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The present study aimed to investigate the immunolocalization of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) 1 and 2, and proteins associated with exocytosis, i.e., core components of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex (synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa, syntaxin 1, and vesicle‐associated membrane protein 2) and synaptotagmin‐1 (Syt1), in incisive papillary taste buds of rats using double‐indirect immunofluorescence. No VGLUT1 immunoreactivity was observed, whereas VGLUT2‐immunoreactive punctate products were closely associated with guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(t) subunit α3‐immmunoreactive cells in taste buds. VGLUT2 was immunolocalized in P2X3 purinoceptor‐expressing afferent nerve endings. Synaptosomal‐associated protein of 25 kDa, syntaxin 1, and vesicle‐associated membrane protein 2 were immunolocalized in nerve endings containing VGLUT2‐immunoreactive products as well as a few cells in taste buds. VGLUT2 was co‐immunolocalized in some intragemmal nerve endings immunoreactive for Syt1, a calcium sensor implicated in vesicle membrane fusion. The present results suggest that afferent nerve endings innervating incisive taste buds release glutamate by exocytosis to modulate taste cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents a case of a 33-year-old female with an uncommon localization of a leiomyoma in the oral cavity—the anterior palatal fibromucosa and the incisive papilla. The patient referred to the Oro-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Clinic of Emergency City Hospital Timisoara, Romania, complaining of a slight discomfort in the act of mastication and the occurrence and persistence of a diastema between the upper central incisors, due to the presence of a nodule located in the anterior palatal mucosa, between the upper central incisors, without any changes of the subjacent bone structure in the anterior hard palate visible on a cone beam computed tomography image (CBCT). The lesion was removed using a surgical excisional biopsy and a histopathological examination was performed using morphological Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining and additional immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions, in order to confirm the diagnosis. On microscopic examination, bundles of spindle cells were found with eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei, with finely granular chromatin. The immunohistochemical reactions were positive for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin and negative for vimentin. The treatment of choice for leiomyoma of the oral cavity is surgical excision with clear margins, followed by periodical clinical monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the cellular components and afferent innervations of taste buds in the rat incisive papilla by immunohistochemistry using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Taste buds containing guanine nucleotide‐binding protein G(t), subunit α3 (GNAT3)‐imunoreactive cells were densely distributed in the lateral wall of incisive papilla forming the opening of nasoincisor ducts. GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells in the taste buds were slender in shape and the tips of apical processes gathered at one point at the surface of the epithelium. The number of taste buds was 56.8 ± 4.5 in the incisive papilla. The incisive taste buds also contained ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2‐immunoreactive cells and synaptotagmin‐1‐immunoreactive cells in addition to GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells. Furthermore, GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells were immunoreactive to taste transduction molecules such as phospholipase C, β2‐subunit, and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor, type 3. P2X3‐immunoreactive subepithelial nerve fibers intruded into the taste buds and terminated with hederiform or calix‐like nerve endings attached to GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells and synaptosomal‐associated protein, 25 kDa‐immunoreactive cells. Some P2X3‐immunoreactive endings were also weakly immunoreactive for P2X2. Furthermore, a retrograde tracing method using fast blue dye indicated that most of the P2X3‐immunoreactive nerve endings originated from the geniculate ganglia (GG) of the facial nerve. These results suggest that incisive taste buds are morphologically and cellularly homologous to lingual taste buds and are innervated by P2X3‐immunoreactive nerve endings derived from the GG. The incisive papilla may be the palatal taste papilla that transmits chemosensory information in the oral cavity to the GG via P2X3‐immunoreactive afferent nerve endings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the hard palate of Rahmani sheep (Ovis aries). Samples from nine healthy adult male sheep were investigated using morphometrical, histological and scanning electron microscopic examination. Morphologically, the hard palate was elongated, narrow rostrally, and wide caudally. The incisive papilla was heart‐shaped, flanked on both sides by a groove on which the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove that contained a ridge caudally. On both sides of the raphe, 13–15 pairs of palatine ridges were present and mainly occupying the narrow part. The wide part had a rough part that contains few ridges rostrally and a smooth part