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We successfully synthesized tetragonal FeS with various Fe:S molar ratios using a hydrothermal method, and the EDS and XRF results confirmed that FeS exhibits superconductivity within the Fe and S element ratio range of 1.155–1.274, rather than a strict stoichiometric ratio. The reaction temperature can not only play a crucial role in determining the purity of the obtained FeS phase but also significantly alter its micromorphology. Significantly, by analyzing the relationship between the Fe:S actual molar ratio and Tc as well as the Fe:S actual molar ratio and unit cell volume, FeS exhibits dome-shaped superconductivity and shows a negative correlation with Tc and chemical pressure. Furthermore, considering the correlation between anion height (hanion) and Tc, Tc reaches the maximum value of 4.53 K for hanion ≈ 1.28 Å, a behavior distinct from that of observed in Fe-pnictide superconductors. In short, our experimental results provide a unique perspective to deepen our understanding of FeS superconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialization and scalability of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells have been hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the high cost of platinum electrocatalysts. Heteroatom-doped graphene has emerged as a promising alternative catalyst due to the synergistic effects of the dopants on the graphene structure. This study aims to synthesize boron, nitrogen, and sulfur tri-doped reduced graphene oxide (BNS-rGO) to elucidate the role of dopants in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of doped graphene. In this study, B-, N-, and S-tri-doped graphene was synthesized via a one-pot hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide (GO) with boric acid and thiourea. A comprehensive characterization of the synthesized materials was conducted using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry. These analyses confirm the successful incorporation of B, N, and S dopants into the graphene structure. The tri-doped BNS-rGO catalyst exhibited superior ORR activity and a higher current density. This enhanced performance can be attributed to the reduced number of oxygen-containing functional groups, increased surface area, and improved electrical conductivity of the doped graphene structure. This study demonstrated the potential of metal-free heteroatom-doped graphene structures for the development of cost-effective and stable ORR electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cells and other energy applications. The successful synthesis and characterization of BNS-rGO provide valuable insights into the role of dopants in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of graphene-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NH3-SCR method is the most prevalent technology utilised for the removal of NOx. Among the numerous types of catalysts, minerals are composed of multiple metallic elements that produce natural synergistic catalytic effects when applied in the denitrification process. This phenomenon underscores the potential for their application in this field of research. In this study, rare earth tailings were modified using a hydrothermal method with Ce as the modifying agent. The impact of Ce-modified tailings catalysts on low-temperature denitrification performance and physicochemical properties was examined through a series of analytical techniques, including XRD, BET, SEM–EDS, XPS, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, XPS, and in situ DRIFTS analyses. The findings indicated that the denitrification efficiency and N2 selectivity of 7.5% Ce/rare earth tailings were 83% and 90%, respectively. The reaction temperature window was expanded from 250 °C to 425 °C. A mesoporous surface structure with highly dispersed active components, namely cerium and iron, was obtained. Concurrently, the combined effect of Ce and Fe resulted in an increase in oxygen vacancies, acidic sites, and acid activity strength within the catalyst. The denitrification reaction is governed by both the E-R and L–H mechanisms. The catalyst surface exhibits both Brønsted and Lewis acidic sites, with Brønsted acidic sites being more conducive to denitrification. The SCR reaction is predominantly influenced by NH4+ species adsorbed on Brønsted acidic sites, resulting in the formation of NH3. Two active centres of Ce4+ and Fe3+ in the rare earth tailings, and NO as gaseous adsorbed NO2, monodentate nitrate, and small amounts of bridged nitrate and bidentate nitrate participate in the SCR reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low theoretical capacity and conductivity of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) impose limitations on its capacity release at high rate, so a core–shell structure, LSbC-10 [87 wt.% Li4Ti5O12 + 10 wt.% Sb2O3 + 3 wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs)] with Sb3+-doped and CNT-wrapping has been synthesized by liquid-phase dispersion and hydrothermal crystallization to address this problem. The obtained results demonstrated the successful preparation of LSbC-10 with exceptional properties. The LSbC-10 exhibits enhanced crystallinity and an increased Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio, which promotes the material's conductivity, while the polarization resistance decreased significantly. Building upon the LTO, the rate capability (5C/1C) has been boosted to 83.41%, while the reversible capacity retention rate (0.1C(re)/0.1C) has increased to 93.27%. The Li+ diffusion coefficient also doubled to achieve a value of 1.5316 × 10−9 cm2 s−1. After undergoing fast charge–discharge at a rate of 5C for 1000 cycles, the capacity reached 228.53 mAh g−1, representing a remarkable increase of 43.05% compared to the LTO (159.75 mAh g−1). Compared with the recently reported Li4Ti5O12 composites, the rate capability still had obvious advantages. In the meantime, straightforward and green processes can reduce the pressure on the environment during industrial production. The outstanding performance exhibited by LSbC-10 not only demonstrates that Sb3+-doped and CNT-wrapping significantly enhances the market competitiveness of Li4Ti5O12 but also provides a new model for the study of insertion anode electrode composite conversion/alloying anode electrode besides single doping or coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy-intensive quartz milling process dominates the environmental impact of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) manufacturing. This study examines volcanic tuff ash as a quartz replacement (0–100%) in AAC production, evaluating fresh properties, hardened state performance, and microstructural characteristics. Improved compressive strength (11.6% increase to 3.61 MPa) and A-value (13% increase) are achieved at 20% replacement, attributed to enhanced tobermorite crystallinity and pozzolanic reactivity. The formation of hydrogarnet was observed in tuff ash samples, contributing to hazardous element immobilization. Thermal conductivity decreases to 0.080 W/(m·K) with increasing tuff ash content, while maintaining structural integrity. