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The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) are involved in the regulation of defensive behavior under threat, but their engagement in flexible behavior shifts remains unclear. Here, we report the oscillatory activities of mPFC-BLA circuit in reaction to a naturalistic threat, created by a predatory robot in mice. Specifically, we found dynamic frequency tuning among two different theta rhythms (~5 or ~10 Hz) was accompanied by agile changes of two different defensive behaviors (freeze-or-flight). By analyzing flight trajectories, we also found that high beta (~30 Hz) is engaged in the top-down process for goal-directed flights and accompanied by a reduction in fast gamma (60 to 120 Hz, peak near 70 Hz). The elevated beta nested the fast gamma activity by its phase more strongly. Our results suggest that the mPFC-BLA circuit has a potential role in oscillatory gear shifting allowing flexible information routing for behavior switches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tritium, a radioactive hydrogen isotope with a half-life of 12.32 years and emitting 0.324 W/g of heat through beta decay, is used as a nuclear fusion fuel. Thus, accurate measurement and safe storage of tritium are important technologies for nuclear fusion fuel cycles. We have developed a uranium hydride bed that can store, deliver, and measure tritium required for a tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactor fuel cycle. Calorimetry, which measures the thermal output of heat-producing substances, was chosen as the tritium accounting technique owing to its safety. The tritium amount cannot be measured directly through this technique but can be indirectly obtained by measuring the bed temperature from the calibration curve of tritium amount versus bed temperature. In this study, experiments were performed to obtain the calibration curve for the relationship between tritium amount and uranium hydride bed temperature. Additionally, characteristics including the convergence and sensitivity of the calorimetry methodology for the uranium hydride bed were determined. The relationship between the tritium amount and uranium hydride bed temperature can be expressed as a one-phase exponential decay function, and it was confirmed that the calorimetry could be applied for tritium inventory measurement with high precision under high vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an electromagnetic testing method for moisture separator reheater (MSR) tubes, which is based on partial saturation eddy current testing (PSECT). The sensor probe has a permanent magnet that is used to partially saturate the MSR tube material, a bobbin coil is used to supply an alternating electromagnetic field that penetrates into the tube, and a bobbin-type integrated Hall sensor (BIHaS) array is used to measure the radial component of the electromagnetic field distribution in the tube. The BIHaS has 15 Hall sensor elements arrayed at 24° (2.72 mm) intervals on the circumference to make a 13.5 mm diameter sensor probe. Thus, the spatial resolution of measurement can be improved rather than using a single/differential-type sensing coil as used in conventional PSECT systems. The efficiency of PSECT over magnetic flux leakage testing and eddy current testing is presented. Furthermore, the quantitative evaluation of damage volume can be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo detection of ultraviolet (UV) light remains a challenge since the penetration depth of UV light is limited to the nanometer scale. Therefore, the doping profile and electric field in the top nanometer range of the photo detection devices become critical. Traditional UV photodetectors usually use a constant doping profile near the semiconductor surface, resulting in a negligible electric field, which limits the photo-generated carrier collection efficiency of the photodetector. Here, we demonstrate, via the use of an optimized gradient boron doping technique, that the carrier collection efficiency and photo responsivity under the UV wavelength region have been enhanced. Furthermore, the ultrathin p+-i-n junction shows an avalanche gain of 2800 and an ultra-low junction capacitance (sub pico-farad), indicating potential applications in the low timing jitter single photon detection area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reduction or inhibition of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been shown to rescue memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is recently being considered a possible therapeutic strategy. However, the restoring mechanism of HDAC6 inhibition has not been fully understood. Methods and results: Here, we found that an anti-oxidant protein Peroxdiredoxin1 (Prx1), a substrate of HDAC6, malfunctions in Aβ treated cells, the brains of 5xFAD AD model mice and AD patients. Malfunctioning Prx1, caused by reduced Prx1 acetylation levels, was recovered by HDAC6 inhibition. Increasing acetylation levels of Prx1 by HDAC6 inhibition recovered elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, elevated Ca2+ levels and impaired mitochondrial axonal transport, sequentially, even in the presence of Aβ. Prx1 mutant studies on the K197 site for an acetylation mimic or silencing mutation support the results showing that HDAC6 inhibitor restores Aβ-induced disruption of ROS, Ca2+ and axonal transport. Conclusions: Taken together, increasing acetylation of Prx1 by HDAC6 inhibition has several beneficial effects in AD pathology. Here, we present the novel mechanism by which elevated acetylation of Prx1 rescues mitochondrial axonal transport impaired by Aβ. Therefore, our results suggest that modulation of Prx1 acetylation by HDAC6 inhibition has great therapeutic potential for AD and has further therapeutic possibilities for other neurodegenerative diseases as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting childhood asthma and atopic dermatitis. Methods: For this study, data for 1,170 children (1-11 years) from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-2, 2011) were analyzed. First correlation matrices were computed to test the normality of every data set and then to be in accordance with the real demographic composition, data were added weight before being analyzed. Results: The child with asthma of a three generation family (OR=3.91, 95% CI [1.33, 11.45], p=.013) compared with a two generation family showed higher asthma development, and maternal asthma (OR=9.71, 95% CI [2.66, 35.40], p=.001) showed higher asthma development in child. The only factor affecting atopic dermatitis was parental perceptions of child health: poor (OR=3.40, 95% CI [1.29, 8.98], p=.014). Conclusion: These results suggest that childhood asthma and atopic dermatitis are both affected by parental perceptions of child health. Accordingly, management and support programs for children who have asthma and/or atopic dermatitis and their families should be comprehensive and also give attention to any other health problems because health perception represents quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate pediatric nurse parent partnership and factors associated with this partnership. Methods: A survey was conducted with 158 nurses working in pediatric practice at one of 7 hospitals in Seoul, Incheon, and Chungcheongbuk Province. Data were collected from September to December 2013, and analyzed with SPSS Windows 21.0. Results: In hierarchial multiple regression analysis, self-efficacy (β=.19, p=.016), clinical decision making (β=.15, p=.046), and empowerment (β=.29, p=.001) were associated with pediatric nurse parent partnership, after adjusting for marital status, children, education, position and satisfaction with work unit. These factors accounted for 44.0% of the variance in the pediatric nurse parent relationship. Conclusion: These results suggest that pediatric nurse parent partnership could be influenced by the predictors. Ultimately, intervention programs focusing on these factors should be effective in helping pediatric nurses improve partnership with parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, interface quality of p-type GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (n-MOSCAPs) improved with the interface oxide layer (Ga2Ox) formed by ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) treatment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray dispersive spectroscopy were employed to investigate the Ga2Ox interface layer which reduced trapped charge density (Qot) and interface trap density (Dit) of n-MOSCAPs. The thickness of the Ga2Ox layer was found to be ∼1 nm. From the frequency–dispersion capacitance–voltage measurements, the Qot averaged over the GaN bandgap decreased from 9.40 × 1011 to 7.77 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 and the Dit near the valence band edge decreased from 9.78 × 1012 to 6.27 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1. The method to improve the interface quality could be applied to enhancement in the performance of p-GaN electronic devices such as MOS field-effect transistors and high-electron mobility transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]