caudally. Histologically, the incisive papilla and palatine ridges were lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense layer of lamina propria. The incisive papilla characterized by the presence of seromucoid salivary glands and hyaline cartilage fragments in the lamina propria. The salivary glands became abundant and well‐developed in the wide part till the end of hard palate. All palatine salivary glands were Alcian blue‐periodic acid–Schiff positive. By scanning electron microscopy, numerous gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. In conclusion, the hard palate of Rahmani sheep presented characteristic features, which may be related to the species differences, feeding behavior, and possible functional adaptations. This is the first study to report the presence of cartilaginous segments and salivary glands in the incisive papilla and provide detailed descriptions of the Rahmani sheep hard palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the morphology of the palate of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Samples from 12 healthy adult rabbits were examined by gross observation, morphometry, scanning electron and light microscopy. The hard palate was elongated and narrowed rostrally. The incisive papilla appeared as a diamond‐shaped prominence flanked on both sides by a groove on which a slit‐like opening of the nasopalatine duct opened. The palatine raphe was in the form of a groove. On either side of the raphe, 14–16 palatine ridges were present. The direction of these ridges differed according to their position. An incomplete (short) palatine ridge was occasionally present at the caudal part of the hard palate. Several gland openings were scattered on the surface of the palatine ridges. The soft palate extended to about the middle of epiglottis caudally. Its ventral surface had numerous thin transverse mucosal folds separated by furrows, and several openings of glands. Histologically, the incisive papilla, palatine ridges, and soft palate were lined by a parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium resting on a dense connective layer of lamina propria. The degree of keratinization and the thickness of the lamina propria decreased caudally. Seromucoid glands were present in the rostral and caudal parts of the hard palate, as well as in the soft palate. In conclusion, the palate of rabbit presented characteristic features suggesting functional adaptations for their herbivores diet. Studying the morphological characteristics of the hard and soft palate of rabbits will help veterinary practitioners to investigate pathology malformations and diseases of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this report is to describe symptoms that can suggest the presence of a patent nasopalatine duct and to illustrate three cases. Summary: Patent nasopalatine ducts connecting the oral cavity with the nasal cavity are extremely rare. This malformation can be considered a developmental abnormality. Clinically, patent nasopalatine ducts appear as single or double spherical or oval apertures lateral or posterior to the incisive papilla. This type of anatomical malformation can be associated with an unclear pain sensation in the anterior maxillary region, which may be misinterpreted for example as toothache of endodontic origin. However, persisting nasopalatine ducts can also exist as an asymptomatic abnormality with no clinical sign of discomfort. Accordingly, understanding the differential diagnosis of a possible patent nasopalatine duct can prevent a general practitioner from performing unnecessary interventions, such as endodontic treatments, apical surgeries, or tooth extractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The study of palatal rugae forms an important basis of human identification, especially due to mass disasters where routinely used techniques may not be helpful. Aims: This study aimed at evaluating the palatal rugae and incisive papilla on the basis of shape. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in 280 individuals (males and females) among dental students of Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. Materials and Methods: The study included 280 students from Dayananda Sagar College and out-patients from the orthodontics department. Pictures of rugae and the incisive papilla were taken from individuals aged 10–36 using a camera, mirror, and lighting. Two investigators analysed the shape of the rugae and incisive papilla using classification systems by Thomas and Kotze, and Ortman and Tsao, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were statistically analysed using SPSS 20.0 software, and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was used. Results: The results suggested that rugae showing a wavy shape were the most common pattern in both the genders. Significant differences were observed in the curved rugae type between males and females. In incisive papillae evaluation, the pear shape was the most common, with the triangular shape being the least common. Conclusions: It can be concluded that evaluation of palatal rugae along with the incisive papilla can be an important tool for identification of an individual and for evaluating various ethnic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The distance between the central incisor to incisive papilla (CI‑IP) is constant and regarded as one of the landmarks for the placement of artificial teeth in the prosthesis. Earlier studies were done in relation to anterior border of papilla but after extraction the incisive papilla recedes changing the position of anterior border. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 dentulous subjects were divided into two groups (males and females) with 50 in each group. Maxillary alginate impressions were made and base poured using levelling instrument to standardize all casts and surveyed on the surveyor for uniformity of the casts. The measured distances were analyzed using Student t‑test analysis. Results: The ovoid arch was the commonest arch form found in both males and females with slightly more prevalent in females. Analysis was done using Student t‑test analysis and found that the mean distance from CI‑IP was found to be at 12.85 mm and 12.39 mm in males and females, respectively. Conclusion: When square arch form (both male and female) mean CI‑IP was compared with the total sample mean CI‑IP, the mean CI‑IP of square arch form was less than that of total sample with greater significance (P < 0.05). When ovoid arch form (both male and female) mean CI‑IP was compared with the square arch form (both male and female) mean CI‑IP, the mean CI‑IP of ovoid arch form was greater than that of square arch form with greatest significance (P = 0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Identification and establishment of the occlusal plane in patients with impaired occlusal plane, presents a major hurdle for the execution of natural esthetics, speech, and function. The aim of this study was to minimize such errors while occlusal rehabilitation, and employ hamular notchincisive papilla (H.I.P) plane as landmark and scribe it on the cast using H. I. P evaluator and utilise for occlusal corrections. Settings and Design: HIP plane being parallel to the occlusal plane could ease the operator when it could be scribed on cast to analyze and restore the compromised occlusal plane. Materials and Methods: Dentulous casts of two hundred participants were mounted on the Hanau Wide--Vue articulator. Reference points were marked on the maxillary right central incisor and maxillary molars on casts for attaining different occlusal planes, the incisive papilla and hamular notch region were also marked for HIP plane. A plane parallel HIP was scribed on cast using HIP Evaluator. The casts were then scanned using a three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine attached to perception V5 laser scanner and measurements were made using Geomagic X design software. The most parallel occlusal plane to HIP plane was evaluated, and the reliability of HIP evaluator was verified. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA test, Post hoc-Bonferroni test, and independent sample "t"-test were carried out for the comparison between occlusal planes, among the genders and for the analysis of the angle of deviation of scribed plane on the cast to HIP plane on the right and left sides. Results: Occlusal plane III (Mesio-labial incisal edge of upper right central incisor to Mesio-buccal cusp tips of upper second molars) showed least angle of deviation with 1.316° ± 1.158° to HIP plane among tested subjects. There is no significant difference between the genders. The plane scribed on the cast with H. I. P evaluator showed relative parallelism to H. I. P plane with minimum deviation of 0.010° ± 0.363°. Conclusion: Occlusal plane III is more parallel to H. I. P plane. Scribed plane on the cast using H. I. P evaluator is parallel to H. I. P plane. H. I. P evaluator can be used as an alternative tool to establish the occlusal plane to rehabilitate patient with deficient dentition or disordered occlusal plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Incisive papilla has been used as a fixed anatomical landmark to guide teeth arrangement. However, controversy exists in literature whether to use anterior, middle, or posterior border of the incisive papilla for the determination of position of maxillary canines. Hence, a study was planned to ascertain the location of the incisive papilla to the intercanine line in a sample of population reporting to a teaching institute in Moradabad. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 participants aged 20-40 years were selected for the study. Impressions of the maxillary arches were made, and the casts were poured. The anterior point, midpoint, and posterior point of the incisive papilla and the tips of canines were marked on the cast. Photographs were taken and analyzed using Adobe Photoshop 7.0. The intercanine line was analyzed to assess whether it passed through the anterior, middle, or posterior border of the incisive papilla. Results: The Chi-square test revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) of intercanine line in relation to different borders of the incisive papilla. The intercanine line passed through the anterior border of the incisive papilla in 8% of the participants, the middle border in 33.5% of the participants, between the middle and posterior border in 17.5% of the participants, and the posterior border in 41% of the participants. Conclusions: It was concluded that the intercanine line passed through the posterior border of the incisive papilla in maximum cases followed by the middle third, middle-posterior, and least through the anterior border of the incisive papilla. Hence, the posterior border of the incisive papilla is a reliable indicator for the placement of maxillary canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The incisive papilla as a guide for complete