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The production of indigo, primarily used by the denim industry, increases year by year, and is mainly of synthetic origin. The textile industry, on which its production depends, is responsible for 10% of greenhouse gases and 20% of water pollution. However, the source of this pigment/colorant, mainly based on petrochemistry, remains a key issue today. Extracting indigo from plants is becoming a popular answer and requires an understanding and evaluation of the entire process, from raw material to pigment recovery. In this study, the indigotin precursor, indoxyl, derived from the hydrolysis of O-glycosides biomass extracted in water, was oxidized to obtain the desired pigment. This step is the most sensitive, as variations have been observed during this phase. Consequently, the standardization of the oxidation process was established to determine the extract capacity to consistently produce the blue dye pigment. Partial hydrolysis of the O-glycosides, the indoxyl precursors, was identified as a factor causing this yield variability in the obtained extracts. Once the precursors were fully chemically hydrolyzed, plants harvested during summer and during a freezing period showed a similar capacity to produce indigotin, with values of 412 ± 25 ppm and 379 ± 0 ppm, respectively. This result showed that in freezing conditions, the enzymatic material was not available, resulting in the lack of indigotin formation. To address the use of oxidation in an alkaline medium, a spontaneous oxidation method was proposed. This method produced a purer indigotin pigment, with a 21.6% purity compared to 5.9% purity using air-mediated oxidation in an alkaline medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of different cutting types and planting media on the growth of Indigofera zollingeriana, a valuable forage crop. The research used a factorial randomized block design (2 x 2) with 40 experimental units. The treatments included two cutting sources--stem cuttings (A1) and shoot cuttings (A2)--and two planting media--natural soil (B1) and natural soil supplemented with liquid organic fertilizer from rabbit urine (B2). Growth parameters such as the number of leaves, plant height, and stem diameter were measured. The results indicate that cutting type significantly affects leaf production, with shoot cuttings (A2) producing a higher number of leaves than stem cuttings (A1) (P<0.05). However, the planting media and its interaction with the cutting type had no significant impact on plant height and stem diameter (P>0.05). These findings suggest that using shoot cuttings could enhance the propagation and growth of Indigofera zollingeriana for sustainable forage production. Further studies are recommended to explore the long-term effects of organic fertilizer on biomass yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to report the foliar and stem epidermal micro-morphology of 13 taxa of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae) using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-morphological characteristics studied here are related to the epidermal cell shape, size, frequency, anticlinal wall pattern, and stomatal complex types, size, position, frequency, and index. The study revealed 19 major normal stomatal types with eight subtypes and seven major abnormal stomatal types with 13 subtypes. The stomatal index was lower on the abaxial leaf surface than on the adaxial surface. Notably, the adaxial surface of I. hochstetteri had the highest stomatal index (27.46%), while the abaxial surface of I. oblongifolia had the lowest (9.95%). The adaxial surface of I. hochstetteri also displayed the highest average stomatal frequency (38.67), while the adaxial surface of I. spinosa had the lowest average frequency (9.37). SEM analysis revealed that most leaves had slightly sunken to sunken stomata, while stem stomata were positioned at the same level as epidermal cells in most taxa. Indigofera's foliar and stem epidermal anatomy recommends their application as baseline data coupled with other taxonomic data for the delimitation and differentiation of closely related taxa in the genus. The study provides a comprehensive description, illustrations, images, and micrographs of the stomatal types, as well as a taxonomic key for distinguishing the studied taxa of Indigofera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support the management of forage and cattle fattening business at the Integrated Agricultural Center (SPT) of PT Arutmin Indonesia Tambang Asamasam. This research uses the Field Work Practice (PKL) method which is carried out for three months, starting from March 4, 2024 to June 3, 2024. During this period, various activities are carried out according to a predetermined schedule and can be adjusted to other activities of the company. This street vendor was held at PT Arutmin Indonesia Tambang Asamasam, which is located in Simpang Empat Sungai Baru Village, Jorong District, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The results of this study show that Silage P3 (sorghum 40% and indigofera 60%) and P4 (sorghum 20% and indigofera 80%) are seen from physical quality (color, texture, aroma, and pH) and chemical quality, especially protein content, are in accordance with cow fattening. The physical qualities of sorghum silage and indigofera (color, texture and aroma) are almost the same very well there are no failures in the fermentation process. The pH value of silage is able to stay below 4 so that the silage is of good quality. The chemical quality of sorghum and indigofera with water content of 67.78 – 70.02%, ash content 4.03 – 6.83%, crude protein 4.69 – 19.41%, crude fat 7.58 – 9.35%, crude fiber 38.21 – 40.29%, carbohydrates 18.60 -23.59%, phosphorus 0.13 – 0.21%, calcium 0.16 – 0.91% and calories 197.27 – 228.54Cal/g can be used for cattle fattening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera astragalina, a versatile medicinal plant, has gained significant attention because of its rich phytochemical composition and diverse therapeutic properties. I. astragalina contains sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids, making it ideal for a variety of therapeutic purposes. In this review, an in-depth look at the phytoconstituents and their biological activity is presented. The anti-microbial properties of the plant extracts have been demonstrated against drug-resistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to vancomycin and methicillin. Moreover, the plant exhibits moderate to potent anti-protozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei and weak anti-protozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum. In various cancer cell lines, astragalin extracts have demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects, suggesting their potential as anti-cancer agents. Due to its high phenolic