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Purpose: The present paper makes an attempt to investigate the determinants that affect FDI inflows distribution among Indian states. Together with traditional determinants, the impact of institutional determinants on state-level FDI inflows distribution in India has been analysed. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses panel data for a period of 20 years (2000–2019) for 17 groups of Indian states (29 states and 7 UTs). The empirical evidence is based on the panel data method and the findings support Dunning's OLI theory. As the data for some indicators for the institutional environment is not available at the state level, hence we used component analysis to arrive at the single component for the institutional factor. The study takes into account corruption, legal system, industrial disputes, man-days lost, labour availability, political risk, protection of IPR and agglomeration as potential macroeconomic and institutional determinants. Findings: Results show that FDI inflows into Indian states is driven mainly by institutional environment. From our analysis, the author infers that the institutional variables such as legal system, IPR, corruption, political instability play an important role in determining the distribution of FDI inflows at the state level in India. Together with that GFCF and agglomeration are also important determinants of state-wise FDI inflows. Research limitations/implications: The major limitation of the study is that it doesn't include moderated impact of economic and institutional determinants of FDI inflows in Indian states, which can be an avenue for future research. Future research can also carried out taking district-level data to further examine the determinants at district level in India. Originality/value: The contribution of the present paper is three-fold, first, the author constructs a measure of different institutional variables, after normalization of data for the period 2000–2019, and the author choose the highest explaining factor with the highest variance explained then we constructed the indices for select variable, which further has been used in the panel data analysis technique. The author has found that macroeconomic variables, as well as institutional variables, are significant to attract FDI at the state level in India. The paper shows that corruption, political risk, IPR and legal system are the major institutional determinants of FDI inflows in India at the state level. States with higher domestic investment attract more FDI inflows, moreover, agglomeration is a very important determinant as the investors are more confident in investing at the same location, the reason behind this may be that the investors want to avoid the registration procedure for new land, administrative formalities or they feel more secure at the same place and keen to invest at the same place again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to assess the perception of a national certification programme for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), specifically IPR (Integrated Plant Production). Another aim was to indicate the barriers of the implementation and the benefits of the practices within the IPR certification. The study was conducted using a survey questionnaire. The results were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and an analysis of the correlations between demographic characteristics and the perception of the certificate among IPR-certified farmers. Among the motivations for implementing the certificate and perceived benefits, respondents revealed specific values: a high level of social and environmental awareness and responsibility, a relatively high pursuit of material security, and a strong pro-market attitude. Of these factors, the responsibility and awareness factor best described the population, while the material security factor was less significant. The demographic characteristics in the researched population were found to be statistically insignificant for the perception of the programme and presented values. The second part of the study revealed a number of phenomena observed in the context of implementing the certificate, including positive environmental changes and those related to relations with market partners. One of the hidden factors behind these changes was the time factor. In this context, it was suggested that the longer validity of the certificate may increase interest in it. Recommendations were also formulated regarding addressing the values declared by respondents as being key in implementing IPR certification and minimising the gap in expectations regarding the price and the price obtained for certified products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal für Medizin- und Gesundheitsrecht (JMG) is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid use to Artificial Intelligence in different fields has transformed our day-to-day activities. Thus, the field of Intellectual properties is no exception, and Artificial Intelligence has been extensively used in creative and innovative field and it plays a very crucial role in Copyright Law amongst the other Intellectual Property Rights. Artificial intelligence (AI) is regarded from a socio-legal perspective not just in terms of its technological capabilities, but also in terms of its interactions with society and the legal system. The term "artificial intelligence" refers to the creation of computer systems or software capable of doing tasks that would typically need human intelligence. These tasks include learning, thinking, problem solving, perception, language comprehension, and interaction. This article looks at the interaction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Copyright Law in India from a socio-legal standpoint. As Artificial Intelligence technologies evolve, they present distinct difficulties to existing Copyright Law. This paper looks at the implications of Artificial Intelligence and the societal consequences of these advances. Given India's extensive effort in the field of AI, the following research paper would be useful in determining the socio-legal implications of use Artificial Intelligence and Copyright in India, it shall provide insights of whether people are aware about the concept of Artificial Intelligence and Copyright, potential concerns and future possibilities by conducting a thorough review of articles, case studies, and empirical research by way of questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The birth of intellectual property right (IPR) is accompanied by the emergence of scientific and technological revolution, and is deeply influenced by continuous advancement of science and technology. Meanwhile, the emergence of new technology will inevitably undergo a process of development, game, evolution or even extinction. As an important proxy of IPR, patents play a crucial role in indicating the evolution of IPR. Therefore, this paper focuses on the S‐type diffusion and evolutionary game process of IPR, and reveals the main influencing factors of this dynamic evolution process by constructing a bionic evolution system of IPR development through empirical