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of tuff ash incorporation for both improved material performance and reduced environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in nanotechnology, material science, and custom engineering of recognition components have facilitated the production of reliable electrochemical sensors. In this specific scenario, the current investigation presents the synthesis of bimetallic cobalt nickel tungstate (CNWO) nanoparticles using hydrothermal synthesis. Additionally, the electrochemical performance of these nanoparticles and their composite with polypyrrole (PPY), as a conducting polymer, as an electrode material is also reported. The CNWO-PPY nanocomposite was successfully modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as an electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of diphenylamine (DPA). DPA is extensively used as a preservative on a global scale to inhibit fruit deterioration and surface scalding during storage. Precise identification and quantification of DPA residues in treated fruits are crucial due to the adverse impact of excessive concentrations of DPA on human health. The electrochemical redox mechanism of DPA is based on the electro-polymerization process. The electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the hybrid nanocomposite displays better electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic performance due to the synergistic interaction between CNWO nanoparticles and layered PPY. The proposed electrode achieved a wide linear range of 0.01–861 μM and a low detection limit of 0.0054 μM and sensitivity (1.58 μA μM–1 cm–2) for the redox performance of DPA by different pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, CNWO-PPY/GCE was subsequently utilized to ascertain the impact of DPA on the food samples. The framework presented here demonstrates a viable approach to improving electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infections continue to pose significant challenges in dentistry, necessitating the development of innovative solutions that can effectively address these issues. This study focuses on creating coatings made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) enriched with zinc oxide–silver composite nanoparticles, layered to Ti6Al4V–titanium alloy substrates. The application of these materials aims to create a solution for the abutments utilized in complete dental implant systems, representing the area most susceptible to bacterial infections. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, optimized through specific temperature and pressure parameters to achieve effective morphologies and sizes that enhance antibacterial efficacy. The layers were applied to the titanium substrate using the spin coating technique, chosen for its advantages and compatibility with the materials involved. Comprehensive analyses were conducted on the antimicrobial powders, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, the PMMA-based coatings incorporating antimicrobial nanoparticles were evaluated to ensure uniformity and homogeneity across the titanium alloy surface by IR mapping and SBF immersion–SEM analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the samples was demonstrated with impressive results against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, as assessed through biofilm modulation studies. The biocompatibility of the samples was validated through in vitro cell-based assays, which demonstrated excellent compatibility between PMMA-based coatings and human preosteoblasts, confirming their potential suitability for future use in dental implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone tissue engineering aims to develop biomaterials that are capable of effectively repairing and regenerating damaged bone tissue. Among the various polymers used in this field, polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the most widely utilized. As a biocompatible polymer, PCL is easy to fabricate, cost-effective, and offers consistent quality control, making it a popular choice for biomedical applications. However, PCL lacks inherent antibacterial properties, making it susceptible to bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, which can lead to implant failure. To address this issue, this study aims to enhance the antibacterial properties of PCL by incorporating calcium phosphate composite (PCL_CaP) nanostructures onto its surface via hydrothermal synthesis. The resulting "PCL_CaP" nanostructured surfaces exhibited improved wettability and demonstrated mechano-bactericidal potential against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The flake-like morphology of the fabricated CaP nanostructures effectively disrupted bacteria membranes, inhibiting bacterial growth. Furthermore, the "PCL_CaP" surfaces supported the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of pre-osteoblasts, indicating their potential for bone tissue engineering applications. This study demonstrates the promise of calcium phosphate composite nanostructures as an effective antibacterial coating for implants and medical devices, with further research required to evaluate their long-term stability and in vivo performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algerian Kaolin was valorized firstly to synthesized zeolites A and then performed in Basic bleu 41 (BB41) dye from aqueous media. Kaolin was transformed by thermal treatment to Metakaolin (MK) at 700°C for 2 h. Zeolites A are synthesized from MK by hydrothermal crystallization according to optimal conditions (Temperature: 100°C, solid/liquid: 20 g/L, NaOH concentration: 2 mole/L, and time: 24 h). The structural characteristics of samples are determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Thermogravimetric/Differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Zeolites A are obtained with high crystalline percentages (98%) and the sizes of the crystallites (224–463 nm) are proportional to the dimensions of the lattice parameters a0. Zeolite A highlighted an uptake BB41 dye of 40% and a maximum capacity of 31.25 mg/g. Langmuir equilibrium isotherm and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models provided a good fit to the adsorption experimental data. The adsorption process is exothermic and within the limits of the energy barrier. The study of the impact of the influenced parameters pH, solid/liquid ratio, concentration, and temperature on the BB41 adsorption onto zeolite A by experiment design showed a strong dependence on pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an (NH4)0.5V2O5 nanobelt (NVO) was prepared by a facile hydrothermal reaction using NH4VO3 as the precursor and oxalic acid (C2H2O4) as the reducing agent. The crystal structure and quantity of NH4+ intercalated for NVO can be adjusted via postheat treatment, resulting in variable K+ storage property when utilized as a cathode for K-ion batteries (KIBs). Therein, NVO-150 °C obtained exhibits an optimal K+ storage capacity (86.8 mA h/g at the first discharge and 74.0 mA h/g at the 50th cycle under 50 mA/g between 1.5 and 3.8 V vs K/K+) and rate capability (58.4 mA h/g under 500 mA/g), which can be ascribed to the appropriate structural fine-tuning toward NVO, increasing its active sites for K+ storage. Furthermore, NVO was uniformly combined with rGO by a one-pot hydrothermal process through the bridging effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The acquired NVO-rGO also delivers a significantly improved K+ storage performance (89.7 mA h/g at the initial discharge and 71.9 mA h/g after 50 cycles; 56.5 mA h/g under 500 mA/g) compared to NVO, which benefits from the good conductivity and separation function of rGO, promoting the fast transport of electrons and K+. Both the postheat treatment and introduction of rGO are feasible to enhance K+ storage in NVO. This study proposed effective modification strategies to optimize K+ storage in a potential NVO cathode for KIB application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors, in particular, are gaining popularity in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and emergency power supplies due to their safe operation, rapid charge/discharge rates, high power density, and extended lifespan compared with batteries and fuel cells. However, to further enhance the energy density, widening the operating voltage window through the design of asymmetric supercapacitors and increasing the capacitance of electrode materials have been explored. This study focuses on the development of a sea-urchin-like morphology composed of bimetallic copper–cobalt carbonate hydroxides (CCCOHs) by using a hydrothermal method to optimize the surface morphology and improve energy storage capabilities. The synthesized CCCOH-24 sample demonstrated an impressive specific capacitance of 675 C g–1 at a current density of 15 A g–1 and maintained 87% stability at 30 A g–1. When assembled into an asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor with activated carbon, the device achieved an