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Organizations have prioritized green innovation (GI) following the increasing stakeholder pressure (SP) on sustainable growth through megaproject social responsibility (MSR). A sustainable megaproject delivery involves three essential determinants. However, few studies have focused on the complicated relationships between these determinants and megaproject success (MPS). Hence, this study examines the relationships between SP, GI, and MPS by considering the key mediating role of MSR. Data were collected from 245 respondents in Pakistan's construction industries. The study tests the hypotheses using partial least squares structural equation modeling that SP positively influences both MPS and GI, and that MSR partially mediates this relationship. The findings suggest that stakeholder pressure plays a crucial role in promoting MPS and GI through the adoption of socially responsible practices. These findings add to the body of knowledge on the direct and indirect effects of SP and MPS and SP and GI, which have been inconsistent in previous research. In practice, engineering managers can increase GI and MPS by focusing more on SP and MSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work initiates a concept of reduced reverse degree based RR D M -Polynomial for a graph, and differential and integral operators by using this RR D M -Polynomial. In this study twelve reduced reverse degree-based topological descriptors are formulated using the RR D M -Polynomial. The topological descriptors, denoted as T D 's, are numerical invariants that offer significant insights into the molecular topology of a molecular graph. These descriptors are essential for conducting QSPR investigations and accurately estimating physicochemical attributes. The structural and algebraic characteristics of the graphene and graphdiyne are studied to apply this methodology. The study involves the analysis and estimation of Reduced reverse degree-based topological descriptors and physicochemical features of graphene derivatives using best-fit quadratic regression models. This work opens up new directions for scientists and researchers to pursue, taking them into new fields of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Above‐permissible levels of arsenic (As) in irrigation water lead to toxic levels in wheat grains, increasing health risks for humans. In this study, two zinc (Zn)‐biofortified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Akbar‐2019 and Zincol‐2016) were grown in pots with two Zn application rates (0 and 8 mg Zn kg−1) and three levels of As in irrigation water (distilled‐water control, 100 and 1000 µg As L−1). Irrigation with As‐contaminated water decreased dry matter yields, concentrations of grain phosphorus (P) and Zn, and estimated daily intake (EDI) of Zn. Conversely, it increased grain As concentration and As EDI. Soil Zn application mitigated the negative effects of As on dry matter yields of both cultivars while simultaneously enhancing grain Zn concentration and Zn EDI. On average, Zn application increased grain Zn concentration by 114% compared to no Zn application. Additionally, Zn application decreased grain As concentration at all As levels. In conclusion, this study suggests that applying Zn to Zn‐biofortified wheat irrigated with As‐contaminated water can mitigate the toxic effects of As on wheat. It increase Zn concentration and decrease As concentration in wheat grains, which is vital for enhancing grain quality for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol oxidation stands out as a pivotal solution in addressing the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, owing to its practical applicability, high current density, and the ready availability of methanol as a fuel source. To effectively catalyze methanol oxidation, an electrocatalyst is imperious to overcome the activation energy barrier. Herein, a three‐dimensionally arranged NiSe2 nanosheet‐based electrocatalyst is synthesized through a facile solvothermal followed by an annealing method. The catalyst's porous structure enhances catalytic efficiency by providing a substantial electrochemical surface area (ECSA) equivalent to 0.121 mF cm−2. Notably, the electrocatalyst exhibits a remarkable response of 21.58 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 1.70 V vs RHE, accompanied by the lowest Tafel slope recorded at 39.14 mV dec−1. The electronic circuit, represented by Rs(Qf(RfW(QdlRct)), aligns well with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data, elucidating the reaction path and intrinsic properties. Furthermore, the catalytic performance is elucidated concerning ECSA and weight, revealing current densities of 5.60 mA cm−2 and 71.34 mA mg−1, respectively. Impressively, the catalyst demonstrates exceptional resistance to poisoning and sustained stability over a continuous 3600‐s operation. This comprehensive study underscores the promising potential of the NiSe2 nanosheet‐based electrocatalyst for efficient methanol oxidation, providing valuable insights for advancing clean energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of financial technology (fintech) and behavioral intention on financial inclusion, specifically focusing on the role of digital marketing as a mediator. Design/methodology/approach: Using a quantitative research design, this study collected data from 638 respondents in the province of Punjab, Pakistan to investigate the relationship between variables. Findings: The results indicate that both behavioral intention and fintech have a positive and favorable effect on financial inclusion. Furthermore, the study reveals that digital marketing acts as a mediating factor between financial inclusion and both behavioral intention and fintech. These findings underscore the significance of using effective digital marketing strategies to facilitate financial inclusion through fintech platforms. Policymakers should prioritize the adoption of fintech innovations and supportive regulatory frameworks while implementing comprehensive digital marketing strategies to promote financial inclusion. Originality/value: This research contributes to the existing body of literature by presenting empirical evidence that highlights the interconnectedness of fintech, behavioral intention, digital marketing and financial inclusion. By harnessing the potential of fintech and digital marketing, financial institutions can bridge the gap between underserved populations and formal financial services, thereby promoting economic growth and reducing inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software requirements play a vital role in ensuring a software product's success. However, it remains a challenging task to implement all of the user requirements, especially in a resource-constrained development environment. To deal with this situation, a requirements prioritization (RP) process can help determine the sequence for the user requirements to be implemented. However, existing RP techniques are suffered from some major challenges such as lack of automation, excessive effort, and reliance on stakeholders' involvement to initiate the process. This study intends to propose an automated requirements prioritization approach called association rule mining-oriented (ARMO) to address these challenges. The automation process of the ARMO approach incorporates activities to first pre-process the requirements description and extract features. The features are then examined and analyzed through the applied rule mining technique to prioritize the requirements automatically and efficiently without the involvement of stakeholders. In