research combined with data analysis methods. This research can promote a deeper understanding of both the formation and the future developmental logic of IPR for the academic community, and will provide new research ideas for improving the theoretical system of IPR. Moreover, this can provide some new solutions to the operation of IPR system and the practice of strategic promotion in a new round of scientific and technological revolution under the new normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Onderneming en Financiering is the property of Boom uitgevers Den Haag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ozone pollution is formed through complex chemical and physical processes closely associated with emissions, photochemical reactions, and meteorological conditions. The objective of this study is to quantify the contributions of meteorological chemical formation, vertical transport, and horizontal transport to air quality during spring and summer in different regions of the Sichuan Basin. The Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) with the Integrated Process Rate (IPR) was employed to simulate the months of April and July 2021 in the Sichuan Basin. The results indicate that both the spring and summer chemical formation of ozone in the urban centre show negative values, while the surrounding urban areas contribute positively, with chemical formation ranging from 0 to 10 μg·m−3. The maximum ozone level due to horizontal transport in the urban centre exceeds 20 μg·m−3, whereas horizontal transport in the surrounding urban areas exhibits negative values, with transport contributions concentrated within the range of −5 to 0 μg·m−3. The vertical transport in the central and southern parts of the basin shows positive values, with transport contributions ranging from 0 to 10 μg·m−3, and the urban centre exhibits relatively stronger vertical transport with contributions ranging from 10 to 20 μg·m−3. Although the chemical formation contribution in the urban centre is relatively small due to high nitrogen oxide emissions, vertical and horizontal transport play significant roles and are among the key factors contributing to ozone pollution formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, patients often require postoperative rehabilitation at an inpatient rehabilitation (IPR) center or a skilled nursing facility (SNF). However, home discharge is often preferred by patients and hsas been shown to decrease costs. In a cohort of patients undergoing ASD surgery, we sought to (1) report the incidence of discharge to home, (2) determine the factors significantly associated with discharge to home in the form of a simple scoring system, and (3) evaluate the impact of discharge disposition on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods: A single-institution, retrospective cohort study was undertaken for patients undergoing ASD surgery from 2009 to 2021. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 5-level fusion, sagittal/coronal deformity, and at least 2-year follow-up. Exposure variables included preoperative, perioperative, and radiographic data. The primary outcome was discharge status (dichotomized as home vs. IPR/SNF). Secondary outcomes included PROMs, such as the numeric rating scales (NRSs) for back and leg pain, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and EQ-5D. A subanalysis comparing IPR to SNF discharge was conducted. Univariate analysis was performed. Results: Of 221 patients undergoing ASD surgery with a mean age of 63.6 ± 17.6, 112 (50.6%) were discharged home, 71 (32.2%) were discharged to an IPR center, and 38 (17.2%) were discharged to an SNF. Patients discharged home were significantly younger (55.7 ± 20.1 vs. 71.8 ± 9.1, p < 0.001), had lower rate of 2+ comorbidities (38.4% vs. 45.0%, p = 0.001), and had less hypertension (57.1% vs. 75.2%, p = 0.005). Perioperatively, patients who were discharged home had significantly fewer levels instrumented (10.0 ± 3.0 vs. 11.0 ± 3.4 levels, p = 0.030), shorter operative times (381.4 ± 139.9 vs. 461.6 ± 149.8 mins, p < 0.001), less blood loss (1101.0 ± 977.8 vs. 1739.7 ± 1332.9 mL, p < 0.001), and shorter length of stay (5.4 ± 2.8 vs. 9.3 ± 13.9 days, p < 0.001). Radiographically, preoperative SVA (9.1 ± 6.5 vs. 5.2 ± 6.8 cm, p < 0.001), PT (27.5 ± 11.1° vs. 23.4 ± 10.8°, p = 0.031), and T1PA (28.9 ± 12.7° vs. 21.6 ± 13.6°, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in patients who were discharged to an IPR center/SNF. Additionally, the operating surgeon also significantly influenced the disposition status (p < 0.001). A scoring system of the listed factors was proposed and was validated using univariate logistic regression (OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.34–1.78, p < 0.001) and ROC analysis, which revealed a cutoff value of > 6 points as a predictor of non-home discharge (AUC = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.68–0.80, p < 0.001, sensitivity = 63.3%, specificity = 74.1%). The factors in the scoring system were age > 56, comorbidities ≥ 2, hypertension, TIL ≥ 10, operative time > 357 mins, EBL > 1200 mL, preop SVA > 6.6 cm, preop PT > 33.6°, and preop T1PA > 15°. When comparing IPR (n = 71) vs. SNF (n = 38), patients discharged to an SNF were significantly older (74.4 ± 8.6 vs. 70.4 ± 9.1, p = 0.029) and were more likely to be female (89.5% vs. 70.4%, p = 0.024). Conclusions: Approximately 50% of patients were discharged home after ASD surgery. A simple scoring system based on age > 56, comorbidities ≥ 2, hypertension, total instrumented levels ≥ 10, operative time > 357 mins, EBL > 1200 mL, preop SVA > 6.6 cm, preop PT > 33.6°, and preop T1PA > 15° was proposed to predict non-home discharge. These findings may help guide postoperative expectations and resource allocation after ASD surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the bambu gila dance as a potential intellectual property for traditional cultural expressions in Maluku which should receive legal protection as part of efforts to defend cultural heritage from claims of ownership by other parties or other countries. Bambu Gila Dance is one of the famous traditional arts from Maluku. The traditional cultural expression in the form of the Bambu Gila dance is expressly protected by the Indonesian intellectual property rights system. However, protection for Bambu Gila Dance as a traditional cultural expression cannot be realized so that it can only be used by other parties illegally. This research is a normative juridical research supported by primary legal materials and secondary legal materials with a conceptual approach and statutory approach. Legal protection for the traditional Bambu Gila dance from Maluku Province has not been effectively implemented, both based on Article 38 of Law Number 28 of 2014 Concerning Copyright, as well as in terms of the actions of government officials who have not been able to inventory traditional dance performance artworks as an expression traditional culture in Maluku including the Bambu Gila Dance. The role of the Provincial and Regency Governments in Maluku is crucial in realizing legal protection for traditional dances, including the Bambu Gila Dance, as