energy density of 63 Wh kg–1 and a power density of 10.2 kW kg–1, retaining over 88% capacitance after 10000 cycles. This study highlights the potential of CCCOHs with tailored morphologies for advanced supercapacitor applications, offering a pathway to enhance the energy storage performance and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite oxide has good sensitivity to VOCs gases, but its gas-sensitive properties are negatively affected by high humidity, thereby limiting its potential application in respiratory gas detection. This study focuses on synthesizing porous LaFeO3 of perovskite type used a dual-process method involved hydrothermal synthesis with thermal treatment. The morphology and evolution of porous LaFeO3 microspheres was studied. The LaFeO3 sensors exhibited p-type gas-sensitive behavior with notable selectivity for respiratory gases. The LaFeO3 sensor represented a significant response value of 9.7 to a 100 ppm C2H5OH concentration, with a rapid response/recovery time of 8 s/9 s at 300 °C. The sensor demonstrated a high response (S = 4.2) and a low detection limit of 100 ppb at 90% relative humidity. The superior sensor performance was due to the porous surface structure of LaFeO3 microspheres, which improved the gas diffusion channels and reaction sites with microspheres. The density of states map revealed a strong orbital hybridization between C2H5OH and LaFeO3, resulted in a calculated adsorption energy of − 1.18 eV, signified a strong adsorption affinity in line with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the photodegradation of cetirizine dihydrochloride (CET) by Bi2O3/TiO2 heterojunctions under simulated solar light irradiation (300-800nm) was examined in detail for the first time. A hydrothermal synthesis of the photocatalyst was carried out, and several analytical techniques were used to characterize the product. The resulting Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalyst effectively removed CET from an aqueous solution. The Bi2O3/TiO2 (5.0%/95.0%) ratio exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance for CET degradation, degrading 75.85% of CET after 60 min of irradiation, with a high pseudo-first-order rate constant (kapp = 0.022 min−1; t1/2 = 31.50 min; natural pH). Moreover, TOC decreased by 40.45% after 420 min of irradiation. The Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalyst has also been proven effective in degrading CET in different real aqueous matrices (Seawater (99.89%) > spring water (68.44%) > tap water (52.62%)), and the degradation under natural solar irradiation is more effective and faster than under artificial irradiation. Additionally, the Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalyst demonstrated excellent photo-stability in a five-cycle photocatalytic experiment. The influence of various parameters showed that the removal of CET was heightened with a dose of 1 g/L of the Bi2O3/TiO2 and enhanced under acidic conditions (pH = 2.3). Moreover, the involvement of different reactive species was investigated by introducing diverse scavengers, revealing that hydroxyl radicals and photo-holes were the main reactive species involved in the CET photodegradation process over the Bi2O3/TiO2 photocatalyst. The primary photodegradation byproducts were identified using HPLC–MS analysis, and a possible mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study novelly investigates the influence of saline water sources in the ecofriendly synthesis of zeolites, employing economical materials like aluminum scraps, and commercial sodium silicate, within an organic-template-free crystallization system. The type of dissolved anions significantly influences the crystallographic and morphological properties of zeolites. Initially, mordenite forms in distilled water, then transforms into P zeolite and eventually the more stable analcime phase. Saline waters significantly slowed down the phase transformation of the zeolites. At prolonged reaction time, pure analcime, exhibiting varying degrees of aggregation, was observed using distilled, tap, and synthetic saline waters containing Cl− or CO32−. However, mixtures of well-defined crystals consisting of 82.3% P zeolite and 17.7% analcime, or 65.3% P zeolite and 34.7% mordenite, were obtained using waters containing SO42− or HCO3−, respectively. When Mediterranean seawater was utilized, a mixture comprising 30.9% mordenite and 69.1% analcime was produced. Conversely, the high salinity of the Red seawater impeded zeolite formation. While distilled water follows classical nucleation and layer-by-layer deposition, saline waters influenced crystallography and morphology, with anions playing a pivotal role. HCO3− suppressed transformation, while surface-adsorbed Cl− and SO42− ions facilitated reverse crystal growth mechanism akin to organic-directing agents. Preliminary tests reveal zeolites' affinity for removing Cu2⁺ and Fe3⁺ ions, warranting further research. This study opens new avenues for sustainable materials and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the magnetic and dielectric properties of cobalt–zirconium co-doped iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized via the hydrothermal method. The synthesis was conducted at 150 °C, with reaction times of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h. Co-doping with cobalt and zirconium significantly influenced the magnetic phase formation of iron oxide. Magnetic properties were characterized using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), revealing ferromagnetic behavior with a maximum saturation magnetization of 45 emu/g for the 8 h sample. The dielectric properties were analyzed through impedance spectroscopy across a wide frequency range, and the results were interpreted using Maxwell–Wagner's model and Koop's theory. The dielectric constant reached its maximum value of approximately 58 at a logarithmic frequency of 1.5 Hz for the sample synthesized for 8 h. This study highlights the importance of synthesis time in optimizing both the magnetic and dielectric properties of (Co, Zr) co-doped iron oxide nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the potential to modify the phase structure and morphology of manganese dioxide synthesized via the hydrothermal route was explored. A series of samples were prepared at different synthesis temperatures (100, 120, 140, and 160 °C) using KMnO4 and MnSO4·H2O as precursors. The phase composition and morphology of the materials were analyzed using various physicochemical methods. The results showed that, at the lowest synthesis temperature (100 °C), an intercalation compound with composition K1.39Mn3O6 and a very small amount of α-MnO2 was formed. At higher temperatures (120–160 °C), the amount of α-MnO2 increased, indicating the formation of two clearly distinguished crystal structures. The sample obtained at 160 °C exhibited the highest specific surface area (approximately 157 m2/g). These two-phase (α-MnO2/K1.39Mn3O6) materials, synthesized at the lowest and highest temperatures, respectively, and containing an appropriate amount of carbon xerogel, were tested as active mass for positive electrodes in a solid-state supercapacitor, using a Na+-form Aquivion® membrane as the polymer electrolyte. The electrochemical evaluation showed that the composite with the higher specific surface area, containing 75% manganese dioxide, demonstrated improved characteristics, including 96% capacitance retention after 5000 charge/discharge cycles and high energy efficiency (approximately 99%). These properties highlight its potential for application in solid-state supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel mineral-like phosphate hydrate Na6.9Ni2+0.9V3+4.3Al0.8(PO4)8(H2O)2 (Z = 2) was obtained under high-temperature hydrothermal conditions by modeling the chemistry of geothermal brines in natural geological solutions. The compound, characterized by scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis, possesses an orthorhombic symmetry with the Cccm space group; the unit cell parameters are a = 6.4082(8), b = 19.6813(19), c = 10.5035(11) Å. Here