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The work was conducted to analyze convective heat transfer theory concerning the MHD effect on a flat and vertical plane. Thus, it is assumed that the plane has an unlimited surface area. In this work, we have tried to investigate the speed, temperature, and concentration by examining the impact ability of the studied space from changes in the mass concentration of nanoparticles and course, other dimensionless parameters such as Soret number, magnetic parameter, and Grashof. We attempted to analyze the idea of the treatise using the Caputo‐Fabrizio‐fractional derivative model, which is worth mentioning. One of the interesting results of this work is that with the increase of volume fraction of nanofluids from 0.01 to 0.04 wt%, we see that the thermal distribution increases significantly. The temperature profile has decreased by almost 7% as a result of increasing the dimensionless Prandtl number from 4 to 7. A 19% increase in velocity values is caused by increased fractional parameter effects from 1 to 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively investigates the effect of magnetic fields and thermal radiation on mixed convection in a hybrid alumina–copper/water nanofluid flowing over a permeable vertical flat plate. The study aims to model conventional nanofluid behavior accurately by considering the hybridization of two types of nanoparticles. Conventional similarity transformations and Akbari–Ganji's method are employed to simplify the governing equations, resulting in ordinary differential equations. Among the dual solutions obtained, only one stable solution is identified. The key findings reveal that boundary layer separation can be avoided by reducing the copper concentration volume and increasing the magnetic and radiation parameters. The mixed convection parameters induce counter-flow, enhancing heat transfer when the magnetic and radiation parameters increase and the copper concentration volume decreases. Conversely, increasing the concentration volume of copper leads to accelerated boundary layer separation and reduced measured physical quantities. Overall, the mixed convection parameter enhances skin friction and heat transfer rates, particularly in the achievable solution. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated through a comparison with the finite element method (FEM). The graphical presentation of the results facilitates a clearer interpretation of the study's findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value co-creation for service innovation is a rapidly developing concept in the current competitive market. Prior studies emphasize the conceptual aspects of the value co-creation, with limited research focusing on the interactive effects between firms and their customers created in the process of value co-creation. We propose a framework for synthesizing the interactive concepts associated with service innovation based on the service-dominant logic. We recruited participants (N = 448) from 11 sports clubs in Iran. Results indicated that openness and consumer engagement facilitate value co-creation, which in turn leads to perceived service innovation. Furthermore, perceived brand interactivity moderated the mediating role of value co-creation in the relationship between consumer engagement and perceived service innovation. Results from this research suggest openness and consumer engagement are key antecedents of value co-creation and highlight the significance of perceived brand interactivity and value co-creation in promoting service innovation at sports clubs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses a Brayton cycle power plant that utilizes waste as its energy source and an organic Rankine cycle. Integrating the Brayton cycle and the ORC, powered by incinerating municipal waste, is innovative. In this research, for the first time, a four-purpose survey was conducted on the waste incinerator power plant with Brayton cycle and gas turbine, and then it was carried out to optimize it. This study takes a significant step forward in advancing this technology through optimization. The energy and exergy analysis method was used to maximize the power of the power plant, the CEA method was used for economic analysis, and the genetic algorithm was used for optimization. The first step involves modeling the desired power plant, followed by calculations of exergy destruction, environmental cost, and construction cost. Subsequently, the system's exergy-economic and exergyenvironmental performance is evaluated. Finally, the system optimizes power generation while minimizing pollution and cost. The results indicate that the power plant construction is not economically viable without considering its environmental benefits. The exergy destruction is calculated to be 95.75 $ per hour for a plant with 4530 kW output power. With optimization, the exergy saving is 34.19%, and the total activity costs amount to 174.5 USD/GJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines Titania nanofluids that conduct electricity and are combined with various base fluids, focusing on various aspects. A magnetic field analyzes a continuous flow of nanofluid over a rotating disk that is positioned at an angle with a three-dimensional geometry assumption. The continuity, momentum, and energy balance equations are established, transformed using similarity variables, and solved through Akbari–Ganji Method (AGM) and Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) semi-analytical methods. The effects of several parameters, such as Magnetic parameter (M), Hall parameter (m), Porosity parameter (γ), Radiation parameter (Rd), and Thickness of liquid (δ), are examined through a graphical representation of state variables, including skin friction and Nusselt number. Additionally, the Response Surface Method (RSM) method has been utilized to simultaneously display the effects of porosity parameters and various factors across the disk. The findings showed that the magnetic, porosity, Hall, and thickness parameters had a significant impact on the behavior of the nanofluid. Specifically, the magnetic field had a strong influence on the velocity and temperature distribution of the fluid as it flowed over the rotating disk, while changes in porosity, Hall, and thickness parameters also affected these state variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation is believed as the main culprit of the link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine with a key role in RA pathophysiology and also correlates with joint destruction and disease activity. This study evaluates the association between IL‐6 plasma level and cardiac biomarker NT‐proBNP, HS‐CRP, CVD predictor algorithms, Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), as well as with CXCL9 and its receptor, CXCR3 in RA patients compared to the controls. Sixty RA patients (30 early and 30 late) and 30 healthy persons were included in this study. IL‐6 and NT‐proBNP plasma levels were measured by the ELISA. Also, HS‐CRP plasma levels were quantified using the immunoturbidimetric assay. The CVD risk was assessed by the FRS and SCORE. IL‐6 plasma levels were significantly higher in the early and late RA patients compared to the controls (p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between IL‐6 with DAS‐28 (p = 0.007, r = 0.346), BPS (p = 0.002, r = 0.396), BPD (p = 0.046, r = 0.259), SCORE (p < 0.001, r = 0.472), and FRS (p < 0.001, r = 0.553), and a negative association with HDL (p = 0.037, r = −0.270), in the patients. Also, IL‐6 plasma level positively correlated with HS‐CRP (p = 0.021, r = 0.297) and NT‐proBNP (p = 0.045, r = 0.260) in the patients. Furthermore, a positive association was found between IL‐6 plasma levels and CXCL9 (p = 0.002, r = 0.386), and CXCR3 (p = 0.018, r = 0.304) in the patients. Given the interesting association between IL‐6 with various variables of CVD, IL‐6 may be considered a biomarker for assessing the risk for future cardiovascular events in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to find an exact solution for the von Kármán swirling viscous fluid flow caused by the infinite radius rotating