intangible cultural heritage through the establishment of regional regulations. These regulations serve as legal basic to provide legal certainty as part of efforts for preventive legal protection for the Bambu Gila Dance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of intellectual capital in the digital economy implies an increasingly central role of intellectual property rights (IPR). However, there are concerns that the expansion of intellectual property rights concentrates profits from innovation, creating "intellectual monopolies". This is particularly concerning with respect to strong global regimes of intellectual property that foster economic inequities between the Global South and North. Such arguments imply that IPR is a core driver of structural inequality in the digital economy, yet there is very little empirical analysis of how such conceptual ideas unfold. This study focuses on IPR in the Kenyan mobile money service M-Pesa. It charts how M-Pesa expanded from a development-orientated innovation in Kenya to become part of a global enterprise. Control of IPR has led to bottlenecks in innovation in Kenya and significant South-to-North financial transfers. Overall, this case contributes to expanding the debate about patterns of innovation and governance of the digital economy. As digital firms expand, unpacking the processes by which global intellectual property regimes and cross-border IPR practices shape uneven power relations and inequality is vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report aims to provide a patent landscape analysis on carbon allotrope-based textile electrodes and biosensors to measure biosignals and detect several parameters. Espacenet, a free-of-charge patent database provided by the EPO (European Patent Office) and containing data on more than 140 million patent publications from over 100 countries, was used as the reference database. The patent search was carried out by combining keywords and classification symbols. Both classification schemes (IPC–International Patent Classification and CPC–Cooperative Patent Classification) were used. As a result of this study, a total of 227 patent documents were found between 2002 and 2023. The first patent application claiming a fabric electrode arrangement with carbon black as conductive material was filed in 2002 (and published in 2004) by Philips. 2021 was the year with the highest number of published patent applications, with 36 documents. The United States was ranked first with 126 patent documents. Carbon nanotubes and graphene are the most patented carbon allotrope materials, while body temperature, motion, and heart rate measurements are the main disclosed applications. We also analyzed the Orbit database obtaining 288 patent documents (vs. 227) with only 238 still active records (148 granted and 90 pending applications): the first application by Philips on an electrode arrangement is confirmed, and the patent distribution shows a peak in the period 2016–2020 (146 records available), while today it seems to be stable or even decreasing ("only" 52 records in the half period January 2021–June 2023). This outcome suggests that this material and related technology has reached its maximum exploitation or has not demonstrated a disruptive output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tijdschrift Erfrecht is the property of Boom uitgevers Den Haag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to determine how intellectual property rights (IPR) affect the performance of companies in Sweden's biotechnology industry, as well as to establish the relationship between collaboration and organizational effectiveness. Several senior executives from biotechnology firms in Sweden were surveyed to gather information. The sample size was 276 respondents. Based on the study's results, collaborations in the biotech industry in Sweden have been found to impact firm performance, and intellectual property rights significantly affect firm performance. The results showed that collaboration significantly affects company performance in Sweden's biotechnology sector and that there is a strong correlation between IPR and firms' performance. The findings from the study help develop policies within the Swedish biotechnology industry and have sound theoretical implications as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment and reuse has passed through different development stages with time. This study reviews the most essential changes in water reclamation and reuses over millennia, focusing on initial approaches in the Hellenic world and discussing the current situation. Based on archeological evidence and time records, the awareness of the Greeks regarding land disposal, irrigation, and water reuse is highlighted. The latter has evolved into a plethora of applications, with Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) representing one of the last modern frontiers. Currently, advances in wastewater treatment and the spreading of wastewater treatment plants producing large amounts of treated effluents increase the potential for water reuse. This is regarded as a critical option for the continuing protection of water resources and human health, while concurrently satisfying water demand, particularly in areas subject to increased water scarcity. The main constraints in the expansion of water reuse practices are discussed, focusing on wastewater treatment efficiency and quality effluent standards issues, as well as on the lack of motivations related to the acceptability of this practice by final users. Against these challenges, the need for a transition from an "issue-by-issue" approach to a broader integrated water management framework is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tijdschrift Erfrecht is the property of Boom uitgevers Den Haag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Green innovation is considered an important way to promote low-carbon society formation and the sustainable development of environmental engineering. However, few quantitative studies have focused on the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) on firm green innovation (FGI). This paper constructs a quasi-natural experiment based on the IPR pilot city policy in China. We empirically investigated the influence of IPR policy on FGI using a staggered difference-in-differences (DID) model and Chinese listed company data from 2007 to 2020. The findings of this research are as follows: (1) IPR policy significantly promotes FGI, and its effectiveness is confirmed by a variety of robustness tests. (2) The IPR policy supports both green product and green process innovation, with a stronger effect on green product innovation. (3) The IPR policy encourages green independent R&D but has little influence on green joint R&D. (4) The IPR policy promotes FGI with a high knowledge intensity, state-owned enterprises, and firms in key city groups. (5) The IPR policy supports FGI primarily via two institutional channels: increasing R&D investment and easing financing constraints. This paper broadens the study of green innovation city policy and FGI development, offering new perspectives for achieving social