content, the plant has an antioxidant effect, which has contributed to its traditional use for managing oxidative stress. In addition, I. astragalina is packed with essential amino acids, minerals (such as iron, manganese, and zinc), and vitamins. The comprehensive analysis of I. astragalina emphasizes its important role in drug discovery, nutrition, and healthcare, as well as its tremendous therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf extracts are known to be rich in phytoconstituent biomolecules, making them a valuable source of medicinal compounds. They also serve as both capping and reducing agents in nanoparticle fabrication. A reaction between CuSO4.5H2O aqueous solution and the Indigofera tinctoria leaf extract results in the formation of stable copper nanoparticles. Phytochemical screening of the Indigofera tinctoria leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including carbohydrates, terpenoids, phenol, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides in the sample. The biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were subsequently subjected to various forms of analysis. Techniques used included UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy. An observable change in the color of solutions from pale to thick brown indicated the formation of CuNPs. Further confirmation came from UV-vis spectroscopy, which established the production of CuNPs at 500 nm. FTIR analysis revealed that the CuNPs were covered by organic residues. The particles ranged from 210 nm to 260 nm as indicated from the SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with a comprehensive enumeration of leguminous taxa found in Birbhum District of West Bengal, India. We recorded 140 species, one subspecies, and two varieties, representing 82 genera from 24 tribes under four subfamilies, viz., Cercidoideae (6 species in 2 genera belonging to 1 tribe), Detarioideae (3 species in 3 genera belonging to 3 tribes), Caesalpinioideae (43 species in 24 genera belonging to 5 tribes), and Papilionoideae (91 taxa including 88 species, 1 subspecies and 2 varieties in 53 genera belonging to 15 tribes). Herbs (59 taxa) were the largest group, followed by trees (39), climbers (23), and shrubs (22). Crotalaria and Indigofera (7 species each) emerged as the dominant genera, followed by Senna (6) and Bauhinia and Senegalia with five species each. In this district, the legumes are represented under 24 tribes, of which the Phaseoleae is the largest comprising 24 taxa, followed by Desmodieae (16) and Cassieae (12). Regarding endemics, Indigofera prostrata exclusive to West Bengal is recorded from Birbhum District, while Grona brachystachya, Hardwickia binata, Pterocarpus marsupium, and P. santalinus are endemic to India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia is the property of Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indigo plant (Persicaria tinctoria (Aiton) Spach) has been utilized as a dye material with antioxidant activity. To increase polyphenol yield, alkaline water was used for the extraction of indigo leaves. Total polyphenol content and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of the alkaline water extract were higher than those of the pure water extract, whereas its β-carotene bleaching inhibitory activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity were lower. The predominant compound in the alkaline water extract was 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyflavone (TMF)-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. β-Carotene bleaching inhibitory activity of TMF was higher than those of TMF-O-glycosides. TMF-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase from rat small intestine most effectively among the TMF-O-glycosides. Our results showed that alkaline water extraction of indigo leaves is a useful method to increase the recovery of polyphenols, in which TMF-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is the predominant compound, which can be easily hydrolyzed in the small intestine to TMF with high antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive extracts of traditional medicinal plants are rich in polyphenols and help to rejuvenate skin. The study was designed to assess the skin rejuvenating effects of a stable cream enriched with 4% I. argentea (IaMe) extract. The quantity of polyphenols by spectrophotometric methods was TPC, 101.55 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content; 77.14 ± 0.13 mg QE/g, while HPLC-PDA revealed gallic acid; 4.91, chlorogenic acid 48.12, p-coumaric acid 0.43, and rutin 14.23 µg/g. The significant results of biological activities were observed as DPPH; 81.81% ± 0.05%, tyrosinase; 72% ± 0.23% compared to ascorbic acid (92.43% ± 0.03%), and kojic acid (78.80% ± 0.19%) respectively. Moreover, the promising sun protection effects Sun protection factor of extract (20.53) and formulation (10.59) were observed. The active cream formulation (w/o emulsion) was developed with liquid paraffin, beeswax, IaMe extract, and ABIL EM 90, which was stable for 90 days as shown by various stability parameters. The rheological results demonstrated the active formulation's non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic characteristics and nearly spherical globules by SEM. The IaMe loaded cream was further investigated on human trial subjects for skin rejuvenating effects and visualized in 3D skin images. Herein, the results were significant compared to placebo. IaMe formulation causes a substantial drop in skin melanin from -1.70% (2 weeks) to -10.8% (12 weeks). Furthermore, it showed a significant increase in skin moisture and elasticity index from 7.7% to 39.15% and 2%-30%, respectively. According to the findings, Indigofera argentea extract has promising bioactivities and skin rejuvenating properties, rationalizing the traditional use and encouraging its exploitation for effective and economical cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigo quality is determined by its indigotin content. Another quality indicator is colour. For an evaluation of species, indigo samples from Indigofera tinctoria, Indigofera suffruticosa, Indigofera arrecta, Persicaria tinctoria, Strobilanthes cusia and Wrightia laevis cultivated in Austria and China were visually classified and analysed spectrophotometrically and using a L*a*b* measuring device. In addition to a standardised hot-extraction method without lime, some samples were extracted simulating traditional methods at ambient temperatures using lime. The highest indigotin contents were achieved with Indigofera arrecta (55%, Austria) and Strobilanthes cusia (56%, China). There were no statistically significant differences between the indigo extraction yields of the species cultivated in Austria, but Indigofera arrecta and Persicaria tinctoria had statistically significantly higher indigotin extraction yields than Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera suffruticosa. From the species extracted in China, Strobilanthes cusia showed higher values in all parameters than Indigofera tinctoria, Indigofera suffruticosa and Wrightia laevis. Compared with the standardised method, the method simulating local practice yielded more indigo but had a lower indigotin content; the indigotin extraction yields did not differ greatly. L*a*b* values enabled precise estimations of the indigotin content, making it an interesting option for quality control, as inexpensive, easy-to-handle L*a*b* measuring instruments have become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leishmaniasis is highly prevalent worldwide, and while conventional medicine offers numerous treatment methods for cutaneous leishmaniasis, Iranian traditional medicine suggests various remedies. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an herbal combination containing Indigofera argentea leaves, Pistacia atlantica resin, and Salvia hispanica seeds in patients with zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: This study was conducted at the Leishmaniasis Department of Chabahar Health Center in southeastern Iran in 2021. It was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial involving 68 patients enrolled after clinical diagnosis, examination of smear samples using Giemsa staining, and PCR confirmation. The volunteers were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Both groups received 'Glucantime ® as the primary medication weekly until complete healing or up to 12 weeks. Glucantime ® was administered intralesionally at a dosage of 0.1 cc on the wound's margin, with repeat injections at 1 cm intervals along the wound edge when necessary. In addition to the main drug, the intervention group received the herbal product topically twice daily until wound healing or for up to 4 weeks, while the control group received a placebo in the same manner. Results: 82.35% of patients in the intervention group and 20.58% in the control group achieved complete healing within four weeks. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The herbal product demonstrated effectiveness in treating patients with zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera jintongpenensis, a new species of the subfamily Papilionoideae of Fabaceae, is described and illustrated from Yunnan, southwest China. The new species is characterised by having a prostrate habit, flexible stems and branches, as well as spreading, sub-basifixed, asymmetrically 2-branched trichomes covering the entire plant, discoid calyx, and racemose inflorescences 6–8-flowered, short, 1–2 (–3.5) cm in length, apparently shorter than the leaf. A distribution map and comparison of morphological diagnostic characters with its morphologically similar species are provided. Additionally, a preliminary conservation assessment of I. jintongpenensis is proposed following IUCN criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was done as a factorial experiment with 5 replications was carried out. The seeds were primed using putrescine at concentrations of 0 (hydropriming), 0.5, and 1 mM, and control were used as control. Salinity treatment was applied under normal, low, moderate and severe (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl, respectively) salinity stress. According to the findings, increasing salinity levels reduced germination percentage, (GP), germination rate, (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination, (CVG), seed weight vigour index, (SWVI), by 29, 66, 53 and 25%, respectively and seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, roots length and shoot length by 37, 14, 72 and 61%, respectively, while increasing mean germination time (MGT), percentage of dry matter, total soluble sugar (TSS), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 112, 53, 57,16 and 182%, respectively. When seeds were primed using putrescine reduced the effects of oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels by 11 and 47%, respectively compared to control and improved the GP, GR, CVG, SWVI, root length and shoot length by 31, 81, 67, 36, 27, 19%, and decreased MGT by 40%. Although seed priming using 1 mM putrescine was effective in some parameters, there was no significant difference when compared to 0.5 mM putrescine. As a result, seed priming indigo using 0.5 mM putrescine with increasing dry matter by 73% appears to be more practical and economical in terms of mitigating the negative effects of salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue denim, a billion-dollar industry, is currently dyed with indigo in an unsustainable process requiring harsh reducing and alkaline chemicals. Forming indigo directly in the yarn through indican (indoxyl-β-glucoside) is a promising alternative route with mild conditions. Indican eliminates the requirement for reducing agent while still ending as indigo, the only known molecule yielding the unique hue of blue denim. However, a bulk source of indican is missing. Here, we employ enzyme and process engineering guided by techno-economic analyses to develop an economically viable drop-in indican synthesis technology. Rational engineering of PtUGT1, a glycosyltransferase from the indigo plant, alleviated the severe substrate inactivation observed with the wildtype enzyme at the titers needed for bulk production. We further describe a mild, light-driven dyeing process. Finally, we conduct techno-economic, social sustainability, and comparative life-cycle assessments. These indicate that the presented technologies have the potential to significantly reduce environmental impacts from blue denim dyeing with only a modest cost increase. Conventional blue denim dyeing has both environmental and health-related consequences. Here, Bidart et al. use enzyme engineering to develop a viable method for the bulk production of indican and demonstrate dying processes which could significantly reduce the negative consequences of this billion-dollar industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and other extinction facilitators have caused significant shifts in the distribution patterns of many species during the past few decades. Restoring and protecting lesser-known species may be more challenging without adequate biogeographical information. To address this knowledge gap, the current study set out to determine the global spatial distribution patterns of Indigofera oblongifolia (Forssk) a relatively lesser-known leguminous species. This was accomplished by utilizing three distinct bioclimatic temporal frames (current, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5), in addition to non-climatic predictors such as global livestock population, human modification of terrestrial ecosystems, and global fertilizers application (nitrogen and phosphorus). Furthermore, we evaluate the degree of indigenousness