we report its crystal structure studied by low-temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction and discussed as derived from the α-CrPO4 archetype, known for a large range of compounds with promising properties. Three-dimensional continuous migration pathways for Na+ within the structure were found and confirmed by a bond valence energy landscape analysis. The migration barriers turned out to be ~0.44 eV along the a and b directions and ~0.42 eV along the c axis. These values suggest that the compound may be a potential electrode material for sodium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COx-free H2, along with uniform carbon nanotubes, can be achieved together in high yield by CH4 decomposition. It only needs a proper catalyst and reaction condition. Herein, Fe-based catalyst dispersed over titania-incorporated-alumina (Fe/Ti-Al), with the promotional addition of lanthanides, like CeO2 and La2O3, over it, is investigated for a methane decomposition reaction at 800 °C with GHSV 6 L/(g·h) in a fixed-bed reactor. The catalysts are characterized by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The promoted catalysts are facilitated with higher surface area and enhanced dispersion and concentration of active sites, resulting in higher H2 and carbon yields than unpromoted catalysts. Ceria-promoted 20Fe/Ti-Al catalyst had the highest concentration of active sites and always attained the highest activity in the initial hours. The 20Fe-2.5Ce/Ti-Al catalyst attains >90% CH4 conversion, >80% H2-yield, and 92% carbon yield up to 480 min time on stream. The carbon nanotube over this catalyst is highly uniform, consistent, and has the highest degree of crystallinity. The supremacy of ceria-promoted catalyst attained >90% CH4 conversion even after the second cycle of regeneration studies (against 87% in lanthanum-promoted catalyst), up to 240 min time on stream. This study plots the path of achieving catalytic and carbon excellence over Fe-based catalysts through CH4 decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the laboratory study results of the hydrothermal synthesis of compounds structurally related to the jarosite group, which is characterized by basic iron sulfate AFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 as the main structural component containing A+ cations such as K+, Ag+, and NH4+. The synthesis process involves preparing the initial model solution using soluble salts of the studied metals, either jointly or individually. The resulting solution is then processed in a sealed vessel (autoclave) at a temperature exceeding 100 °C. This study was conducted within a temperature range of 105–200 °C, with experiment durations varying and a maximum dwell time of 300 min. The zero-time value was defined as the moment the autoclave reached the required temperature. It was observed that adding potassium salts to the solution during hydrothermal synthesis reduced the amount of silver precipitated as argentojarosite. An increase in process temperature from 105 °C to 200 °C resulted in a rise in silver precipitation, from 35% to 69%. The equilibrium constants of the reactions involved in the precipitation of specific jarosite group compounds were calculated, and the reaction order was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kuwait Journal of Science is the property of Kuwait University, Academic Publication Council and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to photocatalytic degradation of ethylene in environmental pollution, TiO2 (B) featuring a multiphase crystal structure was first synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis method. The efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of ethylene and methyl orange by TiO2 (B) was up to 49.23% and 60%, respectively, and the specific surface area of TiO2 (B) was as large as 277.69 m2/g. Subsequently, photocatalytic films loaded with the TiO2 (B) were produced using an extrusion casting machine coupled with a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical properties and barrier property to oxygen were enhanced by adding 1% TiO2 (B) to photocatalytic films. The hydrophilicity of the photocatalytic films and the decrease in contact angle confirmed the existence of the 'Honda-Fujishima effect'. The highest degradation efficiency of methyl orange and ethylene by the photocatalytic film could reach 9% and 7.79%, respectively. Both TiO2 (B) and photocatalytic films showed good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. TiO2 (B) and photocatalytic films have been shown to have excellent photocatalytic degradation performance of organic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing suitable photoanode materials is the most critical aspect for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The low efficiency of PEC water splitting photoanodes restricts their widespread application for large-scale H2 production. Herein, we prepared WO3 photoanodes with controllable structures via hydrothermal-electrophoretic deposition and seed-mediated hydrothermal synthesis, achieving ex situ assembly and in situ growth on FTO glass substrates. Under simulated sunlight irradiation, the photoelectric current density of the WO3 photoanode prepared by in situ hydrothermal synthesis exceeds 1.0 mA/cm² (at 1.23 V vs. RHE), significantly higher than that of the WO3 photoanode prepared by ex situ assembly (which is less than 0.3 mA/cm² at 1.23 V vs. RHE). By contrast, the in situ preparation of the WO3 photoanode using tungsten powder and H2O2 as raw materials exhibits the enhanced photocurrent density of 1.27 mA/cm² at 1.23 V vs. RHE. The excellent PEC performance of the resulting sample could be attributed to the ordered charge transport channels from the two-dimensional (2D) nanoplates structure, the enhanced electron-hole pairs separation from the superior crystallinity of WO3 and the strong binding between the WO3 nanoplates and the FTO substrate. Additionally, the effect of calcination temperature on the PEC performance of the prepared WO3 was further investigated. This work provides a way for the synthesis of environmentally friendly and cost-effective photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Synthetic Crystals is the property of Journal of Synthetic Crystals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A conceptually new approach is developed for hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured iron oxides for energy storage in anodes of supercapacitors. The use of biocompatible organic additives facilitates the fabrication of electrodes with enhanced capacitance. The use of amino acids, such as L-histidine (HS), L-lysine (LS) and L-arginine (AR), as capping agents results in the crystallization of antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 phases, which show higher capacitance than that of α-Fe2O3 formed without additives using NaOH for pH modification. Surprisingly, the use of meglumine (ML) as an alkalizer–capping agent instead of NaOH results in the fabrication of a ferrimagnetic γ-Fe2O3 phase. The γ-Fe2O3 electrodes prepared using ML show a capacitance of 2.97 F cm−2 from cyclic voltammetry data at 2 mV s−1 and 3.22 F cm−2 from galvanostatic charge–discharge data at 3 mA cm−2 in a potential window of −0.8–0 V in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The high active mass γ-Fe2O3 electrodes, prepared using ML show higher capacitance and lower resistance, compared to the α-Fe2O3 electrodes, prepared using HS, LS and AR. Moreover, the γ-Fe2O3 electrodes prepared using ML exhibit higher capacitance, compared to the literature data for γ-Fe2O3 electrodes, prepared by other methods. The particle size, magnetization and capacitance of the γ-Fe2O3 electrodes can be varied by the variation in synthesis temperature. The obtained γ-Fe2O3 is a promising magnetically ordered pseudocapacitive material for energy storage and other applications based on magnetocapacitive properties. The synthesis method developed in this investigation can be used for the fabrication of other functional nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to