dentures.Aims: To evaluate incisive papilla as a guide to maxillary anterior teeth position for complete dentures.Settings and Design: To measure the linear distances from the incisive papilla to the maxillary central incisors in Odia population and compare it to other ethnic groups.Subjects and Methods: The subjects were selected following inclusion & exclusion criteria. The impressions of maxillary & mandibular arches were taken and poured with die stone to produce the cast. The incisive papilla & incisors were marked on casts with a pencil. The photographs of casts were traced on an acetate tracing paper. The anterior-most points of maxillary incisors, anterior, middle & posterior-most points of incisive papillae were marked on the tracing as A, I1,M, I2 respectively. The A to M and A to I2 distances were measured, analysed and compared with Caucasians, Southern Chinese, and Dravidians.Statistical Analysis: Independent sample "t" test and Analysis of Variance followed by the post-hoc Bonferroni test were used.Results: A sample of 100 subjects in the age group of 20 to 40 years with was selected. The A to M measurements of Odia population differed significantly from Caucasians but were similar to Southern Chinese population. The A to I2 measurements of Odia population differed significantly from Caucasians & Dravidians but were similar to Southern Chinese.Conclusion: The linear measurements from incisive papilla to maxillary incisors of the Odia population are similar to that of Southern Chinese but differ significantly from Caucasians and Dravidians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunohistochemistry for several neurochemical substances was performed on the human incisive papilla and other oral structures. Sodium channel alpha subunit 7 (SCN7A) protein-immunoreactive (IR) Schwann cells and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-IR nerve fibers made nerve plexuses beneath the epithelium of the palate, including the incisive papilla, tongue, and lip. SCN7A immunoreactivity could also be detected in lamellated and nonlamellated capsules of corpuscle endings. Lamellated SCN7A-IR corpuscle endings were mostly restricted to the mucous and cutaneous lips. These endings had thick and spiral-shaped PGP 9.5-IR axons without ramification. Nonlamellated SCN7A-IR corpuscle endings were most numerous in the incisive papilla among the oral regions. On the basis of axonal morphology, the nonlamellated endings were divided into simple and complex types. PGP 9.5-IR terminal axons in the simple type ran straight or meandered with slight ramification, whereas those in the complex type were densely entangled with abundant ramification. Substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2 (TRPV2)-IR varicose fibers were rarely seen beneath the epithelium of oral structures. The present study indicates that the human incisive papilla has many low-threshold mechanoreceptors with nonlamellated capsules. SP-, CGRP-, and TRPV2-containing nociceptors may be infrequent in the incisive papilla and other oral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background The aim of the study was to determine an average distance between the centre of incisive papilla and the point where the tongue touches the palate in centric relation position and to use this measurement to develop an appliance for pre-conditioning the edentulous patients to help record the centric relation. Materials and Methods Volunteers were selected and the average distance between the center of the incisive papilla to the point where the tongue touches the palate in centric relation position was measured using a metal scale and divider. This average measurement was used to fabricate an appliance with a conical elevation on the palatal surface of record base or denture to guide the edentulous patients to close in centric relation. Results The average distance between the centre of the incisive papilla and the point marked onthe palate were calculated and found to be 4 cms from the center of incisive papilla. The training appliance was constructed by placing a wax elevation at the calculated distance and was successfully used to train the edentulous patients for recording centric relation. Summary and Conclusions The appliance was successfully used to train the patient to close in centric relation by obliterating the eccentric reflexes of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital soft-tissue tumors of oral cavity are mostly hyperplastic and benign in nature. This article presents an unusual case of congenital subcutaneous hamartoma of incisive papilla in a 2-year-old female child causing feeding and breathing difficulty. Total excisional biopsy was done under local anesthesia. Histopathology of tissue in reticulin-stained slide showed the presence of immature muscle fibers whereas Masson's trichrome stain revealed collagen fibers and smooth muscles confirming the diagnosis of oral midline subcutaneous smooth muscle (leiomyomatous) hamartoma of incisive papilla. It is important for dental professionals to be aware of this oral lesion present from birth mimicking overgrowth of incisive papilla, by its presentation, differential diagnosis, histopathology, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To evaluate the three-dimensional relationship between the incisive papilla and maxillary anterior teeth. METHODS: One hundred maxillary dentition models were selected. They were divided into two groups according to age (20-40 years, 40-70 