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The inhomogeneous plating/stripping of Zn anode, attributed to dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, severely restricts its cycling life‐span. Here, trace zwitterions (trifluoroacetate pyridine, TFAPD) are introduced into the aqueous electrolyte to construct a multifunctional interface that enhances the reversibility of Zn anode. The TFA− anions with strong specific adsorption adhere onto the Zn surface to reconstruct the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), preventing the hydrogen evolution and corrosion side reactions caused by free H2O. The Py+ cations accumulate on the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) of Zn anode with the force of electric field during Zn2+ plating, forming a shielding layer to uniformize the deposition of Zn2+. Besides, the adsorbed TFA− and Py+ promote the desolvation process of Zn2+ resulting in fast reaction kinetics. Thus, the Zn||Zn cells present an outstanding cycling performance of more than 10000 hours. And even at 85 % utilization rate of Zn, it can stably cycle for over 200 hours at 10 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2. The Zn||I2 full cell exhibits a capacity retention of over 95 % even after 30000 cycles. Remarkably, the Zn||I2 pouch cells (95 mAh) deliver a high‐capacity retention of 99 % after 750 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhomogeneous plating/stripping of Zn anode, attributed to dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, severely restricts its cycling life‐span. Here, trace zwitterions (trifluoroacetate pyridine, TFAPD) are introduced into the aqueous electrolyte to construct a multifunctional interface that enhances the reversibility of Zn anode. The TFA− anions with strong specific adsorption adhere onto the Zn surface to reconstruct the inner Helmholtz plane (IHP), preventing the hydrogen evolution and corrosion side reactions caused by free H2O. The Py+ cations accumulate on the outer Helmholtz plane (OHP) of Zn anode with the force of electric field during Zn2+ plating, forming a shielding layer to uniformize the deposition of Zn2+. Besides, the adsorbed TFA− and Py+ promote the desolvation process of Zn2+ resulting in fast reaction kinetics. Thus, the Zn||Zn cells present an outstanding cycling performance of more than 10000 hours. And even at 85 % utilization rate of Zn, it can stably cycle for over 200 hours at 10 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2. The Zn||I2 full cell exhibits a capacity retention of over 95 % even after 30000 cycles. Remarkably, the Zn||I2 pouch cells (95 mAh) deliver a high‐capacity retention of 99 % after 750 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as a pivotal half-reaction, significantly hinders the advancement of energy conversion efficiency. Metal electrodeposition on catalysts has been demonstrated to effectively enhance the HER reactivity. Here, Ni3S2–Fe–Ni with a multilayer structure was obtained by the electrodeposition of Ni3S2 with dopants Fe/Ni, in which a number of active sites were achieved and the intrinsic conductivity of the catalyst was well improved. Elemental analyses revealed the multilayer structure consisting of Ni3S2, NiS, and Fe. The Ni3S2–Fe–Ni catalyst exhibited impressive electrochemical performance due to optimization of its structure with the overpotentials of the HER and OER of only 83 and 190 mV. Notably, at a higher current density of 100 mA cm−2, the overpotentials for the HER and OER are only 339 and 365 mV. As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, its total splitting voltage was only 1.55 V. The catalysis performance remained nearly unchanged even after 48 h of stability testing. Finally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the potential barriers in each reaction step of the OER are evenly distributed, and optimizing the Ni3S2 structure with iron and nickel atoms reduced the reaction energy barriers during the electrochemical process, improving the OER/HER performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental design method is proposed to guide the selection of specimen dimension and split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. This method is applicable to the woven composite with modulus independent of strain rate. This method can predict the maximum specimen dimension at the desired strain rate under the maximum strike velocity of the apparatus. Based on the proposed design method, the in‐plane dynamic compressive behavior of 2D plain weave carbon/aramid hybrid composite was obtained. The strength exhibited sensitive to strain rates. The nonlinear constitutive model described the dynamic constitutive relationship effectively. The distribution of delamination failure significantly influenced the final failure shape of the specimens through the high‐velocity camera. Microscopic observations indicated that carbon fiber yarns and aramid fiber yarns exhibited different fracture modes. Highlights: An experimental design method applicable to woven composites in dynamic tests.Negative correlation between strength and strain rate of hybrid composites.The validity of the nonlinear constitutive model to dynamic property.The effect of hybridization and strain rates on damage modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bolted joint is widely used to connect different composite structures in the aerospace field, and the joint is usually the weakest part, and its performance is widely influenced