develop an inexpensive metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity for a specific gas and rapid response time. Design/methodology/approach: This study synthesized Zn2SnO4 nanostructures using a hydrothermal method with a 1 M concentration of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the zinc source and a 0.7 M concentration of tin chloride (SnCl4) as the tin source. Thick films of nanostructured Zn2SnO4 were then produced using screen printing. The structural properties of Zn2SnO4 were confirmed using X-ray diffraction, and the formation of Zn2SnO4 nanoparticles was verified by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the surface morphology of the fabricated material, while energy dispersive spectroscopy provided insight into the chemical composition of the thick film. These fabricated thick films underwent testing for various hazardous gases, including nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ethanol and methanol. Findings: The nanostructured Zn2SnO4 thick film sensor demonstrates a notable sensitivity to H2S gas at a concentration of 500 ppm when operated at 160°C. Its selectivity, response time and recovery time were assessed and documented. Research limitations/implications: The primary limitations of this research on metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors include poor selectivity to specific gases, limited durability and challenges in achieving detection at room temperature. Practical implications: The nanostructured Zn2SnO4 thick film sensor demonstrates a strong response to H2S gas, making it a promising candidate for commercial production. The detection of H2S is crucial in various sectors, including industries and sewage plants, where monitoring this gas is essential. Social implications: Currently, heightened global apprehension about atmospheric pollution stems from the existence of perilous toxic and flammable gases. This underscores the imperative need for monitoring such gases. Toxic and flammable gases are frequently encountered in both residential and industrial environments, posing substantial hazards to human health. Noteworthy accidents involving flammable gases have occurred in recent years. It is crucial to comprehend the presence and composition of these gases in the surroundings for precise detection, measurement and control. Thus, there has been a significant push for extensive research and development in diverse sensor technologies using various materials and methodologies to monitor and regulate these gases effectively. Originality/value: In this research, Zn2SnO4 nanostructures were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with ZnCl2 at a concentration of 1 M for zinc and SnCl4 at a concentration of 0.7 M for tin. Thick films of nanostructured Zn2SnO4 were then fabricated via screen printing technique. Following fabrication, all thick films were subjected to testing with various toxic gases, and the results were compared to previously published data. The analysis indicated that the nanostructured Zn2SnO4 thick film sensor demonstrated outstanding performance concerning gas response, gas concentration, selectivity and response time, particularly towards H2S gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MWCNT/Fe3O4/Si3N4 composite was synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis. The morphology and structure of MWCNT/Fe3O4/Si3N4 were investigated by means of SEM, XPS, XRD, and FT-IR. Their electromagnetic parameters were measured by a vector network analyzer. The microwave attenuation properties of as-synthesized composite could be modulated by regulating the feed ratio of MWCNT, Fe3O4, and Si3N4. According to the different amounts of modified nano Fe3O4 added, they are labelled as S1-S3. When the feed ratio is 3:15:20, the maximum reflection loss value of the sample is −23.3 dB at 14.4 GHz, the corresponding thickness is 2.5 mm, and the corresponding effective absorption bandwidth is 5.36 GHz. Moreover, the test results of the thermogravimetric analyzer show that the composite material has excellent heat resistance. Our research results provide a reference value for the development of excellent heat resistance and high-performance MWCNT-based microwave absorption composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered inorganic materials are widely used as fillers in nanocomposites due to their unique properties such as mechanical performance, thermal properties, flame resistance, barrier properties, corrosion resistance, catalytic activity, and multifunctionality. Among them, layered α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP: Zr(HPO4)2H2O) is one of the representative inorganic materials and unique properties with P–O–H groups that can exchange inorganic and organic cations and intercalate basic molecules. This paper deals with the use of this compound as an adsorbent for heavy metal cations in wastewater. Samples were prepared by hydrothermal treatment at various Zr/P ratio, water amounts, and temperatures. Furthermore, an attempt was made to widen the interlayer distance of the sample using n-butylamine. The α- zirconium phosphate prepared at 160°C for 20 h with Zr/P = 1/2 adsorbed the most amount of metal ions. Furthermore, interlayer amine modification was effective. Then, the behaviour of the adsorption process was observed by varying the time of adsorption from 1 h to 50 h, in order to clarify the change in adsorption of the samples over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MIL‐53(Fe) is a novel photocatalytic material that has been developed over the past decade; however, significant efforts are still required to fully optimize its photocatalytic performance in order to meet the requirements of practical applications. In this paper, we investigated the effects of size and crystallinity on the photocatalytic performance of MIL‐53(Fe) and its composites x‐MIL‐53(Fe)/g‐C3N4 (x‐MIL‐Fe/CN). During the hydrothermal synthesis process, the control over particle size was achieved by adjusting the amount of acetic acid (HAc). Ball milling was utilized to manipulate both the size and crystallinity of MIL‐53(Fe). Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that MIL‐53(Fe) and 15‐MIL‐Fe/CN, characterized by the smallest particle sizes and great crystallinity, exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. This enhancement in photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the reduced band gap and lower recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. Notably, the hydrogen evolution rate for 15‐MIL‐Fe/CN reached up to 4950 μmol·g−1·h−1, but MIL‐53(Fe) achieved a 98% degradation of methyl orange within 60 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, research on pure ZnO, Ni-doped ZnO, Mg-doped ZnO, and Fe-doped ZnO nanostructures has been gradually progressing to create more effective materials that may be applied in a variety of applications. In this investigation, hydrothermal synthesis was used to create both pure ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO that had been doped with Ni, Mg, and Fe at a concentration of 7%. Before testing the nanostructures' ability to inhibit harmful bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.), they were shown to have antibacterial activity. With the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), their physicochemical characteristics were initially determined. When Ni, Mg, and Fe are inserted into ZnO, XRD measurements show that the particle size decreases from 28.94 nm to 19.96 nm. The optical bandgap decreases from 3.17 eV to 3.08 eV with the least value for Fe/ZnO NPs, according to UV–Vis spectral data, which also shows that the absorption edge changes to higher wavelengths (redshift). This research has produced nanoparticle samples of Ni/ZnO, Mg/ZnO, and Fe/ZnO that, when compared to the pure ZnO sample, show intriguing antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liquid-phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol is a sustainable route for the synthesis of benzaldehyde. Wherein, the exploration of heterogeneous and