this work, an evaluation model was further developed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed ARMO approach. To validate the efficacy of ARMO approach, a case study was conducted on real-world software projects grounded on the accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score measures. The promising experimental results demonstrate the ability of the proposed approach to prioritize user requirements. The proposed approach can successfully prioritize user requirements automatically without requiring a significant amount of effort and stakeholders' involvement to initiate the RP process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a stabilized Stokes–Stokes system with Nitsche's type interface conditions is presented. These conditions are commonly employed in many multi-physical fields, including fluid–fluid interaction, fluid–structure interaction, oceanographic modeling, and atmospheric forecasting. For multi-physical domain modeling purposes, Nitsche's interface conditions provide useful benefits over classical conditions via addressing the complicated nature of fluid phase interface mathematical modeling, phase boundary tracking, interface interactions, and mass and energy transportation. It is not easy to find analytical and numerical solutions for models with these characteristics. We use more accurate interface conditions to solve the fluid–fluid interaction model to accomplish this numerically. This is achieved by including new terms at the interface and decoupling the domain through the two-grid technique, which ultimately reduces the main issue into several smaller problems. Comparing this method to existing models, we find that it is computationally feasible because it uses less memory and operates with a coarse grid instead of a fine grid and thus improves convergence rates for complex and nonlinear problems. Furthermore, it shows mesh independence, supports potential parallelization, and is crucial for advanced multigrid techniques. The optimality of the error is confirmed both theoretically and numerically. The numerical experimental section validates the model through three types of numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we derive multiple incomplete matrix Mittag-Leffler (ML) functions. We systematically investigate several properties of these incomplete matrix ML functions, which include some general properties and distinct representations of integral transforms. We further study the properties of the Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals and derivatives related to the incomplete matrix ML functions. Additionally, some interesting special cases of this work are highlighted. Finally, we establish the solution to the kinetic equations as an application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low yields of crops, especially rice, are caused by climate change and environmental stress concerns such as drought, temperature fluctuations, and salinity in arid and semi-arid locations around the globe. Rice is one of the essential crops for human consumption and one of the most commonly farmed cereals on the planet earth, but its growth is severely retarded by excessive salt, which influences rice development and production, leading to economic loss. Salt stress induces osmotic stress and ionic toxicity in rice by altering the environment, leading to water deprivation and accumulation of toxic ions, thereby triggering specific physiological and molecular responses in the rice plants. Many factors may affect rice production and cereal quality via its interaction with salinity. This review focuses on some influential factors (photosynthesis, osmosis, micro and macronutrients, microbial flora, rice growth, development, and genes) that may reduce rice production in saline soils. The review also describes the responsive mechanism of rice to salinity and the genetic susceptibility of rice. In light of the challenges posed by the growing global population and limited agricultural land, it is imperative to consider the influential factors discussed in this review, along with genetic susceptibility to improve rice production in terms of quantity and quality under saline soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, polypyrrole (PPy) is synthesized, characterized, and employed as an active sensing material for the fabrication of humidity sensors. An 80 nm thick layer of PPy is spin coated on the pre-patterned thermally deposited silver (Ag) electrodes spaced 50 µm apart to fabricate Ag/PPy/Ag surface-type sensor. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed granular microstructure morphology in the thin films of PPy. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectra of PPy are analyzed to study its crystallinity, optical bandgap and bond dynamics to confirm the molecular composition of PPy. The fabricated Ag/PPy/Ag sensor is characterized by varying the humidity levels between a broad range [0–95% relative humidity (RH)] at different frequencies of 120 Hz and 1 kHz. The prepared sensor showed promising sensing features such as higher sensitivity 233 nF/%RH (at 120 Hz), 83 pF/%RH (at 1 kHz), quick response time (5.20 ± 0.2 s) and recovery times (6.43 ± 0.2 s), a wide working range of relative humidity (20–95%RH) and low hysteresis gap (1.57%) with outstanding recyclability. This study reveals the potential of PPy as the best candidate for humidity sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide is a captivating semiconductor material for electrical and electro-optical applications requiring high temperatures. Silicon carbide is a crucial non-oxide ceramic with a wide range of uses in manufacturing. It has special properties like high rigidity and durability, heat and chemical constancy, a high melting point, oxidation resistance, powerful erosion resistance, etc. Due to all of these properties, silicon carbide is the perfect material for high-power, high-temperature electrical devices as well as erosion and cutting purposes. Silicon carbide materials are frequently used in different fields of nuclear materials and semiconductor materials because of their outstanding radiation resistance, thermal conductivity, oxidation resistance, and mechanical strength. This study presents various K-Banhatti entropies, redefines Zagreb entropies, and the atom-bond sum connectivity entropy of the double and strong double graphs of silicon carbide [ S i 2 C 3 - I (r , s) ], and presents a numerical and graphical analysis of these results. The QSPR analysis of silicon carbide is performed for four characteristics Poisson's ratio, shear modulus, Young's modulus and bulk modulus through linear and quadratic regression analysis and found the best prediction. These models provide scientists with a new way of estimating physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robot-assisted rehabilitation is a rapidly advancing field whereby robotic devices are used for the treatment of disabilities. Mechanism design and actuation of these devices play important roles in the treatment and the non-ergonomic designs may even increase the cardiorespiratory load and cause discomfort leading to further gait disorders. This article identifies crucial design and actuation aspects of gait rehabilitation robots and presents the first intrinsically compliant gait robot design with three actuated and five passive degrees of freedom, alleviating the prevalent issues. The gait robot joints remain aligned with the human anatomical joints during the swing and the stance phases due to the use of special bushes and dampers. The intrinsically compliant actuators on the new gait robot make it safe to work with