disk with uniform suction. The swirling flow occurred at infinity or far from the rotating disk, and two conditions were considered. The first condition is when the direction of swirling flow at infinity is the same as the direction of angular velocity that the rotating disk has. The second condition is when the direction of the rotating disk and that of the swirling flow are opposites. When there are no swirling flow at infinity and no suction on the surface of the rotating disk, the pressure distribution is just a function of distance above the disk. The similarity transformation converts the governing equations from partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations and then is solved analytically with the HAN method. In this study, three cases were considered. The first case is a swirling flow at infinity that has the opposite and same direction of the rotating disk when there is no suction on the disk's surface. The second case is no swirling flow at infinity, but the suction occurs on the rotating disk's surface. The third one is both suction on the rotating disk and swirling flow. In the first case, it was observed that when the angular velocity of the fluid at a distance away from the disk is insignificant compared to the angular velocity of the disk, the skin friction coefficient reaches the maximum value and vice versa when the angular velocity of the fluid increases at a distance away from the disk, the value of skin friction coefficient decreases. In the second case, it was observed that the more the surface suction increases, the more the skin friction coefficient increases. Hence, the skin friction coefficient on a porous disk on which suction occurs is higher than on a normal non-porous disk. The results demonstrate that when parameters such as s = a = 0, the pressure will be a distance function above the disk if we put r = 0 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural convection in a square porous cavity with a partial magnetic field is investigated in this work. The magnetic field enters a part of the left wall horizontally. The horizontal walls of the cavity are thermally insulated. The wave vertical wall on the right side is at a low temperature, while the left wall is at a high temperature. The Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equation of motion is utilized in the construction of the fluid flow model for the porous media. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to solve the problem's governing equations, and the current study was validated by comparing it to earlier research. On streamlines, isotherms, and Nusselt numbers, changes in the partial magnetic field length, Hartmann number, Rayleigh number, Darcy number, and number of wall waves have been examined. This paper will show that the magnetic field negatively impacts heat transmission. This suggests that the magnetic field can control heat transfer and fluid movement. Additionally, it was shown that heat transfer improved when the number of wall waves increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis was conducted to synthesize existing data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) concerning the impact of citrus flavonoids supplementation (CFS) on endothelial function. Relevant RCTs were identified through comprehensive searches of the PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to May 30, 2023. Weighted mean differences and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled utilizing a random‐effects model. A total of eight eligible RCTs, comprising 596 participants, were included in the analysis. The pooled data demonstrated a statistically significant augmentation in flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD) (2.75%; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.20; I2 = 87.3%; p < 0.001) associated with CFS compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, the linear dose–response analysis indicated that each increment of 200 mg/d in CFS led to an increase of 1.09% in FMD (95% CI: 0.70, 1.48; I2 = 94.5%; p < 0.001). The findings from the nonlinear dose–response analysis also revealed a linear relationship between CFS and FMD (Pnon‐linearity = 0.903, Pdose–response <0.001). Our findings suggest that CFS enhances endothelial function. However, more extensive RTCs encompassing longer intervention durations and different populations are warranted to establish more precise conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Organizational commitment (OC) significantly impacts the quality of care provided by healthcare staff. It reflects employees’ connection to and engagement with their organization, affecting job satisfaction, employee turnover, and the overall success of the healthcare organization. This research seeks to assess OC levels and identify its influencing factors among health sector staff in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the staff of the health sector including physicians/family physician (FP), midwives, healthcare workers, psychologists, dentists, and nutritionists were selected through a multi-stage sampling; they filled out an online 36-item questionnaire (12 demographic items and 24-item Allen and Mayer OC questionnaire). The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 25). Descriptive statistics of OC scores were provided. Also, independent samples t-test and analysis of variance were used as statistical tests, and P-value < 0.05 was considered the significant level. Results: Overall, 289 staff with a mean age of 32 ± 7.6 years participated in this study. The OC total mean score was higher in the public sector compared with the private sector and higher in the non-FP team compared with the FP team. The mean score of all types of OC among all job positions was low. Moreover, education level, workplace, job experience in current job, engagement in other jobs for making money, and FP staff showed a significant association with the total mean score of OC. Conclusion: According to the results, OC among health sector staff is low. Therefore, policymakers in the health sector are strongly recommended to implement immediate measures to enhance this critical factor among their workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Organizational commitment (OC) significantly impacts the quality of care provided by healthcare staff. It reflects employees’ connection to and engagement with their organization, affecting job satisfaction, employee turnover, and the overall success of the healthcare organization. This research seeks to assess OC levels and identify its influencing factors among health sector staff in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the staff of the health sector including physicians/family physician (FP), midwives, healthcare workers, psychologists, dentists, and nutritionists were selected through a multi-stage sampling; they filled out an online 36-item questionnaire (12 demographic items and 24-item Allen and Mayer OC questionnaire). The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 25). Descriptive statistics of OC scores were provided. Also, independent samples t-test and analysis of variance were used as statistical tests, and P-value < 0.05 was considered the significant level. Results: Overall, 289 staff with a mean age of 32 ± 7.6 years participated in this study. The OC total mean score was higher in the public sector compared with the private sector and higher in the non-FP team compared with the FP team. The mean score of all types of OC among all job positions was low. Moreover, education level, workplace, job experience in current job, engagement in other jobs for making money, and FP staff showed a significant association with the total mean score of OC. Conclusion: According to the results, OC among health sector staff is low. Therefore, policymakers in the health sector are strongly recommended to implement immediate measures to enhance this critical factor among their workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a diverse and multifaceted disease characterized by genetic and epigenetic changes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. CRC pathophysiology has been linked to the deregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and the ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylases. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of selective miRNAs (miR-200 and miR-494), TET1, and Wnt1 in colorectal polyps, actual colorectal tumors, and normal adjacent tissues. We also evaluated the effect of 5-aza cytidine on the expression level of TET1 and wnt1 in the HT29 cell line. Materials and methods: In this study, we assessed TET1 and Wnt1 expression in 5-azacytidine-treated HT29 cells, a demethylating agent commonly used in cancer therapy. Additionally, we enrolled 114 individuals who underwent radical surgical colon resection, including 47 with cancerous tissues and 67 with polyps. We utilized qRT-PCR to measure miR-200, miR-494, TET1, and Wnt1 mRNA levels in colorectal polyps, actual colorectal tumors, and normal adjacent tissues. Results: Our study revealed that TET1 expression was notably lower in both polyps and CRC tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue, with higher TET1 expression in tumors than polyps. We also observed significant differences in miR-200 and miR-494 expression in tumor samples compared to adjacent normal tissue. Our in vitro experiments revealed that 5-azacytidine administration increased TET1 and decreased Wnt1 expression in CRC cell lines. This suggests that DNA-demethylating drugs may have a therapeutic role in modifying TET1 and Wnt signaling in the development of CRC. Conclusions: Overall, our findings shed light on the intricate interactions between TET1, Wnt1, and specific miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their potential implications for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a diverse and multifaceted disease characterized by genetic and epigenetic changes that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. CRC pathophysiology has been linked to the deregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and the ten-eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylases. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of selective miRNAs (miR-200 and miR-494), TET1, and Wnt1 in colorectal polyps, actual colorectal tumors, and normal adjacent tissues. We also evaluated the effect of 5-aza cytidine on the expression level of TET1 and wnt1 in the HT29 cell line. Materials and methods: In this study, we assessed TET1 and Wnt1 expression in 5-azacytidine-treated HT29 cells, a demethylating agent commonly used in cancer therapy. Additionally, we enrolled 114 individuals who underwent radical surgical colon resection, including 47 with cancerous tissues and 67 with polyps. We utilized qRT-PCR to measure miR-200, miR-494, TET1, and Wnt1 mRNA levels in colorectal polyps, actual colorectal tumors, and normal adjacent tissues. Results: Our study revealed that TET1 expression was notably lower in both polyps and CRC tissue compared to adjacent normal tissue, with higher TET1 expression in tumors than polyps. We also observed significant differences in miR-200 and miR-494 expression in tumor samples compared to adjacent normal tissue. Our in vitro experiments revealed that 5-azacytidine administration increased TET1 and decreased Wnt1 expression in CRC cell lines. This suggests that DNA-demethylating drugs may have a therapeutic role in modifying TET1 and Wnt signaling in the development of CRC. Conclusions: Overall, our findings shed light on the intricate interactions between TET1, Wnt1, and specific miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their potential implications for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, CeO2‐NPs were produced via a green chemistry process via Linum usitatissimum seeds extract as the stabilizing agent. The CeO2‐NPs were characterized by the results of analytical techniques such as TGA/DTA, FTIR, UV–vis, XPS, XRD, and FESEM/PSA/EDX. The outcomes of the XRD pattern affirmed the crystalline structure of this product with the suggested size of about 20 nm, while the FESEM/PSA pictures presented spherical morphology. Additionally, the XPS analysis of CeO2‐NPs affirmed the presence of a Ce+3 oxidation state in the sample, as well as Ce+4 as the major valence of cerium oxide. The results of the MTT test on Huh‐7 cancer cells and HFF normal cells displayed the lack of any significant cytotoxicity even at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL. Therefore, the obtained synthesized CeO2‐NPs through this green method could be suggested as a prospective agent for medical applications due to its non‐toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) is modified by ibuprofen and diclofenac as anti‐inflammatory drugs to synthesize ibuprofen‐HEMA and diclofenac‐HEMA monomers. Then, poly(ibuprofen‐HEMA‐co‐HEMA) (PIHH), poly(diclofenac‐HEMA‐co‐HEMA) (PDHH), and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) particles are prepared by distillation precipitation polymerization. The morphology and size of the particles are investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). It is observed that all particles are spherical and with sizes of 298.3 nm for PHEMA, 178.8 nm for PDHH, and 85.2 nm for PIHH, respectively. Doxorubicin drug is loaded into the prepared particles and the drug release behavior is investigated for all the particles at two different pH values of 7.4 and 5.3. The release of the drug in acidic pH is higher due to the better solubility of DOX in acidic environment and the faster release of DOX molecules from nanocarriers. The toxicity of particles is also investigated and it is observed that by loading the drug into the PHEMA particles, the release of the drug causes fewer toxic effects than in the free state (drug without any nanocarrier), and the presence of ibuprofen and diclofenac in the particles, that is, PIHH and PDHH, led to a significant reduction in the cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to compile existing observational research and quantify the potential association between ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of insomnia using meta-analysis. Setting: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases with no restrictions until 29 June 2024. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were aggregated using a random-effects model, while the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Egger's regression asymmetry test assessed study quality and publication bias, respectively. Results: Analysis of data from seven studies showed a significant positive association between higher intake of UPFs and an increased risk of insomnia (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.95; I2 = 62.3%; p = 0.014). Subgroup analysis indicated this positive relationship was particularly strong under the NOVA food classification (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.40; I2 = 78.5%; p = 0.009; n = 3) and with snack intake (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.71; I2 = 0.0%; p < 0.001; n = 2), compared to adherence to Western dietary patterns. Moreover, subgroup analysis based on age group showed that higher UPF intake was significantly associated with increased risk of insomnia among adolescents (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.99; I2 = 57.4%; p < 0.001) but not in adults. Conclusions: Our findings underscore a significant association between higher consumption of UPFs and increased risk of insomnia, particularly among adolescents. Further research is necessary to explore the intricacies of this association and to ensure the generalizability of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Nowadays, problem-solving skills have become one of the most critical components of educational systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to design problem-solving skills among high school students in Khorramabad city. Methods and Materials: The present study was qualitative and applied in terms of its objective. The research population included specialists, experts, elites, and university professors. Through purposive sampling, 17 individuals were selected. The research tool was semi-structured interviews, whose validity was assessed using face validity and reliability through the