cheap metal oxide catalysts instead of noble metal catalysts is of interest in both practical implementation and green chemistry. Herein, vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanosheets were prepared via a one-step hydrothermal reduction of V2O5 by citric acid. The hydrothermal temperature and time played important roles in determining the crystalline structure, morphology, and distribution of V valences of VO2 materials. In the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol by atmospheric O2, VO2 materials as heterogeneous catalysts showed catalytic activity. Based on XPS and O2-TPD analysis, the catalytically active sites were proposed as V4+ species. At a reaction temperature of 95 °C, the maximum yield of benzaldehyde was up to 91.6% after 6 h, and the VO2-140-5 catalyst can be recycled at least five times without any obvious loss in activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cost-effective industrial TiOSO4 solution was employed to fabricate visible light active sulfur-doped titanium dioxide (S-TiO2) via a facile hydrothermal method. The effect of calcination temperature on morphology, particle size, crystallinity, and photocatalytic property of S-TiO2 was systematically investigated. Successful incorporation of sulfur into TiO2 was confirmed by carbon-sulfur analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The research results demonstrated that calcination temperature significantly impacted the crystallinity, specific surface area, sulfur content, and light absorption properties of S-TiO2. The catalyst calcined at 400 °C revealed the highest photocatalytic activity, with a rate constant of 0.02408 min−1, approximately 25 times higher than commercial P25 catalyst. The higher activity was attributed to the synergistic effect of well-crystallized anatase phase, specific surface area, and red shift of spectral absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of advanced photocatalyst for the complete and sustainable removal of emerging organic pollutants such as pharmaceuticals in wastewater is still challenging. Thus, a new three-dimensional cauliflower of TiO2 immobilised on a bio sourced activated carbon (AC/3D-TiO2) was successfully synthesised by a hydrothermal method. Its morphological and physicochemical properties were well-characterised with a pure 3D-TiO2 anatase phase, a high surface area (763 m2.g−1) and a cauliflower-shaped morphology composed of TiO2 tubes in a radial direction at a micrometric scale. 3D-TiO2-AC photocatalytic activity on carbamazepine (CBZ), in water showed that around 90% of CBZ elimination is obtained after 4 h of exposure, that is 1.5 times more efficient than commercial TiO2 P25. This was confirmed on five pharmaceuticals (CBZ, ketoprofen, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac) by measuring their adsorption, elimination, and mineralisation in wastewater highlighting the promising application of AC/3D-TiO2 in the treatment of wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, carbon dots (CDs), a type of new carbon nanomaterial, have been widely used. In this study, new fluorescent CDs were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal synthesis using 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and sodium citrate as the carbon source. The results showed that the prepared CDs were significantly quenched by Fe3+ in aqueous environments, and a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the CDs and a low concentration of Fe3+ was observed. The detection limit of Fe3+ was 0.12 μM, the linear range was 0–4.69 μM and the recovery range of the sample detection was 84–111%. The new fluorescent CDs showed high sensitivity to Fe3+ in the presence of various metal ions and anions. These excellent characteristics promise extensive potential applications for our fluorescent CDs in aqueous environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxide cathode materials (LLOs) have always been considered as the most promising cathode materials for achieving high energy density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, in practical applications, LLOs often face some key problems, such as low initial coulombic efficiency, capacity/voltage decay, poor rate performance and poor cycle stability. It seriously shortens the lifespan of lithium‐ion batteries and hinder the large‐scale commercial application of LLOs. Herein, firstly, the basic theories of LLOs were systematically reviewed, including the structural characteristics, the working mechanism of LLOs, the preparation methods of LLOs (liquid phase co‐precipitate method, sol‐gel method, hydrothermal synthesis method, solid phase method, low heat solid‐phase method, high temperature solid‐state method etc.), and electrochemical characteristics of LLOs (first charge discharge characteristics and reversible efficiency, cycling performance, high and low temperature performance and thermal stability etc.). Then, key challenges faced by LLOs were systematically discussed. Finally, the LLOs modification strategies used to address these challenges (element doping, surface modification, defect engineering, structural and morphological control etc.) were elaborated in detail. This important review provides potential insights and directions for further improving the electrochemical performance of LLOs, and provides a necessary theoretical basis for accelerating the large‐scale commercial application of LLOs. It possesses important scientific research value and far‐reaching social significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is an emerging alternative green fuel for global decarbonization with a high energy density and zero‐emission. Developing electrocatalysts with strong adhesion, active, and highly efficient that can be operated at high current densities is vital to producing green hydrogen at a large scale via electrocatalytic water splitting (EWS). The sputtering technique is an innovative and prospective alternative to fabricate electrodes for EWS due to its scalability, purity, strong adhesion, chemical‐, solvent‐, and waste‐free catalyst preparation. This review article provides an overview of recent electrocatalyst advances for EWS made by the sputtering technique, emphasizing its distinct advantages over other methods, such as hydrothermal synthesis and drop‐casting. We also provide the recent difficulties associated with the scale‐up issue and outlook to overcome those difficulties, as well as the future direction of the electrocatalysts to meet industrial needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When developing gas sensors, selecting a suitable gas-sensing material is of great importance. Currently, there is great interest in the development of new gas-sensitive layers based on molybdenum oxide MoO3 and improvement of their sensor characteristics. In the work, a MoO3 gas-sensitive layer is obtained by the hydrothermal method followed by annealing at a temperature of 400°C for 2 hours. The elemental composition of the surface of the obtained sample is analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Studies of the sensor response, response time, and recovery time of the gas-sensitive layer to isopropyl-alcohol vapors at different operating temperatures are carried out. The chemical composition is shown to be consistent with MoO3, but adsorbed hydroxyl groups are also observed on the surface. Analysis of the sensor properties shows that the sensitivity at temperatures of 250°C and 150°C is 13.3 and 5.5, respectively. It is found that layers based on MoO3 nanoparticles synthesized by the hydrothermal method exhibit sensitivity to isopropyl-alcohol vapors even at a temperature of 150°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two rare earth isonicotinic acid compounds [Y(HIA)2(H2O)4(NO3)](2NO3) ((1); HIA = isonicotinic acid) and [LaHg3Cl8(HIA)4]nnCl (2) were reported. Compound one features an isolated (0-D) structure, while compound two has a two-dimensional (2-D) structure. The rare earth ions are coordinated by eight oxygen atoms to display a square antiprismatic REO8 geometry. Compound one shows