years) and gender (male,female). The point cloud data of the models were obtained by three-dimensional scanning, and the three-dimensional models were reconstructed. Reference plane, reference points on the three-dimensional models were projected by using image processing software. The relationship between incisive papilla and maxillary anterior teeth were measured, including the distance between incisor and papilla(IP), intereanine line and papilla (ICP), as well as incisor and intereanine ([IC). Student's t test was used for data analysis using SAS14.0 software package. RESULTS: The average IP distance was (9.3974 ±1.6913) ram. The average ICP distance was (2.3936 ± 1.3193) ram. The average IIC distance was (6.9806 ± 1.4321) ram. No difference was found for different age and gender (P> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional scanning technology is successfully used in measurement and analysis of the dental model. The data can be used as a reference for the arrangement of the anterior teeth of the complete denture. Age and gender have no significant effect on the relationship between incisive papilla and maxillary anterior teeth. Supported by Shanghai Undergraduate Innovation Project (IAP4160) and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project ($30206, T0202). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When natural teeth are lost it becomes difficult to arrange the teeth in their original position in the complete dentures. A variety of guides has been suggested for arranging teeth and are called the Bio-Metric guides. Incisive Papilla is a commonly used and a reliable landmark in the arrangement of anterior teeth. Different values are reported for the distance between it the anterior teeth. The points of measurement, its methods and accuracy would help to decide on the right value to be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Orientation of the occlusal plane is important in a number of clinical situations. Using the reported soft and hard tissue landmarks is difficult and requires experience, as the landmarks are located on the face or by use of a cephalometric radiograph. Improper use of these landmarks may compromise the functional and esthetic result of prosthetic restorations. This study evaluated the reliability of the hamular notch/incisive papilla plane (HIP) in establishing the occlusal plane. Materials and Methods: Ninety healthy, Indian adults (60 dentate, 30 edentulous) participated in this study. The occlusal plane of the subjects was compared with their HIPs. In dentate subjects, the maxillary stone cast was mounted on the Wills surveyor with HIP, which was made parallel to the horizontal plane using the tripoding method. The vertical distance between the occlusal plane and floor of the surveyor was measured at four points. When the measured values were equal, the two planes were confirmed to be parallel for that situation. In turn, this relation confirmed the parallelism between the occlusal plane and HIP. In the edentulous subjects, the occlusal plane, established clinically using the ala tragal line, was compared with the HIP radiographically using lateral cephalograms. Paired t-test was used to test the equality of the mean differences at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The mean differences from the right canine were: 0.055 cm at the left canine, 0.05 cm at the right molar, and 0.065 cm at the left molar in dentate subjects and 0.001 cm between the incisive papilla and hamular notch in edentulous subjects. The HIP appeared parallel to the occlusal plane as the paired t-test showed no statistically significant difference ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: In the population tested, the HIP was parallel to the occlusal plane. Therefore, this may be a viable reference in complete denture prosthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim : To report a rare site of occurrence of amlodipine induced gingival enlargement. Background : Gingival enlargements are one of the common conditions encountered in a periodontal clinic. It represents an over-exuberant response to a variety of local and systemic factors. Certain anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants and a number of calcium channel blockers have been shown to produce gingival enlargements. Other factors related to condition are those associated with inflammatory conditions, hereditary and malignancies. Although the condition is well treated if diagnosed properly, but many cases go ill-treated due to lack of proper information about patient's history resulting in either false or delayed diagnosis of the condition. Case Description : Acase of non regressive gingival enlargement in a 52 years old male confined to the incisive papilla, confirmed by biopsy, who was under medical treatment for last 4 years. Conclusion : So far only the labial gingival enlargements has been reported to be drug induced, here we report a case of drug induced enlargement at gingival papilla which is a rare site. In our thorough search of literature we could find no such report, hence this report is probably one of the first reported cases. Clinical Significance : Amlodipine is a commonly prescribed drug in routine practice, every physician should be aware of its usually overlooked but harmful side effects, particularly if adverse oral symptoms arise during drug use. Biopsy should be taken for every case to make out a definitive diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]