inter-coder agreement coefficient, which was found to be 0.88. Data analysis was conducted using the Grounded Theory strategy (three-stage coding method). Findings: The findings showed that causal conditions included the suspension of skill-oriented plans, lack of knowledge and specialized workforce, and neglect of verbal and communication skills. Contextual conditions included uniform education, weaknesses in educational leadership, the gap in critical education, and organizational and knowledge adaptability issues. Intervening conditions comprised viewing skills as leisure, lack of subject-specific knowledge, and weaknesses in verbal and communication skills. Strategies identified were creating environmental awareness, guided participation, and decentralizing formal learning. The outcomes identified were an incoherent and need-based self-concept, the inferiority and non-productivity of the educational system, and deepening quantity-oriented memorization. Conclusion: The results indicate that strong leadership groups should be established, and formal education should be decentralized to pave the way for the emergence of students' creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of self-determination training on self-handicapping and academic procrastination among students. Methods and Materials: The present study is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all students studying at Farhangian University in Birjand at Imam Sajjad and Shahid Bahonar campuses in the academic year 2016-2017, totaling 1,950 individuals. The research sample included 40 students from Farhangian University who voluntarily enrolled and were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 each using a random numbers table. The experimental group participated in 12 sessions of 90 minutes each, one session per week over two months, undergoing an intervention program based on self-determination skills developed by the researchers based on Deci and Ryan's (1985) self-determination theory. The control group received no training during this period. The Jones and Rhodewalt (1982) Self-Handicapping Scale and the Solomon and Rothblum (1984) Academic Procrastination Scale were used to measure the variables. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-23 software. Findings: The results of multivariate covariance analysis indicated that self-determination skills training had a significant effect on reducing student self-handicapping (F=104.88) and academic procrastination (F=34.74) (p<0.001), and these results persisted in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Based on the findings, learning and applying self-determination skills by students can reduce self-handicapping and the occurrence of procrastination behaviors during their studies. Therefore, the results of this study have practical implications for psychologists and counselors at university counseling centers to utilize self-determination skills to reduce academic procrastination and self-handicapping among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical composition of the oil extracted from three different melon seed varieties (named Uzbek-Russian, Soski, and Soski Green), which were collected from three various geographical parts of Iran (north, northeast, and center), was determined in 2021 and 2022. The macronutrient components, fatty acid profile, sterol compounds, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and oxidative stability of the melon seed oils were determined. The oil content of melon seeds ranged from 43.3% to 47.3%. Linoleic (54.48% to 60.35%), oleic (24.35% to 28.03%), and palmitic acids (10.15% to 12.65%) were the predominant fatty acids. No significant differences were observed between the three cultivars and between the 2 years of the study in terms of macronutrient components and fatty acid profiles (p > 0.05). Twelve different phenolic compounds were identified, of which caffeic acid was the major compound, ranging from 39.74% ± 1.70% (Soski Green) to 63.45% ± 1.25% (Uzbek-Russian). The amounts of caffeic acid and oxidative stability of Uzbek‐Russian were significantly higher than those in the two other cultivars. β‐Sitosterol (approximately 60%) and γ‐tocopherol (71.6 to 84.07 mg/100 g) were the major sterol and tocopherol compounds, respectively. The results indicated that the physical and chemical specifications of the three investigated melon seed oils were stable for two consecutive years. Therefore, melon seed oil is a rich source of bioactive compounds and could be introduced as a healthy oil for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is an evaluation of Centella asiatica ethanolic extract in terms of total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total flavonols, anthocyanin, antioxidants, and antibacterial activities. Centella asiatica plants were collected from Guilan province, Iran. High-performance liquid chromatography-Diode array detector analysis demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of C. asiatica contained phenolic substances such as sinapic acid, catechin, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, hesperidin, eugenol, and hesperetin. The predominant phenolic compound in the extract was hesperetin. The antibacterial activities of the extract were highly potent against S. aureus and B. cereus. These findings suggest that C. asiatica is rich in phenolic compounds and can be utilised for future cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children presenting to the emergency department (ED) often require procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) prior to procedures. Although ketamine is used widely for PSA safely, there is a risk of adverse effects. Among them, vomiting is significant as it occurs in about 10% of patients and can potentially endanger the airway. Because there is evidence that post-operative complications might be due to anxiety prior to the operation, this study aims to investigate the association between pre-procedural anxiety and vomiting in the ED. Methods: In this cohort study, a convenient sample of children aged 2 to 14 years who were a candidate for PSA with ketamine in the ED were enrolled. Anxiety was evaluated using the short version of the modified Yale preoperative anxiety scale (mYAS). Vomiting was recorded during the period of hospitalization in the ED and 24 h after discharge by a phone call. Association between anxiety level and vomiting was analyzed using the independent samples t-test and multivariable logistic regression was used to control for covariates. Results: 102 children were enrolled and 93 were included in final analysis. The mean age of participants was 3.95 ± 1.79 years and 55.9% were male. According to the mYAS, the mean score of anxiety was 48.67 ± 21.78 in the waiting room and 59.10 ± 23.86 in the operating room. The mean score of anxiety was 58.3±25.3 and 51.0±20.7 in the vomiting and non-vomiting groups, respectively. At least one episode of vomiting was reported in 23 children of which, 19 took place in the hospital and 4 after discharge. No significant association was observed between pre-procedural anxiety and the occurrence of vomiting. On univariate regression model, the odds ratio of the association between mean anxiety and vomiting was 1.02 (CI 95%: 0.99–1.04) (P-value: 0.16). On the multivariable logistic regression model, after adjusting for all the covariates, the odds ratio was 1.03 (CI 95%: 1.0–1.05) (P-value: 0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that anxiety before procedural sedation and analgesia with ketamine in children was not associated with the incidence of vomiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many available questionnaires fail to distinguish between the severity of symptoms and functional limitations caused by low back pain (LBP) in different areas. Therefore, it is difficult to determine which symptoms and functional limitations are associated with existing low back pain. The lack of a specific questionnaire for functional symptoms... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineering is an emerging field in dentistry, and stem cell research has shown promise in regenerating new tissue. The three essential components for tissue engineering are stem cells, scaffolds, and growth/differentiation factors. Numerous studies have been conducted in regenerative medicine, and more recently in regenerative dentistry, utilizing different signals. In a pioneering study, dentin derivative signal (DDS), which was self-administered, was used as a differentiation factor for dental pulp stem cells to promote dentinogenesis in vitro. The study demonstrated that DDS can stimulate dental pulp stem cells to differentiate into other dental tissues, such as dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin injuries pose a substantial public health challenge, not only due to their physical trauma but also the accompanying pain and complexities in wound healing. In the current research, Inula helenium extract and lidocaine were loaded into electrospun PVA/calcium alginate nanofibers to promote skin wounds healing and alleviate the resulting pain. Various in vitro experiments were utilized to characterize these dressings. Wound healing potential of these constructs and their analgesic effects were studied in a rat model of skin wounds. Our developed scaffolds released the loaded drugs in a slow manner and showed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Fiber size measurement showed that drug-loaded and drug-free scaffolds had around 418.025 ± 140.11 nm and 505.51 ± 93.29 nm mean fiber size, respectively. Bacterial penetration assay confirmed that drug-loaded scaffolds reduced bacterial infiltration through the matrices. Wound healing study showed that on day 14th, the dressings loaded with inula helenium extract and lidocaine could close the wounds up to 91.26 ± 5.93%. In addition, these scaffolds significantly reduced the animals pain sensitivity. ELISA assay results implied that these dressings modulated inflammation and reduced tissue's oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NIR‐induced upconversion‐assisted photopolymerization has gained growing attention in the past two decades because of its numerous advantages over conventional UV/visible photopolymerization and two‐photon polymerization processes. However, research in this area is still in its early stages. To extend the practical application of NIR‐induced radiation curing, it is essential to optimize the factors affecting the photopolymerization reactions. Researchers have been constantly trying to improve these factors to tune the photo‐physical characteristics (luminescence intensity and color) of upconversion particles (UCPs), enhance curing depths and degree of double bond conversion (DC), and investigate the application of UCPs in emerging fields. In this review, first, a brief discussion of the upconversion mechanisms and upconversion efficiency is provided. Then, a detailed discussion of the factors influencing the upconversion‐assisted photopolymerization comprising UCP nature and characteristics, UCP content, presence of fillers/pigments/additives, laser intensity, photoinitiator content, and maximum absorption wavelength of photoinitiator is provided, and recent progress in improving these factors is presented. Finally, the advantages and drawbacks of the UC‐initiated polymerization are discussed, and perspectives for future directions are suggested. Highlights: NIR‐induced upconversion‐assisted photopolymerization garners growing interest.Influential factors in upconversion‐assisted photopolymerization are thoroughly discussed.The recent progress on improving these factors and the future directions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Emergency physicians are always faced with the challenge of choosing the appropriate disposition for elderly patients in order to ensure an acceptable care plan and effective use of resources. A clinical decision rule, Geriatric Fever Score (GFS) has been proposed but not validated to help ED physicians with decision-making. This rule employs leukocytosis, severe coma, and thrombocytopenia as predictors of 30-day mortality. Through our study determines the performance of this clinical prediction rule in a prospective study in a setting different from where it was developed. Method and materials: In this prospective cohort study in a 1200-bed tertiary care, patients older than 65 years old who visited the ED with fever were enrolled. All elements of the rule were collected and the total score was calculated for each patient. Patients were also categorized as low risk (score 0–1) or high risk (score ≥ 2). Thirty-day follow-up was performed to determine the patient outcome (survival or mortality). Results: A total of 296 patients were included in our final analysis. The mortality rate was 33.1% for patients with a Score of 0, 42.1% for a score of 1, 57.1% for a score of 2, and 100% for a score of 3. When divided into two risk groups, patients' mortality rates were as follows: low risk group 37.9% and high-risk group 40.5%. Conclusion: Our study showed that elderly patients who present to ED with fever and have a score of 2 or higher on the Geriatric Fever Score are at higher risk of mortality at 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

patterns is a requisite for the design and operation of water distribution networks. This study uses end-use water consumption data to create zonal water consumption patterns. The process involves extrapolating end-use data to create flow variation in the water distribution network. In this study, the water consumption patterns of 30 household consumers as the end-use data were monitored for a period of one year. To validate the results of the presented methodology, zonal water consumption patterns of nine district-metered areas were also measured. The Normal and the Gumbel probability distributions were applied to individual water consumption patterns to generate comprehensive zonal water consumption patterns for different population sizes. The results indicate that the maximum Gumbel's probabilistic distribution function with considering the leakage effect created better results. This innovative approach holds the potential to create comprehensive zonal water consumption patterns tailor-made for different population sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, geological remote sensing has greatly enhanced the ability to access alteration zones and identify potential sites for hydrothermal deposits quickly and cost-effectively. This study utilizes satellite image processing methods to map the alteration zones in the exploration area of the Zafarghand. The study area is located in the NE of Isfahan and falls within the central structural zone of Iran. The Zafarghand porphyry system exhibits phyllic, potassic, propylitic, and argillic alteration halos. Alterations in this study were detected using ASTER sensor imagery. Each pixel's digital number value from the satellite images, organized in a matrix, serves as a sample in a systematic grid. The singularity method algorithm was then applied as an effective structural tool to identify geochemical anomalies in the digital pixel values from ASTER images. The findings demonstrate that the singularity method, due to its structural attributes, has been successful in decision-making and highly effective on determining promising areas in the study area, especially for propylitic and phyllic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact to the head during an accident, severe braking or other driving accidents are one of the causes of injury in the passengers of road vehicles. This issue is much more evident for racing car drivers due to the high speed of the car and maneuvering. One of the driver's protective tools in this situation is a helmet. In this research, the possibility of using spacer fabric as a shock absorber for the car passenger's head when crossing over road irregularities is investigated. For this purpose, the effect of the diameter, length and density of the yarns forming the spacer fabric, their inclination angle and the thickness of the top layer of the fabric on the impact force on the head is investigated. First, using the finite element model of the fabric, the effect of the above parameters on the force–displacement characteristics of the fabric is studied. In order to simulate the vehicle movement on the road irregularities, a four degree of freedom model of the vehicle and its passenger has been used. By solving the differential equations of motion of the model using the Rang Kuta method, the impact forces on the head have been obtained for different parameters of the fabric. The results of the simulation showed that by increasing the yarn diameter from 0.2 to 0.3 mm, the average force on the head decreases by 21.