and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the methods the course teacher used to teach the Information Processing and Retrieval course [Course Code: 19LISC302]. A few aspects, including Chain Indexing, KWIC, Boolean operators, queries, logical relations, and recall & precision, have been highlighted here for illustration. The course teacher was able to improve the students' knowledge of the mentioned areas by using teaching methods based on the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy. The methods also made it possible to follow the students' progress. Boolean operators, queries, logical relations, and recall & precision exercises are taken into consideration for the discussions here, but chain indexing and KWIC related classroom practice formats are only supplied at Annexure-i. The course teacher created the application that is connected to logical relations (Truth Table), and the students have used it in class to practice. Various multifaceted key phrases, a few queries, the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT, and the Truth Table are all included in the aforementioned programme. For students to successfully obtain pertinent data from any database, they must have a solid understanding of logical ideas. Meaningful results won't be produced by executing the queries and operators automatically or blindly. Additionally, it could need extra time from information seekers. Boolean operators are used in information retrieval systems to evaluate queries. The Boolean operators are typically linked to the classes in the queries. The evaluation for each class is either True or False. To effectively use the operators in search queries and extract the necessary data, learners need be familiar with the Truth Table-related concepts. In addition, for the aforementioned subjects other than Chain Indexing and KWIC, the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy based teaching and the students' evaluation techniques have also been presented here. Wherever needed, enough screenshots of the aforementioned programme are produced. Students used a learning approach based on Revised Bloom's Taxonomy to study the concepts linked to the aforementioned themes, and they have been duly documented below. With the use of the methodologies utilised in this study, the teacher was able to glean the essential information necessary for determining the pupils' degrees of learning ability and applying that information to the necessary charts. The charts show the students' competence levels according to themes, making it simple to see the students' skill status. Realizing their ability levels is aided by each level wise clearance and their overall clearance status. Chain indexing, KWIC, logical relations, queries with Boolean operators, database sample records format, RBT levels-based evaluation format, recall, and precision are the examples of exercise forms shown in Annexure-i. Further, overall progress charts, each level wise progress charts and Student performance evaluation report are given at Annexure-ii, Annexure-iii and Annexure-iv respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intellectual property rights (IPR) are described as concepts, creations, especially artistic endeavors around which the community is ready to confer the position of ownership. There are various sorts of intellectual property protection such as patents, copyright, trademarks, and so on. A patent is an acknowledgment of an innovation that meets the standards of worldwide uniqueness, non-obviousness, as well as commercial use. It is required for improved identifying, organizing, marketing, and rendering, and hence for the ownership of innovation or creation. Apart from copyright, which is worldwide in the meaning that it is instantly available in all Berne Convention members. It is crucial to note that, with the exception of copyright and trade secrets, all rights must be renewed on a regular basis in order to remain in effect. Aim: The goal of this work is to study the ways to protect pharmaceutical product by utilizing IPR. Materials and Methods: This study has been performed by gathering information from the official websites if IPR. Results: IPR, like every commodity, may be transferred, donated, sold, and licensed. An institution which is not independent may be unable to possess intellectual property. Improvements and modifications made to well-known items can be safeguarded. However, geographical indications might be used to safeguard particular agricultural as well as historical items. Conclusion: Apart from trademarks and geographical indications, that can have an indefinite life if reissued after a certain time period by submitting official fees, IPR have a fixed term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of intellectual property rights and patenting of the intellectual properties have come to center stage in the global context. In a global knowledge society, with exploding technology and business, newer ideation, inventions and innovations are taking place which are unique to every single individuals and the expanding possibilities of copying and pasting lead to idea stealing, pilferage or plagiarizing which are causing legal injuries to the affected and demand justice in terms of ensuring the intellectual ownership of these newer ideations or inventions or innovations which have implications on the name, fame, popularity and financial ownership of the 3i - ideation, invention and innovation. When stolen or even wrongly claimed for impersonation, or attributed by others to those who do not belong or deserve, justice is denied and social order is adversely affected. Therefore, the current societies across the globe have framed policies and procedures for patenting the rights of those who claim to have absolute or primer ownership of the intellectual ownership of certain properties and ensure legal and statutory protection through appropriate mechanisms. In this context, an attempt is made here to review the intellectual property rights and their patenting policies and procedures in countries like Canada and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), trading businesses managed by business entities or individuals referring to productive economic businesses, are entitled to intellectual property rights (IPR). The MSME brand registration process has several waivers in the form of fee reductions. The Government of Kebumen Regency, through the Department of Industry and Trade and the Department of Manpower, Cooperatives, and Small and Medium Enterprises, has facilitated trademark registration for MSMEs. However, several obstacles occurred both from the facilitator’s side and from MSME actors where there was still a lack of interest from MSME actors to register their trademarks, and the registration process was quite long. Some MSME actors do not know that the government has an important role in the process of assisting trademark registration. The approach used in this research is an empirical juridical approach with the specifications used as descriptive-analytical, and the analytical method of this research is qualitative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Craniomandibular Function is the property