using the geographical area, habitat suitability categories, and number of polygons. This research reveals that climatic predictors outperform non-climatic predictors in terms of improving model quality. Precipitation Seasonality is one of the most important factors influencing this species' optimum habitat suitability up to 150 mm for the current, 2050 RCP 8.5 and 2070-RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. Our ellipsoid niche modelling extends the range of precipitation during the wettest quarter and maximum temperature during the warmest month to 637 mm and 26.5–31.80 degrees Celsius, respectively. India has a higher indigenous score in the optimal class than the African region. This findings suggest that the species in question tends to occupy contiguous regions in Africa, while in India, it is dispersed into several smaller meta-populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and other extinction facilitators have caused significant shifts in the distribution patterns of many species during the past few decades. Restoring and protecting lesser-known species may be more challenging without adequate biogeographical information. To address this knowledge gap, the current study set out to determine the global spatial distribution patterns of Indigofera oblongifolia (Forssk) a relatively lesser-known leguminous species. This was accomplished by utilizing three distinct bioclimatic temporal frames (current, 2050, and 2070) and four greenhouse gas scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5), in addition to non-climatic predictors such as global livestock population, human modification of terrestrial ecosystems, and global fertilizers application (nitrogen and phosphorus). Furthermore, we evaluate the degree of indigenousness using the geographical area, habitat suitability categories, and number of polygons. This research reveals that climatic predictors outperform non-climatic predictors in terms of improving model quality. Precipitation Seasonality is one of the most important factors influencing this species' optimum habitat suitability up to 150 mm for the current, 2050 RCP 8.5 and 2070-RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5. Our ellipsoid niche modelling extends the range of precipitation during the wettest quarter and maximum temperature during the warmest month to 637 mm and 26.5–31.80 degrees Celsius, respectively. India has a higher indigenous score in the optimal class than the African region. This findings suggest that the species in question tends to occupy contiguous regions in Africa, while in India, it is dispersed into several smaller meta-populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the use of natural indigo dye has been treated as an alternative to overcome the environmental pollution caused by synthetic indigo. Irrespective of the indigo dye source, it must be reduced to its soluble form by using reducing agents in a suitable alkaline environment. Herein, bio‐sugars such as glucose or fructose were used for this purpose. The results revealed that when fructose was used instead of glucose, colour strength (K/S) values increased. In this work, cotton was cationised with water‐soluble chitosan. Water‐soluble chitosan in a wide pH range extends the use of chitosan in textiles, which otherwise is limited due to its poor water solubility at pH above 6.0. Colour fastness washing test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cotton cationisation. The performance of cationised samples was around 30% higher in comparison to non‐cationised samples. Moreover, in this article we have focused on integrating materials and design. We propose a garment, using natural indigo‐dyed cotton and a zero‐waste modelling approach, as a sustainable fashion product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multidrug-resistant bacterial strains cause several serious infections that can be fatal, such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacteriaceae (often referred to as ESKAPE pathogens). Since ancient times, several indigenous medical systems in India have utilized diverse medicinal plants (approximately 80,000 species) as conventional treatments for a variety of illnesses. A member of the Fabaceae family, also referred to as "Himalayan indigo," Indigofera heterantha Wall, is well known for its therapeutic properties. Methods: The present study investigated the antibacterial, antifungal and antihelmintic properties of the roots, bark, leaves, and flowers of I. heterantha from the Kashmir Himalayas. The effectiveness of the extracts against bacteria, fungi, and earthworms. Three of the tested organisms for bacteria were ESKAPE pathogens, as they are responsible for creating fatal bacterial infections. The antifungal potency of I. heterantha aqueous and methanolic extracts was evaluated using the Agar Well Diffusion Assay. The antihelmintic activity was carried out on an adult Pheretima posthuma Indian earth worm, which shares physiological and anatomical similarities with human intestinal roundworm parasites. Results: The methanolic extracts of root and bark have shown prominent activity against all bacterial strains, whereas aqueous extracts of flower, root, and leaves have shown promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extract demonstrated good activity against S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 200 mg/ml with a zone of inhibition of 16 mm, while the methanolic extract displayed comparable activity against the fungal strains. The remaining two strains, P. crysogenum and A. fumigatus, were only moderately active in response to the extracts. All the extracts have shown anthelmintic activity except aqueous flower. Conclusion: These results will pave the way for the bioassay-guided isolation of bioactive constituents that may act as hits for further development as potential antibacterial agents against drug-resistant microbial and helminthic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Animal Production & Processing Technology / JurnalIlmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The leaf extract of Indigofera linnaei Ali, an Indian medicinal plant, was utilized in the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). Green chemistry is a safe and cost-effective method for the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts. The synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed using ultraviolet–visible (UV-visible) spectrum λ-max data with two peaks at 269 and 337 nm. Different functional groups were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to confirm the crystalline structure of the CuO-nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were performed to examine the surface morphology and elemental composition of the biosynthesized CuO-NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized CuO-NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. Additionally, they