human subjects. Increased degrees of freedom allow for natural walking dynamics instead of canceling or constraining them. The robot firmware, including the kinematic modeling, is designed using multiple adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to save on the computational time of the robot controller. The new robot design is finally validated for its intended use in gait rehabilitation, by employing a fuzzy logic controller and evaluating the position, velocity, and acceleration profiles of its joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to examine, stabilize, and linearize the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic model equations. The approximate solutions are carried out through the lowest equal order mixed finite element (FE) approach, involving variables such as fluid velocity, hydro pressure, magnetic field, and magnetic pressure. The formulation of the variational form for the approximate solution necessitates the use of a pair of approximating spaces. However, these spaces cannot be arbitrarily chosen; they must adhere to strict stability conditions, notably the Ladyzhenskaya–Babuska–Brezzi (LBB) or inf-sup condition. This study addresses the absence of stabilization and linearization techniques in the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic model equations using the lowest equal order mixed finite element approach. The article introduces a stabilization technique to meet two stability conditions, proving its existence and uniqueness. This novel approach was not previously explored in the literature. The proposed stabilized technique does not necessitate parameters or computing higher-order derivatives, making it computationally efficient. The study offers numerical tests demonstrating optimal convergence and effectiveness of the revised approach in two-dimensional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop cultivars have an influence on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and there is variation between varieties. However, there are few reports available on the differences in GHG emissions and their driving factors among vegetable varieties. In this study, we conducted a field experiment to examine the variances in GHG emissions and their contributing factors among eight flowering Chinese cabbage varieties (considering growth period, leaf shape, and colour). The results showed significant differences in GHG emissions within varieties; early-maturing varieties exhibited GHG by 25.6% and 15.3%, respectively, when compared to mid- and late-maturing varieties. Among the different leaf types and color classifications, light-colored and sharp-leafed varieties had the lower global warming potential (GWP) overall. Cumulative CO2 emissions were influenced by leaf SPAD values and biomass, while cumulative N2O emissions were driven mainly by stem thickness, carbon accumulation, leaf SPAD values, and biomass. In summary, the selection of light-colored varieties with pointed leaves and shorter growth periods in actual production contributed positively to the reduction of carbon emissions from flowering Chinese cabbage production. Through efficient variety screening, this study provides a win-win strategy for achieving efficient vegetable production while also addressing the global climate challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on topological descriptors, QSPR analysis is an incredibly helpful statistical method for examining many physical and chemical properties of compounds without demanding costly and time-consuming laboratory tests. Firstly, we discuss and provide research on kidney cancer drugs using topological indices and done partition of the edges of kidney cancer drugs which are based on the degree. Secondly, we examine the attributes of nineteen drugs casodex, eligard, mitoxanrone, rubraca, and zoladex, etc and among others, using linear QSPR model. The study in the article not only demonstrates a good correlation between TIs and physical characteristics with the QSPR model being the most suitable for predicting complexity, enthalpy, molar refractivity, and other factors and a best-fit model is attained in this study. This theoretical approach might benefit chemists and professionals in the pharmaceutical industry to forecast the characteristics of kidney cancer therapies. This leads towards new opportunities to paved the way for drug discovery and the formation of efficient and suitable treatment options in therapeutic targeting. We also employed multicriteria decision making techniques like COPRAS and PROMETHEE-II for ranking of said disease treatment drugs and physicochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid between two rolls that are counter-rotating at the same speed and of equal size. The fluid's viscosity depends on temperature, and we investigate its theoretical impact on the thickness of the sheet and other engineering parameters relevant to the process. We derive non-dimensional mass and momentum balance equations using suitable transformation and the lubrication approximation theory. The expressions for velocity distribution, pressure gradient, flow rate, temperature profile, and pressure fields have been obtained by utilizing the perturbation method. After obtaining these expressions, we compute engineering quantities such as the roll separation force, streamline, Nusselt number, and the power input required to drive both cylinders based on the system's kinematical and geometrical parameters. We also obtain numerical solutions using the finite difference method and built-in (BVP method) in Maple. Further, we use response surface methodology and analysis of variance to determine what the mathematical models mean and whether they are good enough for sensitivity and optimization analysis of the heat transmission and roll separation force. Using statistical tools such as the R2, we determine that our Nusselt number and roll separation force provide the best solution for the considered model. Additionally, it has been observed that as the Weissenberg number increases, velocity tends to rise; conversely, velocity decreases with a higher velocity ratio. Also, the temperature profile is notably influenced by the Brickman number and increases with the increase in the Brickman number. It has also been noted that as the values of velocities ratio increase, the separation points shift toward the nip region, while concurrently, the coating thickness decreases. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that compression between analytical and numerical solutions for the considered problem of fluid flow, which suggests that the results presented here are reasonable. Finally, we compare our work with published studies to validate our findings. Hence, these factors help in an efficient fluid coating process and improve the substrate life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global practical implementation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) heavily relies on the advancement of highly effective platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To achieve high ORR performance, electrocatalysts with highly accessible reactive surfaces are needed to promote the uncovering of active positions for easy mass transportation. In this critical review, we introduce different approaches for the emerging development of effective ORR electrocatalysts, which offer high activity and durability. The strategies, including morphological engineering, geometric configuration modification via supporting materials, alloys regulation, core-shell, and confinement engineering of single atom electrocatalysts (SAEs), are discussed in line with