of Quintessence Publishing Company Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovation is an engine for economic growth in the modern technological age and knowledge-centric economy. However, protecting the rights of innovators and rewarding them legally is a major constraint due to a lot of procedural hurdles and time consuming processes. IPR boosts the economic growth and development of the nation, which in turn may propel the AATMANIRBHAR movement of India. In this background, it was deemed necessary to present the status and trends of Indian patents and patentees in recent times. The present research work would provide a road map for future self-reliant Indian economic development. Secondary data for the last decade relating to IPR was collected from websites, research papers, journals, books, newsletters, and the WIPO website. It is recommended that the legal hassles involved in obtaining IPR and other paperwork may be excluded with a view to making patenting much easier for the beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When analyzing an appeal, it is important to understand the standard of review that the CAFC must apply, since the CAFC (and all Circuit Courts) is required to review issues of fact differently from issues of law. Anyone who is involved in an appeal of a patent case to the CAFC should retain competent patent counsel to advise them on the specifics of their case. Keywords: federal circuit; CAFC; appeals; hatch-waxman; orange book; PTAB; IPR EN federal circuit CAFC appeals hatch-waxman orange book PTAB IPR 220 224 5 12/07/21 20211201 NES 211201 US Legal and Regulatory Update Compiled and written by Greenblum & Bernstein PLC A US intellectual property law firm which provides a full range of services in IP-related matters across all industries, including the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, including: I Inter partes i Review (IPR) and Post Grant Review (PGR) Abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) and Notice Letters Patent and trademark litigation Patent drafting and prosecution Patent infringement and validity opinions Patent reexamination proceedings and interferences New drug strategies Market entry strategies Joint venture strategies Licensing This section is intended to be a synopsis of recent developments and is not intended to be exhaustive. Analysis and observations of CAFC patent appeals It is a common misconception that the CAFC reviews a case and merely corrects any errors perceived in the lower tribunal's decision. [Extracted from the article]

Synthetic biology is an emerging area of research representing one of the finest example of culmination of various engineering principles to biology resulting in multi-dimensional implications for humans. In other terms, as with any technology, synthetic biology presents plausible opportunities as well as potential risks. Commercialisation of synthetic biology-oriented products requires critical analysis to outweigh the probable risks. Synthetic biology based processes and products have been considered to be regulated under biotechnology regulatory framework due to existing overlap at various levels in the two fields. However, with ever widening scope and impact of synthetic biology, several nations have enacted various guidelines to regulate synthetic biology research. Outbreak of COVID-19 and various speculations about its origin has further attracted global attention to address bio risk concerns of synthetic biology. Therefore, the present study focuses on biosecurity, bioterrorism, and ethical aspects of synthetic biology, emphasising the urgent need for policymaking in this regard in India. In addition, role of various agencies in regulating synthetic biology has been reviewed. Furthermore, position of India in the synthetic biology race has been also assessed towards the end of the study.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: We examine in detail how one large mobile phone manufacturer develops its anti‐counterfeit strategy and seizes counterfeit products on the market. We couple qualitative data (observations from 150 counterfeit sales points worldwide, two focus groups, a survey with 151 respondents, interviews with 90 informants) with econometric analysis of 3,333 fights the focal firm undertook against more than 2,000 counterfeiters in 75 countries over 6 years (2006–2011). We focus on firm's seizure of counterfeit products when consumers' safety is at risk. As the firm is more sensitive to product safety than counterfeiters, we found that the firm generally performs larger seizures when unsafe products are involved, but this is less true in the firm's main market, likely because higher profitability offers higher incentives to counterfeiters. Managerial Summary: In companies' fight against counterfeiters, product safety plays a pivotal role. We suggest that companies have a particularly high incentive to seize counterfeit products when the product carries potential safety risks, because the occurrence of safety issues seriously harms its reputation. This research explores the anti‐counterfeit strategy undertaken by a large manufacturer operating in the market of mobile phones and in the market of ancillary products (e.g., batteries and chargers). Results show that larger seizures occur in the ancillary rather than in the mobile phone market because while authentic companies have high incentives to seize mobile phone and accessories, as both involve safety risks, counterfeiters have a greater incentive in the main market and thus put less effort in ancillary markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research problem of this article focuses on how the public support system in Estonia can help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to acquire and commercialise their intellectual property rights (IPR) in a sustainable and legally permissible manner. The study aims to analyse and determine which specific public support measures are needed by SMEs for acquiring and commercialising IPR and how to design such public support within the legal boundaries set under European Union (EU) laws. The theoretical framework used in this study is built around the social system as defined by Parsons. The 4S Model (based on scope, scale, skill and social networking) derived by researchers from the said social system is considered. Further, 19 key attributes were devised by the authors in conjunction with the role of motivation to form a revised framework. The analysis employs qualitative research methods. To apply the framework of social systems theory, the authors used semi-structured interviews as a method to study the public support measures required by Estonian stakeholders. This was also analysed in the framework of EU State aid law, which poses both restrictions and exemptions. This research presents several desired support measures. Although the public support systems for acquiring and commercialising IPR by SMEs are restrained by legal frameworks within the EU, the analysis of the relevant laws and cases shows that State aid for RDI purposes is legally permissible within the EU, depending on the state's willingness and availability of funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: The growth of emerging economies has attracted R&D investments by multinational enterprises, but firms have struggled to protect their knowledge assets in these environments with weak intellectual property rights protection. Knowledge misappropriation may be reduced if firms use cross‐unit R&D teams to strengthen intra‐firm interdependencies and control. We examine the relationship between such internal linkage strategies, foreign R&D investments, and firm market valuation in a dynamic market valuation model for 117 leading multinational firms. While foreign R&D investments are positively associated with market value, IP risks in host countries reduce it. The latter effect disappears if firms have developed a pronounced internal linkage strategy in weak IP environments. Linkage strategy bears costs and, in the absence of IP risks, is negatively associated with market value. Managerial Summary: The growing market potential of emerging economies has led to an increase in research & development (R&D) activities there by multinational firms. A known challenge to multinational R&D investors in these economies is the weak protection of intellectual property rights (IPR). Firms may seek to reduce the risks of local knowledge spillovers and IPR infringement by actively embedding internal linkages in the organization of R&D and relying on cross‐unit international R&D teams. We examine the consequences of such an internal linkage strategy for the performance effects of firms' investments in weak IPR countries. Based on an analysis of 1763 cross‐border R&D investments by 117 leading multinational firms, we find that a firm's market value is negatively affected by new R&D investments in weak IPR countries, but that such a negative influence can indeed be mitigated if the firm's R&D organization embeds internal linkages. Consistent with this observation, we demonstrate that firms with an internal linkage strategy are able to limit local knowledge outflows in weak IPR environments. However, if an internal linkage strategy is applied in strong, rather than weak, IPR environments, it bears substantial costs and negatively affects performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade is one of the factors that connect two distant places of the world. No single country can declare unilaterally that it is self sufficient in all its needs. If India needs technology, the US needs affordable IT human resource that runs their IT engines. Considering these things in mind, India and EU sought to enter into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), called Broad-Based Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) since 2007. However, there are certain hurdles in the finalisation of this instrument. Certain provisions of this instrument have been criticised as being TRIPS-plus provisions. The author seeks to study and investigate to what extent such provisions are against interest of India and the relevant provisions of the draft BTIA that are criticised to be TRIPS-plus arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper throws some light on the relationship between domestic knowledge production and economic development for a group of countries in different periods of time. In particular, this article presents a statistical analysis using the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) method and corroborates that there is a strong relationship between economic development and the domestic capacity to produce new knowledge. We use as a proxy for domestic knowledge production the patent application by residents and the metric of income level used was the GDP per capita. We show that an increase in the stock of knowledge produced by residents is an important policy to generate income in an economic system once residents are able to appropriate the gains for the use of this new knowledge. Accordingly, there is a dual effect: Knowledge stock growth has a positive impact on GDP, and GDP growth leads to increases in resources to be used for new knowledge generation. In times of global value chains and capital mobility, incentivizing creative imitation, absorption, and production of new knowledge seems to be a valid strategy for less industrialized countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Natural gas is the most ecological fossil fuel thanks to lower CO2 emissions and no dust pollution, hence it is included into raw materials beneficial from the point of view of environmental protection. Natural gas is extracted from deposits often located at great depths by means of both vertical and horizontal drilling, characterised by high efficiency in terms of obtaining the highest possible productivity, which will allow the existing resources of the deposit to be exploited in the shortest possible time. The paper analyses the influence of factors such as reservoir pressure, the thickness of the reservoir, the length of a horizontal section, average permeability of a reservoir, turbulence coefficient and water exponent on the process of lifting a liquid phase during the operation of a horizontal well located in an underground gas storage facility. The calculations were carried out using data concerning exploitation of the "B" natural gas field and conducted using the "IHS PERFORM" computer programme, which is the leading industry software for carrying out analyses of productivity changes in gas wells. In the final part of the article, conclusions are given, summarising the results of the nodal analysis reservoir performance curve (IPR) and well throughput curve (VLP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the role of network for epidemic spread is a major concern in the study of complex network and disease spread. Localization of Principal EigenVector (PEV) of the network's adjacency matrix has been explored in recent past by many researchers. Most of the previous works suggest the localization of PEV through maximization of inverse participation ratio (IPR). The network with maximum IPR leads to maximum PEV localization. Random perturbation (RP) is one of the methods reported recently that performs the random perturbation in the original graph to obtain a perturbed graph that is more localized than the original graph, with same number of edges as the original graph. In this paper, we propose a Jaccard Guided Perturbation (JGP) method that perturbs the graph by using Jaccard's coefficient. We consider both random and scale-free networks for the experiment. SIS model is used to implement the spread of epidemic. The results show that the proposed JGP approach achieve better PEV localization than the existing RP method. The number of modifications is found to be less in JGP in comparison to RP. The threshold rate of spread is found to be more in JGP than RP. In scale-free networks, JGP shows a better preservation of scale-free property than that of RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a sector characterised by patenting, direct appropriations and returns from investment, the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) constitutes a radically different public-private and entirely open access approach to pre-competitive research. This