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and Toxocara spp. are two types of parasites that can infect humans and various animals, including dogs. Police dogs and their trainers have a vital role in law enforcement, and their health and well-being are crucial for them to effectively carry out their duties. No study has yet been conducted on the prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections among police dogs and their trainers in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the sero-molecular prevalence of T. gondii and Toxocara spp. infections in police dogs and their trainers in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Methods: In Tehran province, the anti-narcotics police have nearly 200 well-trained police dogs. Each dog is assigned a dedicated trainer and upon completing missions, is housed separately in a designated area. In the present study, a total of 150 samples were gathered. These included 50 blood samples from randomly selected police dogs, 50 fecal samples from the same dogs, and 50 blood samples from their trainers. The Modified Agglutination Test (MAT) was performed to detect T. gondii antibodies in dog blood samples and the ELISA system was utilized to identify anti-Toxoplasma and anti-Toxocara antibodies in the sera of the dog trainers. A specific segment of the SAG2 and ITS genes were amplified via nested-PCR in order to molecularly detect T. gondii in human blood samples and Toxocara spp. in dog fecal samples. Results: Regarding serological findings, the prevalence of T. gondii in dog and human blood samples was 4% (2/50) and 10% (5/50), respectively. According to reports, the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. in human blood samples was 6% (3/50). No statistically significant association was found between the prevalence of the examined parasites and variables (age, sex, and breed) in dogs, as well as the age variable in military personnel. Molecular findings showed that out of the 50 dog fecal samples and 50 human blood samples, there was no presence of Toxocara spp. and T. gondii, respectively. Conclusion: Understanding the prevalence of parasitic infections helps public health officials assess the risk to human and animal populations. This information can guide the development of prevention and control measures to reduce the spread of these infections. Overall, the prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly T. gondii and Toxocara spp., in police dogs and their trainers remains uncertain and necessitates further in-depth research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the nonlinear vibro-acoustic performance of simply supported cylindrical shell under oblique incident plane sound wave including companion modes participation. The cylindrical shell equation of motion is obtained employing Donnell's nonlinear shallow shell theory. The Galerkin method is applied to the equations of motion in order to obtain the system of nonlinear nonhomogeneous second order ordinary differential equations. The considered mode shapes are two asymmetric driven and companion modes and one axisymmetric mode. Multiple Scales Method is used to determine the response of resultant nonlinear differential equations. Next, the effects of incident sound characteristics on the transmission loss factor are studied. According to the results, effect of companion mode on the transmission loss (TL) through the shell can be seen only in high frequency of the incident sound wave. In addition, at high incident angle of acoustic wave, the companion mode effect on the TL of the system is very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the quality of food, particularly raw milk, is paramount for ensuring food safety and safeguarding human health. Therefore, the development of a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical system is imperative to prevent outbreaks of foodborne diseases. In this study, we assessed the total microbial content of raw milk using the impedance measurement and compared it to the standard plate count method. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of PEI-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles on capacitance changes through two electrode immobilization methods and direct addition to raw milk. Our findings revealed a strong correlation between impedance measurement at the optimal frequency of 10 kHz and the standard plate count method. Notably, capacitance changes occurred rapidly within the initial minutes of the experiment at a bacterial count of 1 × 104 CFU/ml, followed by a linear increase after 4 h. The detection times for bacterial counts of 102 CFU/ml and 104 CFU/ml were 5 h and 1 h, respectively. Utilizing PEI-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs demonstrated enhanced signal response and sensitivity of the device when immobilizing the electrode and measuring capacitance after 5 min. These NPs facilitated the detection of a higher number of bacterial cells, indicating the potential of impedance analysis as a reliable method for determining the total bacterial concentration in raw milk. Consequently, the impedance-based system proposed in this study holds promise as an automated biosensor for detecting pathogenic bacteria in raw milk samples without the need for pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This investigation was undertaken with the objective of constructing a model of moral behavior predicated on the interactions between parents and children, alongside perceived social support, with cultural intelligence and religious orientation serving as mediating variables among high school females in Tehran. Methods: The research employed a descriptive correlational methodology. The statistical population for this study encompasses all female high school students aged between 12 and 16 years, with a total of 400 individuals selected as a sample through the application of cluster sampling during the academic year of 2023. Data collection was facilitated through the utilization of standardized questionnaires. Results: The findings indicated that parent-child interactions exert a direct influence on moral behavior; additionally, it was determined that perceived social support similarly has a direct impact on moral conduct. Further results corroborated that parent-child interactions do not influence moral behavior via the mediating function of cultural intelligence. Ultimately, additional findings revealed that perceived social support exerts an indirect effect on ethical behavior through the mediating influence of cultural intelligence. Conclusions: The results predominantly validate the significance of social support, familial context, and parental influence in both mitigating and enhancing moral behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted on the thermal analysis of transverse fluid flow in a gradient porous medium with exponential boundary conditions. By solving a two-dimensional system of dimensionless equations using the Newton–Raphson method and Galerkin finite element technique, the authors studied the effects of cross-diffusion on double-diffusive natural convection in shells. The simulation results for isoconcentrations, isotherms, and stream functions were analyzed for different flow parameters, and it was found that the mean Dufour and Soret numbers were more susceptible to cross-diffusion impacts. The researchers also found that altering the tilt angle of the trapezoidal enclosure can significantly impact flow circulation and temperature gradient, which has important implications for thermal energy control in different technical appliances. This study provides valuable insights into the thermal behavior of fluid flow in porous media, which