the goals and requirements of ORR performance enhancement. We review the ongoing development of Pt electrocatalysts based on the syntheses, nanoarchitecture, electrochemical performances, and stability. We eventually explore the obstacles and research directions on further developing more effective electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsupervised anomaly detection in multivariate time series sensor data is a complex task with diverse applications in different domains such as livestock farming and agriculture (LF&A), the Internet of Things (IoT), and human activity recognition (HAR). Advanced machine learning techniques are necessary to detect multi-sensor time series data anomalies. The primary focus of this research is to develop state-of-the-art machine learning methods for detecting anomalies in multi-sensor data. Time series sensors frequently produce multi-sensor data with anomalies, which makes it difficult to establish standard patterns that can capture spatial and temporal correlations. Our innovative approach enables the accurate identification of normal, abnormal, and noisy patterns, thus minimizing the risk of misinterpreting models when dealing with mixed noisy data during training. This can potentially result in the model deriving incorrect conclusions. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach called "TimeTector-Twin-Branch Shared LSTM Autoencoder" which incorporates several Multi-Head Attention mechanisms. Additionally, our system now incorporates the Twin-Branch method which facilitates the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks, such as data reconstruction and prediction error, allowing for efficient multi-task learning. We also compare our proposed model to several benchmark anomaly detection models using our dataset, and the results show less error (MSE, MAE, and RMSE) in reconstruction and higher accuracy scores (precision, recall, and F1) against the baseline models, demonstrating that our approach outperforms these existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a multifunctional solvent, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have numerous potential applications in a variety of fields due to their low vapor pressure, tunability, environmental friendliness, and the ability to dissolve a wide range of chemicals. DESs serve as solvents, templates, and functionalization agents, among other functions, in the synthesis of functional materials, all of which are covered in this work. In addition, recent developments in the creation of different functional materials utilizing DESs are reviewed, as is the mechanism of DES activity throughout the preparation process and their potential to control the material's characteristics. The inherent features, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness of DESs are highlighted in the study, and it is argued that this makes them a potential green platform. Finally, the potential, key problems, and limitations of DESs are outlined for use in materials science. It is anticipated that this study will be a resource for proponents and users of green chemistry, assisting them in reducing pollution, boosting productivity, and reaping the rewards of progress in the development of DESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroxyapatite (HA) powder has been successfully prepared by using calcined Indian clam seashells through the hydrothermal technique. Initially, the clam seashell is calcined at 900 ℃ to achieve calcium oxide (CaO). The obtained seashell-based calcium oxide is mixed properly with pre-determined tri-calcium phosphate in demineralized water. Further, the colloidal solution is heat-treated at a temperature of 1000 ℃ for various time durations (1 h, 1:30 h, 1:45 h, 2 h, 2:30 h, and 3 h) to perform the hydrothermal reactions. Quantification of HA and different phases present in the synthesized powders is carried out with the help of the Rietveld refinement method. The phases, crystallite size, and crystallinity of synthesized powder are evaluated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The microstructure of the powder is analyzed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The Ca/P ratio and particle size of the prepared powder are estimated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the image analysis technique, respectively. The results indicate that the heating duration of the hydrothermal reaction is a crucial parameter in modifying the various properties, specifically the phase quantity of prepared HA. All six synthesized powders show the presence of the HA phase, along with a few secondary phases in those. Spherical and cylindrical nano-crystals of HA are observed to form. With an increase in time duration, coarsening of crystallite is observed. The average particle size and crystallinity of HA are also noticed to be increased with increased time duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the local governance system in Pakistan during the tenure of General Pervez Musharraf and Imran Khan, addressing the persistent void created by political uncertainty in the structural framework. Throughout history, both civilian and military regimes have sought to shape the local governance system, introducing concepts and laws to enhance grassroots-level governance. The research critically examines these efforts, considering challenges and opportunities in establishing an effective local governance structure. Additionally, it assesses three rounds of local government elections under the devolution plan, exploring whether they empowered political figures at the expense of local development. The study probes reasons for continued authority centralization in military and civilian regimes, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive evaluation by an educated committee. Such oversight can monitor local governance activities from diverse perspectives. Given Pakistan's decentralization history, the study highlights central authorities' strategies to retain power, resisting governance shifts to the grassroots through amendments aimed at bringing government closer to the common people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Arsenic (As) is a noxious metalloid for plants, animals and humans. Elevated levels of As in soils may cause it to accumulate to above-permissible levels in wheat grains, posing a threat to human health. Moreover, vulnerable population groups in developing countries have inadequate dietary zinc (Zn) linked to cereal-based diets. Aims: The present study evaluated the effect of soil Zn application on accumulation of As and Zn in grains of two Zn-biofortified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Akbar-2019 and Zincol-2016). Methods: Wheat plants were grown on an alkaline calcareous soil spiked with three levels of As (0, 5 and 25 mg kg−1). Before sowing, two rates of Zn (0 and 8 mg kg−1) were also applied to the soil. Key results: Arsenic spiking in soil decreased plant dry matter yield, chlorophyll pigments, and phosphorus (P) and Zn accumulation, and increased As accumulation in wheat. By contrast, soil Zn application enhanced crop yield and increased P and Zn accumulation, with a simultaneous decrease in As accumulation in both cultivars. Compared with the Zn control, soil Zn application decreased grain As concentration by 26%, 30% and 32% for plants grown in soil spiked with 0, 5 and 25 mg As kg−1, respectively. Conclusions: Applying Zn to As-spiked soil mitigates the harmful effects of As by increasing Zn and decreasing As concentrations in wheat, resulting in improved grain quality for human consumption. Implications: Zinc application to crop plants should be recommended for addressing the health implications associated with As-contaminated crops and human Zn deficiency. Wheat grown on soils contaminated by arsenic (As) may accumulate toxic levels of As in grains, allowing As to enter the human food chain. The study evaluated the effect of soil zinc (Zn) application on grain As and grain accumulation of Zn in two Zn-biofortified wheat cultivars grown on As-contaminated soil. Soil Zn application decreased grain As accumulation to below the permissible limit of 0.15 mg As kg−1 and simultaneously increased grain Zn accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global incidence of lung cancer is marked by a considerably elevated mortality rate. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert pivotal influence in the intricate orchestration of gene regulation, and their dysregulation can precipitate dire consequences, notably cancer. Within this context, miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes manifest a diversified impact on the landscape of lung cancer, wherein their actions may either foster angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis, or counteract these processes. This comprehensive review article discerns potential targets for the prospective development of therapeutic agents tailored for lung cancer. Tumor-suppressive miRNAs, such as miR204, miR-192, miR-30a, miR-34a, miR-34b, miR-203, and miR-212, exhibit heightened expression and demonstrate the capacity to inhibit cellular proliferation and invasiveness. Conversely, the deleterious effects of tumor-promoting miRNAs like miR-21, miR-106a, miR-155, miR-205, and miR-210 can be attenuated through the application of their respective inhibitors. Distinct miRNAs selectively target various oncogenes, including NUAK Family Kinase 1 (NUAK1), Snail Family Transcriptional Repressor 1 (Snai1), Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), Vimentin, Proliferation and apoptosis adaptor protein 15 (PEA-15/PED), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1), as well as tumor suppressor genes such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), Tumor protein P53 binding protein 1 (TP53BP1), and PH Domain and Leucine Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2 (PHLP22). This investigative approach proves invaluable in elucidating the specific miRNAs implicated in the deregulation of crucial genes pivotal to the pathogenesis of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore a study focused on a two-variable extension of matrix Bessel polynomials. We initiate the discussion by introducing the matrix Bessel polynomials involving two variables and derive specific differential formulas and recurrence relations associated with them. Additionally, we present a segment detailing integral formulas for the extended matrix Bessel polynomials. Lastly, we introduce the Laplace–Carson transform for the two-variable matrix Bessel polynomial analogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown rot Polypores are ecologically significant as they play a crucial role in maintaining the carbon cycle and contribute to humus formation in forest ecosystems through their lignocellulose degradation ability. It is important to note that some species can significantly impact timber, potentially causing decay in economically valuable wood. Many Asian countries including Pakistan are still under the exploratory phase and have undocumented species diversity in Polypore fungi. In the current study, collections representing five different species belonging to two families, Postiaceae and Adustoporiaceae, were subjected to detailed morphoanatomical and molecular analyses. A combined matrix of two gene datasets (ITS and nrLSU) was analyzed using three different phylogenetic methods viz. Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference (BI). Our study presents descriptions of five previously undocumented brown rot Polypore species from the country including Fuscopostia fragilis (Fr.) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Amaropostia stiptica (Pers.) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Cyanosporus piceicola B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen & Y.C. Dai, Spongiporus balsameus (Peck) A. David, Rhodonia placenta (Fr.) Niemelä, K.H. Larss. & Schigel. Regarding the molecular data, nodes of our subject sequences were substantially supported and fell under their respective species clades with high ML bootstrap values (≥ 95), MP bootstrap ≥ 74 and BI probabilities ≥ 0.98. Findings of the study will not only contribute to our understanding of local Polypores species diversity but also enhance knowledge of geographical distribution in global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies how recent Finnish smart mobility innovation projects have addressed sustainability in their objectives. A framework and a coding scheme were built upon scientific literature and was used for analysing documented project materials. A truth table was generated that quantifies how the different aspects of sustainability have been addressed in the projects' objectives. The observed differences between the projects were analysed from two directions: in terms of funding sources (European Union vs. national) and project location (urban vs. rural areas). The results of qualitative comparative analysis showed that while sustainability was by and large present in the projects, some of the aspects of sustainability were more dominantly addressed than others. Also, there were differences in how sustainability was addressed between the projects in urban areas and the projects in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing superior Z-type photocatalytic heterojunction is beneficial to effectively enlarge interface contact, improve the photo-generated carrier separation rate, and retain the high redox ability. In this work, we designed a hierarchical core–shell g-C3N4/TiO2 structure to build Z-type heterojunction via combining simple template method and pyrolysis process. A close-knit Z-type heterojunction was constructed using TiO2 as a thick core and g-C3N4 as an ultra-thin shell. The effects of lamp source, wavelength, tetracycline (TC) concentration, and photocatalyst dose on the degradation performance on TC of g-C3N4/TiO2 were inspected. 0.1TiO2/g-C3N4 photocatalyst had the best degradation rate and highest removal rate within 30 min, and its degradation rate was about 49, 23, and 5 times than pure g-C3N4, TiO2, and commercial TiO2/g-C3N4 in respect. Moreover, compared with degradation ability under Xenon lamp, LED irradiation for g-C3N4/TiO2 composites showed a remarkable selective degradation. The fast and efficient Z-type transfer pathway of 0.1 g-C3N4/TiO2 was realized by forming an optimized interface and abundant surface active sites ascribed to the combined action of thick TiO2 core and ultra-thin g-C3N4 shell. In addition, the degradation intermediates were analyzed by LC–MS and suggested pathways of degradation. The work could provide novel design concept to obtain reliable Z-type photocatalysts with hierarchical core–shell structure applied in degradation of antibiotic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the impact of Political Instability (PI) on economic growth. PI is referred as the frequent regime or government changes in a country. PI affects economic growth due to inconsistent and uncertain government policies regarding investment and trade, tax system, government spending and fiscal balance, debt structure, monetary policy, exchange rates and inflation. PI coupled with these factors affects internal and external investments and ultimately