paper discusses the significance of findings from the first independent review of the SGC. We argue that the SGC offers a shared knowledge resource for drug discovery which is distinctive from other types of knowledge production and, as such, provides a knowledge infrastructure for the wider scientific community. We distinguish three ways in which this infrastructure functions as a model for investing in, extracting value from, and generating knowledge for the field. Our analysis suggests there is a future for open science models such as the SGC in health research and innovation, but that such models raise a set of challenges over the role of different public and private institutional actors and the way in which value is extracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) and clinical feedback systems (CFS) are becoming prevalent in mental health services, but there are several challenges to successful implementation. ROM/CFS seem to be helpful for some patients, but not for others. To investigate this, we explored patients' experiences with ROM/CFS as an interpersonal and psychotherapeutic process, in naturalistic settings. Method: We used video-assisted interpersonal process recall interviews to investigate the experiences of 12 patients using ROM/CFS in a Norwegian mental health outpatient clinic. Data were analyzed through systematic text condensation. Results: Our analysis resulted in three pairs of experiences with ROM/CFS: (1) Explicit vs. implicit use of information, (2) Directing focus towards or away from therapeutic topics, and (3) Giving and receiving feedback. These experiences could be helpful or hindering, depending on participants' needs and preferences. All participants needed to know that the CFS was used in a meaningful way. If not, it could be detrimental to the therapeutic process. Conclusion: In order to be helpful for patients, ROM/CFS should be used in a way that is flexible, meaningful to patients, and sensitive to individual needs and preferences. Future research should further explore this how-to aspect of ROM/CFS with different CFS and populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall performance of gas reservoirs and the optimization of production, as well as its sensitivity analysis, are affected by several factors such as reservoir pressure, well configuration and surface facilities. The Habiganj well no. 06 (HBJ-06) is one of the significant gas-producing vertical wells of the Habiganj gas field, currently producing 14.963 MMscfd of natural gas from the upper gas sand. The widely used Nodal analysis is an optimization technique to improve the performance and was applied for the HBJ-06 to increase its production rate by optimizing manners. By this analysis, each component starting from the reservoir to the outlet pressure of the separator was identified as a resistance in the system by evaluating their inflow performance relationship and vertical lift performance. The F.A.S.T. VirtuWell™ software package was used to perform this analysis, where the declinations of wellhead pressures were suggested as 1300, 1200, 1100 and 1000 psi(a) without any modification of the tubing diameter and skin factor. Hence, the respective optimized rates of the daily gas production were increased to 38.481, 40.993, 43.153 and 46.016 MMscfd. At the same time, the optimized condensate gas ratio was calculated as 0.07, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.05, associated with the optimized condensate water ratio of 0.11, 0.10, 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are tangible; IPR refers to the creation of the intellects, which needs to be protected. In the present age of globalisation, IPR is the core of global trade practices and livelihood around the world. These rights enhance the inventive environment by giving legal security, recognition, and economic benefits to the creator or inventor. The lack of IPR awareness and its fruitless execution may hamper the economic, technical, and societal progress of the nation. Hence, dissemination of IPR knowledge and its proper implementation is the ultimate goal of any nation. This study underlines various terms of IPR, such as patents, trademarks, industrial design, geographic indications, copyright, and so on, with their need and role. This study is aimed at observing the understanding and knowledge of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) among university students. A survey was conducted to gather information about IPR from students at the undergraduate and postgraduate level, from selected colleges affiliated to the Kerala University. Many students realise that plagiarism and piracy are an infringement of IPR. This study points out that students are currently not well-informed about the procedures for protecting their IPR rights. Hence, students should be given the requisite information and be made aware of IPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the important connection between corporate longevity, social responsibility and intellectual property rights (IPR) assets in the context of sustainability. Society is demanding greater transparency of the footprint corporate entities leave on the planet as a result of how their business model is activated. The private sector response necessary to operate sustainably in the long term is critically examined specifically in connection with the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9). SDG 9 aims to 'Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation'. Certain characteristics of companies in the century club are contrasted with those of the younger MNEs with IP-reliant digital business models to illustrate the important connection between innovation, IP, sustainability and corporate longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflow performance relationship (IPR) accuracy in the condensate reservoir is a long-standing problem in the oil industry. This paper presents a new approach to project the gas phase IPR in condensate reservoirs. IPR is estimated by Rawlins and Schellhardt equation whereas the gas pseudo-pressure function is solved by two methods and their IPRs are compared. Additionally, an average of both IPR's is estimated and compared. At the reservoir pressure, the difference between both flow rates is negligible i.e. at 6750 psi, the flow rate difference is 0.55 MMSCF/D. As pressure declines the difference is increasing at one stage, it is observed approximately 15 MMSCF/D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new economic test called the holistic inter-dynamic analysis is proposed to tackle both sides of the multisided market simultaneously. The dominance issue solved, the risk of 102 TFEU abuse regarding data was already highlighted in the 1996 Database Directive. On that matter, this article assesses each legal condition of a "refusal to supply" access. Apropos the indispensability condition, data's ubiquitous nature may be dispelled by an analysis of the context in which it evolves or its link with AI or the IoT. Concerning its replicability prong, data's feature, feedback loops, network effects, switching costs or economies of scale/scope are conducive to super-dominance. They altogether