exhibited a good insecticidal effect on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae, with low LC50 55.716 µg/mL and LC90 123.657 µg/mL values. The CuO-NPs inhibited human breast cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 63.13 µg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera jodhpurensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), which grows in arid places and wasteland near the edge of Jodhpur in the direction of Pali, Rajasthan, India, is described. Although the species is similar to Indigofera cordifolia and I. jaisalmerica, it differs from these in having profusely hairy juvenile twigs, various types of trichomes on leaf surfaces, sub‐sessile flowers, straightened mucro at the tips of the leaves, and pods that are often single‐seeded but can also be bi‐seeded. The current communication includes a key to species, a comparative morphological analysis, and some photographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to investigate the ameliorative potential of the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria (IT) in aging-induced inflammation and its associated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Young (3-month-old) and aged (24–26-month-old) male Wistar albino rats were grouped into young control, aged control, aged + IT, and young + IT. The animals in the supplementary groups received 200 mg/kg BWT of aqueous extract of IT orally once a day for 21 days. Aged animals showed prolonged QT interval and increased weight and volume of the heart with a thickening ventricular wall. Infiltration of leukocytes and increased cardiomyocyte diameter and decreased numerical density along with cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased collagen accumulation were also seen in aged myocardium when compared to the young. The expression profile of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and iNOS was increased with a concomitant reduction in IL-10 expression in the aged compared to the young. In addition, a marked increase in ROS generation, TGF-β, and α-SMA levels is evident in the aged myocardium. These pathological changes were greatly reversed in aged animals supplemented with IT. Furthermore, the aged + IT group showed repression of pro-inflammatory markers with a subsequent increase in IL-10 expression. Contrarily, no marked changes were observed between young and young + IT groups. Taken together, it is concluded that the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria suppresses cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy by repressing the inflammation and its associated activation of TGFβ and myofibroblast conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste from the use of synthetic dye in the textile industry leads to environmental concerns, causing serious human and animal health issues. Research on waste recycling efforts has been made. However, this process is still challenging and expensive. In this context, the development of natural dye and optimization of its extraction process have attracted attention recent attention. Indigofera plants are found in several genera and are excellent sources of dye, known as indigo dye. There are three main genera of indigo, Isatis spp., Persicaria tinctoria (Ait) Spach (Polygonum tinctorium Ait), and Indigofera spp. that are used to produce industrial Indigo. These can be used as a dye by clothing manufacturers. In addition to being a potential commercial crop in the near future, indigo is a legume and can be used to further diversify the existing cropping systems in the U.S. In the U.S. Southern Great Plains, this crop could be an alternative crop to diversify and sustain the cotton-based cropping system that is predominant in the region. However, little research has been conducted regarding the agronomics and genetics of this crop. Therefore, this paper will review the current status on the genetics and agronomics of the industrial Indigofera sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Pediculosis capitis, commonly known as head lice infestation, represents a significant health 26 problem for school children worldwide. Repeated and long-term usages of highly toxic pediculicides have resulted in the development of increased levels of resistance and do not kill louse eggs. Alternative pediculicides, such as herbal products, have recently been proposed for the treatment of head lice infestation, thereby decreasing toxicity. Methods: This study analyzed the chemical composition of I. suffruticosa leaf extracts using GC–MS and evaluated the effects of Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. (I. suffruticosa) leaf extract on the mortality of head lice and their eggs. Results: The major five components of the tested oils identified were as follows: n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester, oleic acid, (E)-9-octadecenoic acid ethyl ester, and linoleic acid ethyl ester. The effective pediculicide of the I. suffruticosa leaf extracts affected head lice in all stages (egg, nymph, and adults). The concentrations of I. suffruticosa leaf extracts at 500 mg/mL produced the highest effective ovicidal on egg with 96.6% unhatching and pediculicide on nymphs and adults with 96.7 ± 5.7% and 86.7 ± 5.7% mortality, respectively, at 60 min (LT50 value < 10 min). The analysis of the external structure of the adult-stage head lice by SEM examination revealed that dead lice exposed to I. suffruticosa leaf extract displayed damage to the outer smooth architecture and obstructed the respiratory spiracles. Conclusion: We may conclude that the application of I. suffruticosa leaf extract produces an effective herbal pediculicide capable of affecting all stages of head lice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional value of sago pith is limited due to its low protein content, making it less suitable for poultry feed. To increase the benefit values of the sago pith, it is necessary to process it through fermentation. The current study aimed to determine the effects of substrate composition and fermentation time of fermented sago (Metroxylon sagu) pith (SP) and Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana) leaves (IL) mixture using Rhizopus oligosporus as an inoculum on crude protein, crude fat and crude fiber content of fermented SP and IL, nitrogen retention, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. The study was performed on 30 broiler chickens, average weighing ± 1.5 kg at 6 weeks of age, along with SP, IL, and R. oligosporus. This experiment was conducted using a randomized design in a 3×3 factorial with three replications. Substrate composition, or factor A, was made up of A1 (80% SP + 20% IL), A2 (60% SP + 40% IL), and A3 (50% SP + 50% IL). Fermentation time as Factor B entailed B1 (2 days), B2 (3 days), and B3 (4 days). The findings demonstrated a significant interaction