future economic growth rates. Employing data from Pakistan for the period of 1984-2018, a country with a long history of various episodes of political instability under various democratic and non-democratic regimes, this study finds evidence that PI leads to significantly lower economic growth. After accounting for the effect of political institutions as well as the impact of both internal and external conflicts, we find that the negative effect that PI has on economic growth has not been abated significantly. Our research contributes to a better understanding of the negative impact of political instability on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores heterochthonous monetary shocks' effect on the initial public offering market, employing excessive-frequency identity approach. Saengchote and Sthienchoak (2020) databank include 190 SBP official statement between 2001 and 2020. Modifications in 3-months fed futures, which can be negatively associated with Standard and Poor 500 within thirty-min window (15-minutes earlier, 15-minutes later) immediate SBP official statements, are categorized as traditional shocks. Contractionary shocks within the traditional logic cause a drop in the initial public offering undertaking. Opposed to, contractionary shocks that deliver the influential financial facts generate an upward thrust in initial public offering task. The setting apart traditional monetary shocks from state financial institution statistics shocks permits an ironic evaluation of monetary policies affecting initial public offering market. This study has added two major points to literature as it shows that monetary policy has impartial role in determining initial public offering market, also research shows that informational effect of financial shocks is as essential such as traditional effect in upsetting the initial public offering goings-on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis has always been the preferred choice for nanoparticles because it uses biological extract from plant sources that are nonhazardous to the environment. Specifically, the physicochemical and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) make them economically feasible for various industrial applications. In the present study, ZnO NPs were synthesized by using Gomphrena serrata leaf extract (GS-ZnO NPs). Structural characterization of GS-ZnO NPs was performed by XRD and FTIR. The thermal nature of the GS-ZnO NPs was analyzed by DSC and TGA. The agar disc diffusion technique was used to assay the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles against pathogenic bacterial strains. The efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was assessed by employing methylene blue (MB) as the test dye, with exposure to sunlight. The observed sizes of the metallic nanoparticles were in the range of 20–30 nm. XRD analyses revealed that the GS-ZnO NPs were hexagonal wurtzite structures. SEM analysis exhibited the spherical morphology of the GS-ZnO NPs. Thermal gravimetric analysis showed various phases of percent weight loss of GS-ZnO NPs within the temperature range of 50–460 °C. A photocatalytic efficiency of 90.5% was achieved after 180 min of sunlight irradiation. G. serrata leaf extract could be used as an efficient reductant and capping material in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. These findings on the thermal and antimicrobial properties of GS-ZnO NPs may validate their efficacy in pharmaceutical applications. The photocatalytic dye degradation activity of the nanoparticles was explored to determine their significance in wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy crisis of the current society have attract the research attention for alternative energy sources. Methanol oxidation is source of energy but need efficient electrocatalyst like Pt. However, their practical ability is hinder due to cost and poisoning effect. In this regard, efficient catalyst is required for methanol oxidation. Herein, high temperature, pressure, and diethylenetryamine (DETA) as reaction medium/structure directing agent during solvothermal method are used for nanobelt Cu3Se2/Cu1.8Se (mostly hexagonal appearance) formation. The electrocatalyst shows optimized methanol electrooxidation reaction (MOR) response in 1 M KOH and 0.5 M methanol at scan rate of 50 mV/s and delivers a current density 7.12 mA/mg at potential of 0.65 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The catalyst exhibits high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) (0.088 mF/cm2) and low Rct with good stability for 3600 s which favor its high MOR performance. This high response is due to its 2D hexagonal nanobelt morphology, which provides large surface area for reaction. The space among nanobelt reduce diffusion kinetics and rough/irregular edge increase reaction site to overall improve the methanol oxidation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, levulinate acid esters (LAEs) were efficiently synthesized from the α‐angelica lactone (α‐AL) esterification with trifloaluminate ionic liquids supported UIO‐67 MOF as Lewis acidic catalyst. A series of UIO‐67 catalysts with varied trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading were prepared via the post‐modification method and exhibited excellent catalytic activity for α‐AL esterification. Remarkable α‐AL conversion (100 %) and LAEs selectivity (>99 %) were achieved by UIO‐67 catalysts (0.2 mol %) with 12.4 %, trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading (UIO‐67‐TFA) at 70 °C and 90 min. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalyst can be reused at least 5 cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalysts were fully characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, TGA, IR, N2 physisorption, etc. The results indicated that the well‐distributed active trifloaluminate Lewis acid catalytic sites, high BET surface area, and good thermal stability could contribute to its excellent catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon dioxide (SiO2), commonly known as silica, the surface is modified using bis(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide, also known as (Si69) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). A series of composites are prepared by mixing general solution styrene butadiene rubber (GSSBR) and polyethylene oxide‐functionalized solution styrene butadiene rubber (FSSBR) with unmodified and modified SiO2. A comparative analysis is conducted using various characterization techniques to evaluate the performance of different composites regarding rubber‐filler dispersion, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that FSSBR/SiO2@Si69 facilitates a more uniform and well‐dispersed distribution of silica particles, improving the compatibility between the rubber‐filler matrix and reducing the size of particle aggregates. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that composites GSSBR/SiO2@PEG and GSSBR/SiO2@Si69 + PEG and FSSBR/SiO2@Si69 possess superior thermal stability with minimal weight loss. According to the rubber process analyzer (RPA) analysis, FSSBR/SiO2@Si69 results in significantly reduced Payne effect values, indicating improved dispersion of the rubber‐filler mixture. These findings suggest that the simultaneous functionalization of SSBR and surface modification of SiO2 effectively enhance the interaction between filler and rubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A talc-based formulation of biocontrol agents, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PGPR-11 and PGPR-27), Bradyrhizobium sp., (NFB-1) and Sinorhizobium sahelens (NFB-30) was developed supplemented with 1% chitin. Their suppressive effect was promising against root infecting fungi, like Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum and F.solani, different growth parameters of sunflower plants were also observed in screen-house and field experiments at different time intervals. Seeds were treated by talc chitin-based formulation of NFB-1, NFB-30, PGPR-11, and PGPR- 27, effectively reduced the incidence of M. phaseolina F. solani, F. oxysporum and R. solani, as compared to untreated plants (control). Sunflower seeds treated with bioformulation mixture, significantly increased growth parameters and suppressed root rot pathogens. During the storage of antagonistic bacteria viz, P. aeruginosa (PGPR-11 and PGPR-27) and Bradyrhizobium sp., (NFB-1) and S.sahelens (NFB-30) strains maintained their population level upto 6months. The study reveal that talc base formulation can be the best for the maintaining the shelf life of plant growth promoting bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a chronic devastating autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland, which develops due to environmental and genetic predispositions. Various studies have explored the role of 25(OH)-D deficiency in HT. Although vitamin D supplementation is suggested to improve thyroid functions, the mechanism of action of vitamin D on thyroid hormones remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to determine serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, serum thyroid antibodies, and serum 25(OH)-D and underscore the association of vitamin D with thyroid function in HT. A crosssectional study comprising 150 subjects, including 80 HT cases and 70 healthy controls was carried out. The serum thyroid hormone concentrations (FT4, TSH), serum thyroid antibodies (anti-TPO, anti-Tg), serum 25(OH)-D, serum ferritin, blood hematocrit, and mean cell volume (MCV) were measured. Results showed that serum TSH, anti-Tg, and anti-TPO were significantly increased in HT cases than in the healthy controls, while serum FT4, 25(OH)-D and ferritin were significantly reduced (p <0.0001). A negative correlation between serum vitamin D with anti-TPO and a positive correlation with FT4 and ferritin (p <0.05) was observed. The results indicated that reduced serum levels of vitamin D are associated with higher serum anti-TPO and lower serum FT4 and ferritin levels in HT patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu3SbSe4 is a potential p-type thermoelectric material, distinguished by its earth-abundant, inexpensive, innocuous, and environmentally friendly components. Nonetheless, the thermoelectric performance is poor and remains subpar. Herein, the electrical and thermal transport properties of Cu3SbSe4 were synergistically optimized by S alloying. Firstly, S alloying widened the band gap, effectively alleviating the bipolar effect. Additionally, the substitution of S in the lattice significantly increased the carrier effective mass, leading to a large Seebeck coefficient of ~730 μVK−1. Moreover, S alloying yielded point defect and Umklapp scattering to significantly depress the lattice thermal conductivity, and thus brought about an ultralow κlat ~0.50 Wm−1K−1 at 673 K in the solid solution. Consequently, multiple effects induced by S alloying enhanced the thermoelectric performance of the Cu3SbSe4-Cu3SbS4 solid solution, resulting in a maximum ZT value of ~0.72 at 673 K for the Cu3SbSe2.8S1.2 sample, which was ~44% higher than that of pristine Cu3SbSe4. This work offers direction on improving the comprehensive TE in solid solutions via elemental alloying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems for monitoring air quality are essential for reducing the negative consequences of air pollution, but creating real-time systems encounters several challenges. The accuracy and effectiveness of these systems can be greatly improved by integrating federated learning and multi-access edge computing (MEC) technology. This paper critically reviews the state-of-the-art methodologies for federated learning and MEC-enabled air quality monitoring systems. It discusses the immense benefits of federated learning, including privacy-preserving model training, and MEC, such as reduced latency and improved response times, for air quality monitoring applications. Additionally, it highlights the challenges and requirements for developing and implementing real-time air quality monitoring systems, such as data quality, security, and privacy, as well as the need for interpretable and explainable AI-powered models. By leveraging such advanced techniques and technologies, air monitoring systems can overcome various challenges and deliver accurate, reliable, and timely air quality predictions. Moreover, this article provides an in-depth analysis and assessment of the state-of-the-art techniques and emphasizes the need for further research to develop more practical and affordable AI-powered decentralized systems with improved performance and data quality and security while ensuring the ethical and responsible use of the data to support informed decision making and promote sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To see the type and frequency of lymphomas. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Oncology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi from Jan 2019 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Total of 150 patients with histopathological diagnoses of lymphoma of 17 to 71 years of age of either gender were included in the study using non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Prior to initiation of study ethics review committee has approved the study (NO.F.2-81-IRB/2019-GENL/10261/JPMC). The data regarding lymphoma type, histology, stage of disease, site, involvement of bone marrow, presence of B-symptoms were recorded. Results: Majority of the patients were male i.e., (n=104, 69.3%) with the mean age of 45.29±17.76 years. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma presented as the most common type of lymphoma i.e., (n=107, 71.3%) whereas Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) contributed for (n=43, 28.7%) cases. Assessment of clinicopathological features of lymphomas revealed that (n=58, 38.7%) cases had bone marrow involvement. B-symptoms appeared in (n=102, 68%) cases, (n=61, 40.7%) cases were stage IV and the most common site were Neck lymph nodes (n=82, 58.3%), followed by abdomen (n=20, 13.3%). There was statistically significant difference between type of lymphoma with respect to age (p=0.001) and gender(p=0.015) Conclusion: Among lymphomas the most common type of lymphoma was Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, most common in patients >45 years of age showing relationship of its occurence with age and DLBCL is major subtype and among Hodgkin's lymphoma Classical type is the predominant type Epidemiologic characteristics and distribution of the disease varies with geographical region, racial & environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To see the association between dietary habits in the development of oesophageal carcinoma. Study Design: Case control study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Medical Oncology at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi Pakistan, from Feb 2019 to Dec 2019. Methodology: Patients from age 15-80 years of either gender were included in the study. All the patients presenting to hospital OPD with histopathologically confirmed of oesophagus carcinoma were included. Controls were the healthy attendants coming at the same hospital. The data was collected through pre-designed questionnaire. Results: Total of 173 cases and 173 controls were included in the study. The mean age of the cases and controls were reported as 48.07±14.13 years and 48.86±15.32 years. After adjusting odds in multivariate analysis family history of cancer (OR=3.76; 95% CI: 1.76-7.90, p<0.05), the consumption of chicken (OR=5.22; 95% CI: 3.01-9.056, p<0.05), red meat (OR=5.06; 95% CI: 2.70-9.46, p<0.05) & smoked food (OR=3.36; 95% CI: 1.76-6.44, p<0.05) more than three times per week remained positively associated with oesophagus carcinoma. Conclusion: The study showed association between consumption of chicken, red meat, hot drinks & smoked food with oesophageal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 are the most investigated zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) materials that have aroused enormous scientific interests in numerous areas of application including electrochemistry, gas storage, separation, and sensors by reason of their fascinating structural properties. Recently, there is a rapidly growing demand for chemical gas sensors for the detection of various analytes in widespread applications including environmental pollution monitoring, clinical analysis, wastewater analysis, industrial applications, food quality, consumer products, and automobiles. In general, the key to the development of superior gas sensors is exploring innovative sensing materials. ZIF-X (8, 67) based nanostructures have demonstrated great potential as ideal sensing materials for high-performance sensing applications. In this review, the general properties and applications of ZIF-X (8, 67) including gas storage and gas adsorption are first summarized, and then the recent progress of ZIF-X (8, 67) based nanostructures for gas-sensing applications and the structure-property correlations are summarized and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroxyapatite (HA) powder is successfully synthesized from calcined eggshell by the hydrothermal reaction method. The colloidal solution made of calcined eggshell powder, tricalcium phosphate powder, and demineralized water is kept in a closed ceramic vessel to perform hydrothermal reactions. For this purpose, different temperatures (700 - 1000 °C) for various time durations (1, 2, and 3 h) are applied to the solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are employed to characterize the prepared powders. The synthesized powders are further assessed in terms of crystalline phase, microstructure, crystallite size, particle size, Ca/P ratio, and crystallinity. In all the reaction products, majorly the HA powders are obtained. The spherical HA grains are found to have a tendency to agglomerate at higher reaction temperatures and times. The applied temperature and heating duration are found to be the crucial parameters that control the properties of the synthesized HA. The HA with the largest crystallite size is obtained from 1000 oC of heating temperature applied for 3 h. However, the HA with high crystallinity is obtained from 800 oC temperature applied for 1 h of time. Non-stoichiometric HAs are obtained from all different reaction temperatures and time durations. Mostly Ca-rich (Ca/P > 1.67) HAs are formed in all powders except the one prepared at 900 ° C, where the formation of Ca-deficient (Ca/P < 1.67) HA is noticed. The near-stoichiometric HA can be produced from 900 oC of reaction temperature applied for 1 h. The study illustrates that HA can be synthesized successfully from chicken eggshell by hydrothermal reaction method in less time by applying high heating temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber–Physical System (CPS) is the set of heterogeneous physical units linked to a network and performs complex operations to achieve a goal. Uncertainty increases with the increase in complexity of CPS. Thus, uncertainty needs to be mitigated to assure the quality and reliability of a CPS. This study aims to identify current state‐of‐the‐art approaches, tools, root causes, and metrics for uncertainty in the domain of CPS. We performed a systematic literature review and employed keyword‐based search on publisher sites to find potential studies. After applying the devised inclusion and exclusion criteria on identified potentially relevant studies, selection of studies is validated using an index engine. The core contributions of this study are (i) to categorize the tools used for uncertainty mitigation and existing root causes of uncertainty in CPS domain, (ii) to categorize the tools used for uncertainty mitigation and existing root causes of uncertainty in CPS domain, and (iii) to identify the state‐of‐the‐art methods that lack the ability to elaborate the metrics to measure the uncertainty in CPS. The results of the proposed study are beneficial in guiding future research on devising new approaches or tools to mitigate the causes of uncertainty in CPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is a continuous increase in available molecular data, not all sequence identities in public databases are always properly verified and managed. Here, the sequences available in GenBank for Fuscoporia (Hymenochaetales) were validated. Many morphological characters of Fuscoporia overlap among the species, emphasizing the role of molecular identification for accuracy. The identities of 658 Fuscoporia GenBank internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were assessed using ITS phylogeny, revealing 109 (16.6%) misidentified and 196 (29.8%) unspecified sequences. They were validated and re-identified based on the research articles they were published in and, if unpublished, based on sequences from the type, type locality-derived sequences, or otherwise reliable sequences. To enhance the resolution of species delimitation, a phylogenetic assessment of a multi-marker dataset (ITS + nrLSU + rpb2 + tef1) was conducted. The multi-marker phylogeny resolved five of the twelve species complexes found in the ITS phylogeny and uncovered five new Fuscoporia species: F. dolichoseta, F. gilvoides, F. koreana, F. reticulata, and F. semicephala. The validated ITS sequences in this study may prevent further accumulation of misidentified sequences in public databases and contribute to a more accurate taxonomic evaluation of Fuscoporia species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) have been the focus of research both domestically and internationally because PILs have demonstrated improved NH3 separation capabilities and have been applied to separate NH3 from industrial tail gas. As the stabilities of PILs are overestimated, it is important to study their long-term stability as well as the degradation mechanism of PILs to slow down their degradation and improve their long-term stability. In this work, degradation experiments on 7 PILs were carried out at up to 120 °C for 600 h in N2 and O2 atmospheres. The impacts of different anions, cations, and NH3 contents on the degradation processes of PILs were explored. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the degradation ratios of the PILs. The degradation products of PILs were identified and quantified via gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS), and the degradation mechanisms of the PILs were extrapolated according to the degradation products. Our results revealed that degradation occurred mainly in the cations, although the anions also affected the degradation processes of the PILs. The degradation ratios of the PILs decreased with an increase in the NH3 content. This study on the degradation processes of PILs provides theoretical support for the industrial applications of PILs in NH3 separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]