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Purpose: The use of convolution neural networks (CNN) to accurately predict dose distributions can accelerate intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning. The purpose of our study is to develop a novel deep learning architecture for precise voxel-level dose prediction on brain tumors. Methods: A dataset of 120 patients with brain tumors is built for the retrospective study. The dose distributions are predicted by a designed end-to-end model called TS-Net, in which the transformer encoder module is utilized to obtain abundant global features by learning long-range correlations of the input sequence. In addition, semantic field alignment (SFA) block is proposed in decoding path to ensure effective propagation of strong semantic information from deep to shallow. Five images from different channels are fed into the architecture, including a computed tomography (CT) image, a planning target volumes (PTV) image, an organs-at-risk (OARs) image, a beam configuration image, and a distance image, and the predicted dose distributions are taken as outputs. We use different evaluation metrics to evaluate the performance of the model and discuss the role of the auxiliary beam configuration information provided by non-modulated dose distributions. Results: The TS-Net prediction accuracies in terms of mean absolute error (MAE) are 2.98% for PTV, 7.19% for brainstem, 1.88% for left len, 2.48% for right len, 9.61% for left optic nerve, 9.10% for right optic nerve, 8.99% for optic chiasma, and 8.28% for pituitary. There is no statistically significant difference between the predicted results and clinical dose distributions for clinical indexes including homogeneity index (HI), D50, and D95 for PTV; V40, mean dose, and max dose for OARs; except for conformation index (CI) and D2 for PTV. The model has dice similarity coefficient (DSC) values of above 0.91 for most isodose volumes, clearly outperforming HD U-Net, and being slightly better than U-Net and DCNN. Conclusion: The proposed TS-Net with beam configuration input can achieve accurate voxel-level dose prediction for brain tumors, and is a usable tool for improving the efficiency and quality of radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of airways characterized by prominent inflammatory cells infiltrated. And these inflammatory cells can secrete a series of inflammatory cytokines which are critical in the research of the occurrence and development of asthma. In vivo animal models can offer valuable information on several aspects of asthma pathogenesis and treatment. Transgenic mice, helping us efficiently and accurately define the function of specific genes in lungs, can be made animal models needed in evaluating the potential contribution to the pathogenesis and progression made by asthma inflammatory cells and cytokines. In this review, we will discuss the application of transgenic mice to the research on the onset and development of asthma in recent years, especially the inflammatory factors involved in them. And transgenic mice will play a more important role in the study of anti-asthma drugs than ever before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]