blue photoluminescence and it has CIE chromaticity coordinates of 0.2332 and 0.3104. The CCT of compound 1 is 13755 K. Compound two exhibits green photoluminescence and it has CIE chromaticity coordinates of 0.3663 and 0.6184. The CCT is 4997 K. Their band gaps are 2.86 and 3.12 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of fluoride-containing waste from aluminium fluoride production is an important strategic issue. Here, we use technogenic silica gel containing about 30 wt. % of fluoride and aluminum for zeolite NaA (LTA) synthesis. The process consists of two steps: silica gel acid purification up to a silica content of 95 wt. % and hydrothermal synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used for phase identification and synthesis conditions optimization. As a result, we determined that hydrothermal synthesis from aluminosilicate gel with molar ratios SiO2:Al2O3 = 1.8, Na2O:Al2O3 = 4.0, and H2O:SiO2 = 50 at 95 °C for 60 min with vigorous stirring yields zeolite NaA with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion exchange capacities of 562.6 and 187.5 mEq/100 g respectively and water vapor capacity of 25.8 g/100 g. Thus, the developed process offers waste silica gel utilization and production of zeolite NaA, which is as good as commercial analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing and implementing technologies that can significantly reduce food loss during storage and transport are of paramount importance. Ozone synergistic catalytic oxidation (OSCO) technology has been developed, which sterilizes bacteria and viruses on the surface of food and degrades ethylene released during fruit storage through the active oxygen produced by the catalytic decomposition of ozone. Herein, we report the hydrothermal synthesis of MnO2 with distinct phase compositions and nanostructures through simply varying the reaction temperatures. Optimized copper-doped α-MnO2 nanorods exhibited remarkable efficacy in activating ozone at a concentration of 40 ppb, and this activation resulted in the complete eradication of indicator bacteria on food surfaces within a 24 h period. Moreover, these nanorods demonstrated high effectiveness in decomposing more than 80% of the ethylene molecules emitted by apples and bananas during the preservation period. The high concentration of surface oxygen vacancies is believed to contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu-doped α-MnO2 catalyst in the OSCO procedure by reducing ethylene production and maintaining the fruit quality during the preservation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revealed the reaction pathway in the hydrothermal synthesis of Cu nanoparticles from an aqueous solution of copper formate at relatively low temperatures up to 573 K by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The two possible pathways were reduction reaction caused by (i) formic acid adsorption on an intermediate oxide and (ii) hydrogen gas generated through the water-catalyzed decomposition of formic acid under hydrothermal conditions. We observed the formation of intermediate Cu2O under all conditions within the temperature range of 473–673 K and pressure range of 5–30 MPa, despite rapid heating within a few seconds. The induction time of Cu formation decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. The pressure-independent activation energy of 0.87(7) eV was estimated for Cu formation between 498 and 573 K from the Arrhenius plot of induction time. Compared with the reported values, the pressure-independent activation energy was attributed to reduction reaction (i). In addition, we suggest that reaction (i) may also dominate in the supercritical and subcritical hydrothermal synthesis, which was originally designed with reaction (ii). This is due to the observation of intermediate Cu2O and the fact that particle growth and induction time can be explained by reaction (i) continuously from lower temperatures. While further investigation is necessary to confirm the reaction pathway under supercritical and subcritical conditions, the present findings can change a synthesis strategy from suppressing to utilizing the intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient water‐splitting is severely limited by the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Iridium oxides remain one of the only viable catalysts under acidic conditions due to their corrosion resistance. We have previously shown that heat‐treating high‐activity amorphous iridium oxyhydroxide in the presence of residual lithium carbonate leads to the formation of lithium‐layered iridium oxide, suppressing the formation of low‐activity crystalline rutile IrO2. We now report the synthesis of Na‐IrOx and K‐IrOx featuring similarly layered crystalline structures. Electrocatalytic tests confirm Li‐IrOx retains similar electrocatalytic activity to commercial amorphous IrO2 ⋅ 2H2O and with increasing size of the intercalated cation, the activity towards the OER decreases. However, the synthesised electrocatalysts that contain layers show greater stability than crystalline rutile IrO2 and amorphous IrO2 ⋅ 2H2O, suggesting these compounds could be viable alternatives for industrial PEM electrolysers where durability is a key performance measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, MoS2 nanosheets with diverse morphologies and their nanocomposites with PEDOT:PSS are synthesized at relatively low temperature via a hydrothermal process using ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (AHT), thiourea (Th), and citric acid as precursors. The study investigates the effects of varying concentrations of AHT and Th in acidic condition on the growth, morphology, and optical properties of MoS2 nanosheets and their nanocomposites with PEDOT:PSS. Morphology, chemical composition, and optical properties of the MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites are studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM), FTIR, UV–Vis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The FESEM images indicate that the MoS2 nanosheets exhibited large, uniform rectangular and leaf-like structures formed through the stacking of multiple nanosheets. Moreover, the concentration of the PEDOT:PSS polymer is found to have a significant impact on the morphological and optical properties of the MoS2/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized at different reaction temperatures in the range of 150℃-180℃ (in step size of 10℃) via hydrothermal method using Urea as complexing agent. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDS), and UV–VIS by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Analysis of the XRD spectra for synthesized SnS nanoparticles at different reaction temperature are in good agreement with JCPDS card number 001–0984 with preferred orientation of grains along (0 1 3) plane. The EDS analysis suggests that SnS nanoparticles are tin deficient. The energy band gap estimated for SnS nanoparticles synthesized at different reaction temperature are in the range of 1.24 eV to 1.27 eV. Synthesized SnS nanoparticles prepared at reaction temperature of 170℃ were used for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. The Average photo degradation efficiencies of the SnS NPs for MB dye were found to be 72% for an irradiation time of 150 min. The higher efficiency of SnS nanoparticles may be due to deficiency of tin that is capable of enhanced adsorption sites for photocatalytic oxidation of MB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Personal thermal management (PTM) textiles with cooling functions have garnered substantial interest because of their ability to regulate individuals' temperature and provide comfort with low energy consumption. However, developing cellulose-based fabrics such as cotton with cooling functions remains a challenge due to the complex preparation process. Herein, a composite functional cellulosic fabric, based on cotton, is presented in this work to address the various inconveniences caused by hot weather. Controlled in situ growth of zinc oxide is achieved through hydrothermal