between the time of fermentation and the composition of the substrate in relation to crude protein content, nitrogen retention, crude fat, crude fiber digestibility, and energy metabolism. It can be concluded that the composition of substrate 50% SP and 50% IL with 3 days of fermentation yielded the best result, with crude protein at 25.45%, nitrogen retention at 59.72%, crude fat at 0.020%, crude fiber at 6.40%, crude fiber digestibility at 57.34%, and metabolic energy at 2658.44 kcal/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to investigate the ameliorative potential of the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria (IT) in aging-induced inflammation and its associated cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Young (3-month-old) and aged (24–26-month-old) male Wistar albino rats were grouped into young control, aged control, aged + IT, and young + IT. The animals in the supplementary groups received 200 mg/kg BWT of aqueous extract of IT orally once a day for 21 days. Aged animals showed prolonged QT interval and increased weight and volume of the heart with a thickening ventricular wall. Infiltration of leukocytes and increased cardiomyocyte diameter and decreased numerical density along with cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased collagen accumulation were also seen in aged myocardium when compared to the young. The expression profile of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, NFκB, and iNOS was increased with a concomitant reduction in IL-10 expression in the aged compared to the young. In addition, a marked increase in ROS generation, TGF-β, and α-SMA levels is evident in the aged myocardium. These pathological changes were greatly reversed in aged animals supplemented with IT. Furthermore, the aged + IT group showed repression of pro-inflammatory markers with a subsequent increase in IL-10 expression. Contrarily, no marked changes were observed between young and young + IT groups. Taken together, it is concluded that the aqueous extract of Indigofera tinctoria suppresses cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy by repressing the inflammation and its associated activation of TGFβ and myofibroblast conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanical information indicates that Indigofera conferta is used in northern Nigeria for the management of poisonous snakebites and the methanol extract was previously reported to have antivenin activity. In this study, we report the isolation of an oxyprenylated bioactive secondary metabolite; 2',4'- dihydroxy-4-prenyloxychalcone from the chloroform fraction of the aerial parts of the plant's methanol extract and the in vivo evaluation of the compound against Naja nigricollis venom. The compound has demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) and dose-dependent antivenin activity against LD99Naja nigricollis venom. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, the compound protected 60% of the animals tested from death. The observed activity lends credence to the traditional use of the plant in the management of snake bites in northern Nigeria. The compound, 2',4'- dihydroxy-4-prenyloxychalcone, could also serve as a lead in the development of novel antisnake venom agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper feed optimization is vital for the health and growth of goats, with fodder quality being a central factor. This study evaluated the impact of feeding goats guinea grass mixed with various tree legumes on their growth and feed consumption. Nine upgraded goats were used for this research, divided equally among three treatment groups. Each treatment was repeated three times, with one goat per repetition. The experimental treatments included guinea grass paired with Gliricidia (T1), Indigofera (T2), or Ipil-ipil (T3). The results showed that the T2 (Guinea grass + Indigofera tinctoria) combination resulted in the highest feed intake at 29.94kg over five weeks, a finding significant with a p-value of 0.04. Nutrient analysis demonstrated a significant intake of crude protein for T2 with a p-value of 0.038. Moreover, T2 exhibited the most substantial total weight gain (3016.67g) and an average daily gain of 86.19g/day, with p-values of <0.001 and 0.013 respectively. In conclusion, the mix of Guinea grass and Indigofera tinctoria offers the best results in terms of feed intake and goat growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution in aquatic ecosystems by various pollutants has been a concern in recent decades because of the devastating effect posed on the stability between the receiving water bodies and the biodiversity therein. Indigofera tinctoria has been used in a variety of fields, including health and medicine, as well as industrial applications such as textiles. The impacts of I. tinctoria on freshwater fishes, as well as the mechanisms underlying the biological effects, are, however, sparse. The goal of the study was to see how I. tinctoria affected Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus) juveniles' oxidative stress response, biochemical indicators, DNA disintegration, and protein profile. For 21 days, 6 varying concentrations were applied to the fish, including a control. The biochemical parameters in the test fish revealed a considerable variation in a doseresponse manner. In I. tinctoria treated fish, the enzyme activity, when compared with control treatment, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and oxidative stress all increased relative to the toxicant doses used. The protein profiling revealed a modification in the protein credentials in I. tinctoria-treated fish when compared to the control. As per the study, I. tinctoria is toxic to O. niloticus, particularly at higher doses. The results of this research could be applied to biomonitoring studies of I. tinctorial toxicity, particularly in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper planting system and efficient management are needed to cultivate forage effectively. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate forage production and nutrient content of different elephant grass varieties grown with Indigofera in the intercropping system and were harvested at different intervals of defoliation. The research was conducted in the dry and rainy seasons using a randomized block design with 3 factors (2x2x2) and 4 replications. The first factor was two different elephant grass varieties consisting of cv. Pakchong and Taiwan, the second factor was the planting pattern, including intercropping and monoculture, while the third factor was harvesting age, comprising 50 days and 60 days. The results showed an interaction effect between grass varieties, planting patterns, and harvesting ages. Intercropping the Pakchong varieties with Indigofera and harvesting at 60 days produced the highest forage fresh weight and DM production, ADF as well as NDF contents and yields, CP yield, and the highest carrying capacity (p<0.05) according to DM intake. When harvested at 50 days, Indigofera increased the protein content of forage, but this effect did not occur when it was harvested at 60 days. Furthermore, nutrient yields were not affected by interactions of three factors in the rainy season (p>0.05), but in the dry season, the highest ash and CP yields were produced by the Pakchong variety intercropped with Indigofera and harvesting at 60 days. The highest ADF and NDF yields were obtained from the Taiwan varieties grown in monoculture and harvested at 60 days. Based on the results, it was concluded that the two varieties of elephant grass could be cultivated with Indigofera in the intercropping system and harvesting time of 60 days will produce the highest nutrient yield and carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Grasslands / Forrajes Tropicales is the property of International Centre for Tropical Agriculture - CIAT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We report on a 6-year-old girl (18 kg/120 cm) who was diagnosed on day 6 postoperative with an occlusive thrombosis of a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit in the setting of a Ross procedure that was performed for severe native aortic valve insufficiency secondary to late diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. We applied the Indigo® aspiration system from Penumbra® (Alameda, USA) to mechanically dissolve and remove the thrombus, restore flow, gradually wean from extracorporeal support, and replace the conduit after 4 days. The patient experiences good surgical outcomes at 3 months of follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk. locally known as 'Goilia or Jhil', is an important underutilized leguminous browse shrub for small ruminants in hot arid region of India and traditionally utilized for its medicinal value. Its irregular patchy distribution was observed in depression of rocky areas, bunds of farmer fields and along the depression on the road sides in Jaisalmer and Pali district during collection. Soil samples collected from Pali district have high level of pH and electrical conductivity as compared to Jaisalmer which indicates its suitability to saline areas. It exhibited good plant growth under Jodhpur conditions with respect to plant height (171.5 cm), number of branches (47.9) and canopy diameter (100–210 and 115–180 cm in north-south and east-west direction, respectively) after 12 months of planting in fields under protected condition. Morphological characterization showed the presence of high coefficient of variation (%) in the number of raceme per branch (27.3) followed by raceme length (22.9), pod length (21.0) and least in pod width (8.1). Phytochemical results revealed that leaves of I. oblongifolia contained considerable amounts of total phenols (31.44 mg g−1), flavonoids (29.73 mg g−1) and antioxidant capacity (6.26 FRU g−1) which make its suitability as a browse species to ruminants in rangelands. Along with these finding, its traditional knowledge and utilization are detailed in this paper as to hasten further research on its various aspects for its sustainable utilization in rangelands or in alternate land use systems in the Indian hot arid region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical investigation of a previously unstudied species of the genus Indigofera, I. atriceps Hook.f. was undertaken and two new phenolic compounds, atricephenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated, along with nine known secondary metabolites viz., (-)-melilotocarpan D (3), genistein (4), melilotocarpan A (5), maackiain (6), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), bornesitol (8), β-sitosterol (9), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10) and stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses and HRESIMS, and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1, 4, 7–11 were tested for their antibacterial efficacies and for their potential to inhibit the enzyme urease. Compounds 7 and 9 showed significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (ZOIs of 13 and 15 mm, respectively), while the best urease inhibition was measured for compound 9 with an IC50 value of 18.6 µM, which is higher than that of the potent inhibitor, thiourea (IC50 = 21.5 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper feed optimization is vital for the health and growth of goats, with fodder quality being a central factor. This study evaluated the impact of feeding goats guinea grass mixed with various tree legumes on their growth and feed consumption. Nine upgraded goats were used for this research, divided equally among three treatment groups. Each treatment was repeated three times, with one goat per repetition. The experimental treatments included guinea grass paired with Gliricidia (T1), Indigofera (T2), or Ipil-ipil (T3). The results showed that the T2 (Guinea grass + Indigofera tinctoria) combination resulted in the highest feed intake at 29.94kg over five weeks, a finding significant with a p-value of 0.04. Nutrient analysis demonstrated a significant intake of crude protein for T2 with a p-value of 0.038. Moreover, T2 exhibited the most substantial total weight gain (3016.67g) and an average daily gain of 86.19g/day, with p-values of <0.001 and 0.013 respectively. In conclusion, the mix of Guinea grass and Indigofera tinctoria offers the best results in terms of feed intake and goat growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, H. Botany is the property of Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Indigofera L. is the third largest genus in Fabaceae and includes economically important species that are used for indigo dye-producing, medicinal, ornamental, and soil and water conservation. The genus is taxonomically difficult due to the high level of overlap in morphological characters of interspecies, fewer reliability states for classification, and extensive adaptive evolution. Previous characteristic-based taxonomy and nuclear ITS-based phylogenies have contributed to our understanding of Indigofera taxonomy and evolution. However, the lack of chloroplast genomic resources limits our comprehensive understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes of Indigofera. Methods: Here, we newly assembled 18 chloroplast genomes of Indigofera. We performed a series of analyses of genome structure, nucleotide diversity, phylogenetic analysis, species pairwise Ka/Ks ratios, and positive selection analysis by combining with allied species in Papilionoideae. Results and discussion: The chloroplast genomes of Indigofera exhibited highly conserved structures and ranged in size from 157,918 to 160,040 bp, containing 83 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Thirteen highly variable regions were identified, of which trnK-rbcL, ndhF-trnL, and ycf1 were considered as candidate DNA barcodes for species identification of Indigofera. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods based on complete chloroplast genome and protein-coding genes (PCGs) generated a well-resolved phylogeny of Indigofera and allied species. Indigofera monophyly was strongly supported, and four monophyletic lineages (i.e., the Pantropical, East Asian, Tethyan, and Palaeotropical clades) were resolved within the genus. The species pairwise Ka/Ks ratios showed values lower than 1, and 13 genes with significant posterior probabilities for codon sites were identified in the positive selection analysis using the branch-site model, eight of which were associated with photosynthesis. Positive selection of accD suggested that Indigofera species have experienced adaptive evolution to selection pressures imposed by their herbivores and pathogens. Our study provided insight into the structural variation of chloroplast genomes, phylogenetic relationships, and adaptive evolution in Indigofera. These results will facilitate future studies on species identification, interspecific and intraspecific delimitation, adaptive evolution, and the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Indigofera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Textile dyes which are eliminated as unfixed dyes through the effluent from textile industry cause deleterious effect on the fresh water fish. Thus, toxicity tests were conducted using indigo dye on Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (mean weight 30.00 ± 0.73 g) as a test fish under bioassay system. Varying concentration of 0.00 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mg/l containing graded levels of Indigofera were applied in experimental tanks to determine the lethal concentration. The LC50 of dye at 96 h was 1.3 mg/l of water. The histopathology (heart, gills, kidney and spleen) and water quality parameters (Dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature) were determined using standard methods and behavioural responses were observed. Results: Histopathology of heart, gills, kidney and spleen revealed degeneration of cells, space formation, slight cellular changes and vacuolation among the treatments especially in the higher concentration of 1.5 mg/l, 2.0 mg/l, and 2.5 mg/l of the dye solution used except in the control. The pH and DO of control were significantly different from the experimental units while there was no significant variation in the temperature of the control and all the experimental units. Effects of indigo dye on water parameters were significant (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Behavioural responses exhibited by the experimental fish include irregular swimming, hyperventilation, rapid opercula movement, and restlessness. The dye concentration and exposure period both boosted these behaviours. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicated that indigo dye solution is toxic to fish, and that fish opercula movement and mortality were influenced by the dosage of each concentration and the duration of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Indigofera bungeana is a shrub with high quality protein that has been widely utilized for forage grass in the semi-arid regions of China. This study aimed to enrich the currently available knowledge and clarify the detailed drought stress regulatory mechanisms in I. bungeana, and provide a theoretical foundation for the cultivation and resistance breeding of forage crops. Methods. This study evaluates the response mechanism to drought stress by exploiting multiple parameters and transcriptomic analyses of a 1-year-old seedlings of I. bungeana in a pot experiment. Results. Drought stress significantly caused physiological changes in I. bungeana. The antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulation substance content of I. bungeana showed an increase under drought. Moreover, 3,978 and 6,923 differentially expressed genes were approved by transcriptome in leaves and roots. The transcription factors, hormone signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism of regulatory network were observed to have increased. In both tissues, genes related to plant hormone signaling transduction pathway might play a more pivotal role in drought tolerance. Transcription factors families like basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), vian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), basic leucine zipper (bZIP) and the metabolic pathway related-genes like serine/threonine-phosphatase 2C (PP2C), SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), auxin (AUX28), small auxin up-regulated rna (SAUR), sucrose synthase (SUS), sucrosecarriers (SUC) were highlighted for future research about drought stress resistance in Indigofera bungeana. Conclusion. Our study posited I. bungeana mainly participate in various physiological and metabolic activities to response severe drought stress, by regulating the expression of the related genes in hormone signal transduction. These findings, which may be valuable for drought resistance breeding, and to clarify the drought stress regulatory mechanisms of I. bungeana and other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the positive role of putrescine in alleviating the negative impact of drought stress on morphological and biochemical indices of indigo seedling was investigated. This experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications. Four seeds of Indigofera tinctoria sowed in 4.5 L pots. The plants sprayed with putrescine (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) at 5th week after planted and then were applied severe, moderate, low, and normal drought stress (25, 50, 75, and 100% field capacity, respectively). Moderate and severe drought stresses significantly reduced the amount of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, ratio of chlorophyll a/b, relative water content, and protein compared with the control. Putrescine reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, root length and leaf area, dry matter, relative water content, and protein. Drought stress increased the amount of chlorophyll b, carotenoids, accumulation of soluble sugars in roots and proline in roots and shoots, reactive oxygen specious, peroxidase enzyme activity, and amount of anthocyanin in leaves. The putrescine treatment significantly reduced the amount of ROS and enzyme activity in moderate and severe drought stress compared to untreated plants with putrescine. In general, foliar spraying of indigo plants with 0.5 mM putrescine improved the vegetative state of plants by improving the antioxidant system against oxidative stress, especially under the moderate and severe drought stress conditions, and increased dry matter by 43% under the moderate drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]