can aid in the development of more efficient and effective thermal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the flow of an incompressible fluid is thermally studied. Investigations into the heat transfer process have been conducted in non-Newtonian fluid flows with chemical reactions and heat sources present. The application of this work is the fluid flow around the stretching sheet; fluid flow on a stretching sheet can be applied to polymer extrusion, drawing or plastic films, hot rolling, casting and other engineering problems. The novelty of this paper is that the governing equations have been solved by a new and efficient semi-analytical approach, the Akbari–Ganji method (AGM). In order to investigate the issue, the finite element method (FEM) has also been applied. Comparing the results of problem-solving with the applied methods with the results of the previous research shows a perfect agreement. The results show that the parameters of Hartmann number and interaction improve the velocity profiles. Additionally, for greater Hartmann number values, raising the parameter of interaction decreases the temperature value, but a smaller value has the reverse effect. As the Hartmann number increases, the fluid velocity decreases and it shows that with the increase of electromagnetic force, the velocity of fluid flow decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates natural convection with double-diffusive properties numerically in a vertical bi-layered square enclosure. The cavity has two parts: one part is an isotropic and homogeneous porous along the wall, and an adjacent part is an aqueous fluid. Adiabatic, impermeable horizontal walls and constant and uniform temperatures and concentrations on other walls are maintained. To solve the governing equations, the finite element method (FEM) employed and predicted results shows the impact of typical elements of convection on double diffusion, namely the porosity thickness, cavity rotation angle, and thermal conductivity ratio. Different Darcy and Rayleigh numbers effects on heat transfer conditions were investigated, and the Nusselt number in the border of two layers was obtained. The expected results, presented as temperature field (isothermal lines) and velocity behavior in X and Y directions, show the different effects of the aforementioned parameters on double diffusion convective heat transfer. Also results show that with the increase in the thickness of the porous layer, the Nusselt number decreases, but at a thickness higher than 0.8, we will see an increase in the Nusselt number. Increasing the thermal conductivity ratio in values less than one leads to a decrease in the average Nusselt number, and by increasing that parameter from 1 to 10, the Nusselt values increase. A higher rotational angle of the cavity reduces the thermosolutal convective heat transfer, and increasing the Rayleigh and Darcy numbers, increases Nusselt. These results confirm that the findings obtained from the Finite Element Method (FEM), which is the main idea of this research, are in good agreement with previous studies that have been done with other numerical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The current analysis produces the fractional sample of non-Newtonian Casson and Williamson boundary layer flow considering the heat flux and the slip velocity. An extended sheet with a nonuniform thickness causes the steady boundary layer flow's temperature and velocity fields. Our purpose in this research is to use Akbari Ganji method (AGM) to solve equations and compare the accuracy of this method with the spectral collocation method. Design/methodology/approach: The trial polynomials that will be utilized to carry out the AGM are then used to solve the nonlinear governing system of the PDEs, which has been transformed into a nonlinear collection of linked ODEs. Findings: The profile of temperature and dimensionless velocity for different parameters were displayed graphically. Also, the effect of two different parameters simultaneously on the temperature is displayed in three dimensions. The results demonstrate that the skin-friction coefficient rises with growing magnetic numbers, whereas the Casson and the local Williamson parameters show reverse manners. Originality/value: Moreover, the usefulness and precision of the presented approach are pleasing, as can be seen by comparing the results with previous research. Also, the calculated solutions utilizing the provided procedure were physically sufficient and precise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Percutaneous Trans hepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is a successful palliative treatment for malignant obstructive jaundice. Despite the past that PTBD complications occur more frequently. Currently, with the help of an ultrasound guide, these side effects and possibility of adjacent organ damages have decreased interestingly. One of the rare complications of this procedure is acute pancreatitis. Case Presentation: We discuss an uncommon case of acute pancreatitis following PTBD in an elderly woman who presented to the hospital with jaundice and anorexia. Conservative therapy without decatheterization was the treatment of choice in our patient. Eventually after receiving conservative therapy for her pancreatitis, she was discharged from the hospital in good general condition and she has not experienced any episodes of abdominal pain again. Conclusion: Acute pancreatitis is one of the causes of sepsis during PTBD catheterization. Early management of this complication after PTBD can decrease morbidity and mortality of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between alexithymia, loneliness, and differentiation with suicidal thoughts in high school students. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population included all female high school students in District 4 of Tabriz during the 2023-2024 academic year (N=4000). Using Krejcie and Morgan's table and multistage cluster random sampling, 351 students were selected as the sample. The data collection tools included the Jackson Differentiation of Self Inventory (2003), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (1994), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (1991), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (1980). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS version 20. Findings: The results indicated a significant positive correlation between alexithymia and loneliness with suicidal thoughts in high school students. Additionally, a significant inverse relationship was found between differentiation and suicidal thoughts in high school students. The multiple regression results also showed that differentiation (beta = -0.38), alexithymia (beta = 0.35), and loneliness (beta = 0.23) could significantly predict changes in suicidal thoughts among high school students, accounting for 52% of the variance in suicidal thoughts. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the importance of planning and providing appropriate educational and therapeutic programs aimed at enhancing self-differentiation to reduce suicidal thoughts among students, while also addressing loneliness and alexithymia. The study's results should be communicated to education officials for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The RBD of SARS-CoV-2 mediates viral entry into host cells by binding to the host receptor ACE2. SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to various health issues resembling amyloid-related problems, persuading us to investigate the amyloidogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD. Methods: The FoldAmyloid program was used to assess the amyloidogenic propensities in the RBD of Delta Plus and RBD of the Omicron variant, with and without the SUMO tag. After the expression of RBDs, purification, and dialysis steps were performed, subsequently the ThT assay, FTIR, and TEM were employed to check the RBD ability to form fibrils. Results: The ThT assay, TEM, and FTIR revealed the ability of RBD to self-assemble into β-sheet-rich aggregates (48.4% β-sheet content). Additionally, the presence of the SUMO tag reduced the formation of RBD amyloid-like fibrils. The amyloidogenic potential of Omicron RBD was higher than Delta Plus, according to both in silico and experimental analyses. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 RBD can assemble itself by forming aggregates containing amyloid-like fibrils and the presence of a SUMO tag can significantly decrease the formation of RBD amyloid-like fibrils. In silico analysis suggested that variation in the ThT fluorescence intensity of amyloid accumulations in the two SARS-CoV-2 strains arises from specific mutations in their RBD regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas injection is a well-known method for enhancing oil recovery (EOR). The utilization of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or flue gas, offers the dual advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while potentially enhancing the sweep efficiency in oil recovery. Nevertheless, one of the notable challenges encountered when using these gases is the precipitation and deposition of asphaltenes, leading to formation damage and a decrease in reservoir permeability, particularly in the case of light oil reservoirs. In this study, CO2 and flue gas were injected into an elongated core sample comprising four individual core plugs under reservoir conditions to displace the light live oil. The recovery factor and asphaltene deposition along the core holder were assessed and compared as two crucial parameters within the gas injection scenario. Our results indicate a significantly higher recovery factor of 86% achieved with CO2 injection compared to 36% with flue gas injection, attributable to differences in their interfacial tension and miscibility. However, the CO2 injection method exhibits more pronounced formation damage. Individual assessment of each core plug reveals that permeability impairment is most acute in the initial two core plugs, situated closer to the injection face of the extended core. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to permeability impairment resulting from asphaltene deposition during CO2 and flue gas injection for EOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high pressure of water distribution networks (WDNs) increases leakage, bursts, and water consumption. Pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) are widely used in WDNs because of their flexibility and effectiveness in pressure management. This paper studies pressure management by locating and adjusting PRVs in WDNs, considering the proper objective function and the suitable optimization algorithm. The single-objective algorithms and the EPANET hydraulic simulator in MATLAB programming are combined to manage the pressure. Initially, the proposed method improved by selecting the optimal optimization algorithm and objective function. Both fixed outlets and time-modulated modes of PRVs for two ZJ and Bellingham WDNs as case studies were used. Considering the cost, reliability, hydraulic performance, and leakage, the results were then analyzed and compared by changing the number, location, and adjustment of each PRV. The outcomes show the effect of choosing the best algorithms and cost functions on the results. The results also show that this method increases the reliability and controls the nodal pressure to a desired level in WDNs. Practical Applications: Leakages in water distribution networks (WDNs) are problematic for utilities and other governmental agencies. Pressure management in WDNs is inevitable to reduce the rate of bursts and leaks. Using fixed- and time-modulated pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) is essential for smart pressure management in WDNs. This study presented a method for positioning and adjusting PRVs in WDNs. The proposed method was applied to ZJ and Bellingham WDNs by choosing the best optimization algorithm and objective functions. The grey wolf optimizer (GWO) algorithm is proposed as one of the best algorithms for this subject. The presented method tries to provide the best plan for pressure management by examining the cost, leakage, and reliability. The results show that the presented method effectively increases reliability and reduces leakage in WDNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the physical-perceptual structure of architecture creates a context for users to understand the goals and meaning of architecture by being in the space, on the other hand, it creates the precise proportions of the spatial body, in which meanings can be understood. Movement in space, both internal and external, which is created by the presence of the body, deepens the users' understanding of architecture. Functional body structure also refers to the activities that take place inside the space and means a proportional body that creates a suitable space for certain activities. This research is of a nested combination of qualitative and quantitative to extract components and dimensions after a semi-structured interview and then from PN modeling for the degree of factor effect and comparing the component effect system as well as the matrix. Correlation sampling is used for the snowball system interview, and in the quantitative stage, the upper limit of the Morgan table is used. The facilitating software's are ATLASTI8 and JMPSAS17. The results show that access coherence, user coherence and environmental coherence have the highest dimension and a larger factor contribution that has significant relationships, but coherence in creating security despite the influence coefficient of Bal has a significant relationship. does not have Coherence in municipal laws has a larger factor share than the first three cases, but it has a less significant amount. In general, based on the scope of the effect of the components of confinement and also its focus, it shows the continuity of the relationship between the components. Based on the relational correlation, it is determined that each dimension has a relationship with the other two dimensions and can be predicted, and the third dimension, which will be added to the blue color, has far less predictability than them. It is important to pay attention to the dimension of cohesion in both sets, which has no predictability based on other dimensions and has acted separately and should be considered in the first stage for planning and design. In general, the dimensions of confinement in the collection of Ati Saz and Ekbatan have a correlation of 0.772 in the way of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) represents a significant paradigm shift in network architecture, separating network logic from the underlying forwarding devices to enhance flexibility and centralize deployment. Concurrently, the Internet of Things (IoT) connects numerous devices to the Internet, enabling autonomous interactions with minimal human intervention. However, implementing and managing an SDN-IoT system is inherently complex, particularly for those with limited resources, as the dynamic and distributed nature of IoT infrastructures creates security and privacy challenges during SDN integration. The findings of this study underscore the primary security and privacy challenges across application, control, and data planes. A comprehensive review evaluates the root causes of these challenges and the defense techniques employed in prior works to establish sufficient secrecy and privacy protection. Recent investigations have explored cutting-edge methods, such as leveraging blockchain for transaction recording to enhance security and privacy, along with applying machine learning and deep learning approaches to identify and mitigate the impacts of Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks. Moreover, the analysis indicates that encryption and hashing techniques are prevalent in the data plane, whereas access control and certificate authorization are prominently considered in the control plane, and authentication is commonly employed within the application plane. Additionally, this paper outlines future directions, offering insights into potential strategies and technological advancements aimed at fostering a more secure and privacy-conscious SDN-based IoT ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]