can create an insurmountable bottleneck. Regarding innovation, the author carefully analyses the "limitation of technical development" condition either on an economic or a legal standpoint. Finally, regarding privacy law, when granting access, a coherent approach appears feasible through a proportionality test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the South on innovation, imitation, the pattern of production, and wage inequality based on a North–South product-cycle model with foreign direct investment (FDI) and skills accumulation. This quality-ladder model features innovative R&D in the North and imitative R&D in the South. Two types of innovations are considered: innovation targeting all products and innovation targeting only imitated products. We find that for both types of innovations, strengthening IPR protection reduces the innovation rate and raises the imitation rate. There is also an increase in the proportion of Northern unskilled labor and a decrease in Northern wage inequality. As for the pattern of production, strengthening IPR protection may reduce the extent of FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Machines & Control / Dianji Yu Kongzhi Xuebao is the property of Electric Machines & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Business intelligence enables enterprises to make effective and good quality business decisions. In the knowledge economy, patents are seen as strategic assets for companies as they provide a competitive advantage and at the same time ensure the freedom to operate and form the basis for new alliances. Publication or disclosure of intellectual property (IP) strategy based on patent filings is rarely available in the public domain. Because of this, the only way to understand IP strategy is to look at patent filings, analyze them and, based on the trends, deduce strategy. This paper tries to uncover IP strategies of five US and Indian IT companies by analyzing their patent filings. Gathering business intelligence via means of patent analytics can be used to understand the strategies used by companies in advocating their patent portfolio and aligning their business needs with patenting activities. This study reveals that the Indian companies are far behind in protecting their IPs, although they are now on course correction and have started aggressively protecting their inventions. It is also observed that the rival companies in the study are not directly competing with each other in the same technological domain. Different patent filing strategies are used by firms to gain a competitive advantage. Companies make use of disclosure as strategy or try to cover many aspects of a technology in a single patent, thereby signaling their dominance in a technological area and at the same time as they add information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPR equation is important in designing well completion, production optimization, nodal analysis and artificial lifts on CBM wells. The technique for producing gas of coalbed methane is different from conventional gas because the production initially was dominated by water. The gas will flow as the reservoir reaches the desorption pressure. Permeability is very sensitive to the pressure reflected in the phenomenon of cleat compression and the corresponding matrix shrinkage in the cleat and coal matrix. This phenomenon causes the conventional IPR curve is not applicable in CBM wells. This paper presents a dimensionless IPR curve for CBM wells considering the Palmer and Mansoori (P & M) model. The equation of IPR illustrates the change in permeability due to the compression phenomenon and the shrinkage of the matrix in the coalbed methane reservoir. The equation model of IPR produces a graph illustrating the increasing permeability when the coalbed methane reservoir pressure depleted. The six reservoir parameters included porosity (ϕ), drainage area (AD), thickness (h), Swc and two P & M parameters (Young modulus (E) and the Poisson ratio (v) have been selected to make the IPR curve. Taking into account the P & M model in the development of the IPR curve, then the right method to predict the production performance of gas in coalbed methane will be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic development is often seen as a compliance activity, divorced from the teaching context and what teachers are trying to achieve in their classroom. In this case study, we researched Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) as a reflective, non-judgmental approach to help tutors identify coherence between their teaching intentions and practice. Our results provided evidence that IPR helped tutors reflect on ways to improve their teaching. It also led to unexpected 'discoveries' not typically afforded by conventional academic development. We conclude that IPR offers a formative, teacher-focussed and contextual approach that has not been clearly defined in the literature. We offer the IPR model followed in this study for academic developers and researchers alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the nexus between intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection and research and development (R&D) offshoring by employing data from Taiwanese multinational enterprises (MNEs) for the period 2003–2005. The empirical results suggest that if a country with IPR protection strength equal to that in Chile increases its IPR protection to the level similar to Taiwan, then the Taiwanese MNEs’ likelihood of R&D offshoring to that country will reduce by 2.1%. This result lends support to the prediction of Gersbach and Schmutzler (2011, Oxford Economic Papers 63(1)). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

IP protection to agricultural biotechnology has remained a contentious issue in India having serious implications for stakeholders and agricultural innovation. Farmers and plant breeders made strong resistance against the extension of IP monopoly to agriculture sector and were sceptical that their rights could be compromised against the interest of giant agro-based companies. However, the growing need to enhance food production, improve the quality of seeds, experiment the nutritional content of food crops and attract investment in agricultural field necessitated the conjunction of IPR and agricultural biotechnology. India has adopted a dual form of IP protection for agricultural biotechnology; plant varieties are protected through the Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers' Rights Act 2001, while the genetic traits of plants are protected through the Patents Act 1970. Though the line of demarcation as to the application of both the laws is theoretically drawn, enormous confusion persists on practical level. The IP protection to agricultural biotechnology has not produced desired results in India due to asymmetrical innovation model, complex regulatory structure and confusing regulatory approach. The exclusive licensing practices with exorbitant licensing fee on uneven licensing terms place licensor, licensee and end user in a conflicting position and raise the issues of accessibility and affordability of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]