synthesis. The ZnO nanorods deposited on the surface of the cotton fabric have excellent UV shielding ability and synergize solar reflection, resulting in a UPF value of 300 + for the modified fabric. Even after 100 friction cycles, this performance still reaches 80.25. The surface of the modified cotton fabric has a high solar reflectance (83.88%), a high thermal conductivity (98 W·m−2·K−1), and a cooling effect of 3.0 °C, achieved in a simulated heating environment compared with the original cotton. Due to these excellent properties and simple preparation steps, the cool-feeling fabrics fabricated by in situ growth of ZnO nanorods on the surface of cotton fabrics have promising application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese oxide (α‐MnO2) with 1D tunneled cathode material is an attractive option for zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) as it offers high energy efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, natural abundance, safety, and environmental friendliness. However, it possesses inferior conductivity, which compromises its electrochemical performance in practical applications. To address this challenge, the integration of reduced graphene oxide is explored, renowned for its excellent conductivity, with α‐MnO2. This integration enhances the stability and conductivity of the composite structure. The reduction of graphene oxide is achieved through a hydrothermal method, facilitating the wrapping of reduced graphene oxide around α‐MnO2 nanorods. This synthesis approach not only saves energy but also aligns with the intended green approach. In this study, the impact of varying the hydrothermal reaction time on the properties of hydrothermally wrapped reduced graphene oxide on 1D α‐MnO2 (HWGOM) is investigated as a cathode material for ZIBs. A series of samples are prepared with hydrothermal reaction times of 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively. Specifically, HWGOM_6 demonstrates a highest specific capacity of 333 mAh g−1 at the current density of 200 mA g−1, along with remarkable cycling stability, retaining 94.3% of its capacity and achieving a coulombic efficiency of 97% over 500 cycles at a constant current density of 500 mA g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin disulfide (SnS2) is a prominent candidate in the class of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), whose multiple electrical and electrochemical applications have recently steered much attention to energy storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors. Previous studies on the material came under the efforts to improve its applications by doping, creating composites, and other heterogeneous structures, which are complicated and less economical. Thus, pristine SnS2, utilizing its morphological features in conjunction with a suitable synthesis method, was investigated to improve efficiency and reduce cost without confusing processes or structural iterations. In this work, SnS2 is synthesized in its bare form using the hydrothermal method to investigate its potential supercapacitor application. The synthesis route followed a cost‐efficient and simple protocol, and the material shows a porous morphology favoring electrode–electrolyte interaction desirable for supercapacitors. A comprehensive study on the structural, morphological, and surface features done by XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis confirmed the formation of SnS2 and interior structure. Supercapacitor analysis by CV, GCD, EIS, and cyclic stability tests reveal an intermittent energy storage mechanism, with a capacitance of 109.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and high cyclic retention of 106% at 5 A g−1 after 7000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

POMs modified with lanthanide metals combine the advantages of POMs and lanthanide metals, and show promising properties in the fields of luminescence, magnetism, catalysis, etc. Comparing with the classical Keggin-type POMs, the Preyssler-type POMs with larger size exhibit a rich spatial structure evolution, thereby offering potential for the synthesis of polyoxometalates with excellent properties. In this paper, the Preyssler-type POMs K12.5Na1.5[NaP5W30O110] (P5W30) were selected as the research object, five polyoxometalates KNa{[Tb4(H2O)32](NaP5W30O110)}·24H2O(1), KNa{[Eu4(H2O)32](NaP5W30O110)}· ·19H2O(2), KNa{[La4(H2O)24](NaP5W30O110)}·22H2O(3), KNa{[Gd4(H2O)30](NaP5W30O110)}·20H2O(4), KNa{[Sm4(H2O)24](NaP5W30O110)}·21H2O(5) were designed and synthesized with different lanthanide metals by hydrothermal synthesis method. The effects of pH value, stoichiometric ratio and reaction temperature on the synthesis were summarized. The crystal structures of five polyoxometalates were described, and the coordination environment of lanthanide metals was analyzed. PXRD, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric and fluorescence properties of these compounds were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern dentistry is turning towards natural sources to overcome the immunological, toxicological, aesthetic, and durability drawbacks of synthetic materials. Among the first biomaterials used as endosseous dental implants, mollusk shells also display unique features, such as high mechanical strength, superior toughness, hierarchical architecture, and layered, microporous structure. This review focusses on hydroxyapatite—a bioactive, osteoconductive, calcium-based material crucial for bone healing and regeneration. Mollusk-derived hydroxyapatite is widely available, cost-effective, sustainable, and a low-impact biomaterial. Thermal treatment coupled with wet chemical precipitation and hydrothermal synthesis are the most common methods used for its recovery since they provide efficiency, scalability, and the ability to produce highly crystalline and pure resulting materials. Several factors, such as temperature, pH, and sintering parameters, modulate the size, purity, and crystallinity of the final product. Experimental and clinical data support that mollusk shell-derived hydroxyapatite and its carbonated derivatives, especially their nanocrystaline forms, display notable bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity without causing adverse immune reactions. These biomaterials are therefore highly relevant for specific dental applications, such as bone graft substitutes or dental implant coatings. However, continued research and clinical validation is needed to optimize the synthesis of mollusk shell-derived hydroxyapatite and determine its applicability to regenerative dentistry and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth vanadate has been reported as a promising active semiconductor for visible light harvesting. However, the rapid recombination of charge carriers has limited its photocatalytic properties. As an alternative route to treat contaminated water containing cyanide ions, photoactivated BiVO4 in combination with ozone has been investigated. BiVO4 photocatalysts were synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, as well as by sol–gel, obtaining the monoclinic crystalline structure and a band gap of ~ 2.5 eV by XRD and UV–Vis DRS. The morphological analysis, elemental chemical composition, BET surface area, stability, and photoluminescence characteristics were carried out for both samples. Although the majority composition belongs to BiVO4, the presence of secondary phases was confirmed by XPS. The BiVO4 obtained by sol–gel (sol–gel BVO) exhibited superior photocatalytic performance with a lower reaction time (15 min) to oxidize free cyanide under visible-light radiation in combination with ozone. The degradation kinetics is described by pseudo-zero-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k0) of BiVO4 synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was found to be the lower of the two. The high efficiency of the photocatalytic ozonation for the removal of free cyanide can be ascribed to a combination of two oxidation systems and the synergy of both processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]