake pathway is often associated with downregulation of Pi transporter genes in the direct Pi uptake pathway. As the total Pi taken up by the plant is determined by the combined activity of mycorrhizal and direct pathways, it is important to understand the interplay between these, in particular the actual activity of the pathways. To study this interplay we modulated the delivery of Pi via the mycorrhizal pathway in Pisum sativum by two means: (1) Partial downregulation by virus‐induced gene silencing of PsPT4, a putative Pi transporter gene in the mycorrhizal pathway. This resulted in decreased fungal development in roots and soil and led to reduced plant Pi uptake. (2) Changing the percentage of AMF‐colonized root length by using non‐, half‐mycorrhizal or full‐mycorrhizal split‐root systems. The combination of split roots, use of 32P and 33P isotopes and partial silencing of PsPT4 enabled us to show that the expression of PsPT1, a putative Pi transporter gene in the direct pathway, was negatively correlated with increasing mycorrhizal uptake capacity of the plant, both locally and systemically. However, transcript changes in PsPT1 were not translated into corresponding, systemic changes in actual direct Pi uptake. Our results suggest that AMF have a limited long‐distance impact on the direct pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the assembly of infectious full-length clones of the isolates of the plant potyvirus pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Amplification of cloned PSbMV cDNA in Escherichia coli; Cloning of intron containing full-length clones; Biological activity of in vitro- and in vivo-transcribed RNA.