by temperature. This paper aims to investigate the static tensile behavior of the composite‐aluminum four‐nailed joint structure at different temperatures. Carbon fiber epoxy resin matrix composites with a layup of [(0/45)2s]2 are selected to fabricate specimens, and the test temperatures are room temperature (RT, 25 °C), 60 °C, 100 °C, and 150 °C, respectively. The surface strain field and damage evolution inside the specimens are monitored at different stages of the loading process by combining the digital image correlation (DIC) and X‐ray computed tomography (CT) techniques. During the loading process at RT, a sudden drop in load occurs after structural yielding, and the following secondary bearing is observed; however, at higher temperatures, the load continuously decreases until final failure after it reaches the peak value. Moreover, the rearrangement of stress distribution around the bolts at higher temperatures relieves the asymmetric secondary bending of the joint. The experimental findings in this study provide valuable guidance for the structural design and safety assessment for composite‐aluminum bolted joints at different temperatures. Highlights: The loading process shows five stages at RT and four stages at higher temperatures.Extrusion damage led by shear cracks appears earlier at higher temperatures.Load on the upper and lower bolts is closer as the temperature increases.Higher temperatures relieve the asymmetric secondary bending of the joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the promise of ferrotherapy in cancer treatment, current ferrous therapeutics suffer from compromised antitumor ferroptosis efficacy and low specificity for tumors. Herein, a protease‐activatable nanozyme (Fe3O4@Cu1.77Se) is reported for photoacoustic and tumor‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided second near‐IR photothermal ferroptosis cancer therapy. Fe3O4@Cu1.77Se remains stable in physiological conditions, but disintegrates to increase reactive intratumoral ferrous supply for elevated hydroxyl radical generation by Fenton reaction and GSH depletion in response to overexpressed matrix metalloproteinases in tumor microenvironment, leading to amplified ferroptosis of tumor cells as well as enhanced T2‐weighted MRI contrast. Further integration with second near‐IR photoirradiation to generate localized heat not only triggers effective photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging but more importantly, potentiates Fenton reaction to promote ferroptotic tumor cell death. Such synergism leads to the polarization of tumor‐associated macrophage from the tumor‐promoting M2 type to the tumor‐killing M1 type, and induces the immunogenic cells death of tumor cells, which in turn promotes the maturation of dendritic cells and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in tumor, contributing to significant tumor suppression. This study presents a novel activatable ferrous nanotheranostics for spatial‐temporal control over antitumor ferroptosis responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystal cathodes with good structural stability and high volumetric energy-density have attracted considerable attention in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the general flux-free synthesis of single crystal Ni-rich cathodes is still very challenging because it requires overcoming the differences in thermodynamic stability of lithium-containing ternary metal oxide components and improving the kinetics of crystal growth during solid-state reactions. Herein, lithium-containing spinel oxide is introduced as a transition phase to overcome these issues in the synthesis of single crystal Ni-rich cathodes. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the spinel phase has much lower formation energy and higher thermal stability than the layered phase. Thus, the innovative introduction of the spinel phase availably enhances the kinetics of crystal growth and avoids the phase segregation of the NiO rock-salt phase. Single crystal Ni-rich Li[Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2]O2 and Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 are synthesized by the further reaction of the-said spinel phase with Ni and Li sources. The former single crystal cathode shows improved cycling stability and thermal properties compared with those of the polycrystalline cathode. The full cells composed of this single crystal positive and mesocarbon microbead negative present high energy-density and a long-term lifespan. This proposed strategy offers a general approach to the preparation of single crystal Ni-rich cathodes for advanced LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CdS is widely used in the field of photocatalysis owing to its excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution (PHE) activity, but the photocatalytic stability of CdS is inhibited because of the drawback of photocorrosion. Under light, the introduction of WS2 cocatalysts induces the growth of layered CdS on the WS2 nanosheets. Through the photocatalytic activity measurement, after adding ultrathin WS2 nanosheets, the amount of H2 released can reach 139.15 mmol g−1 after 7 h, which is 11.3 times higher than that of pure CdS nanoparticles. Furthermore, these composites illustrate excellent light absorption performance in the near-infrared region. A heterojunction is formed between WS2 and CdS under light, which greatly promotes the mobility of interface carriers and limits the recombination of photogenerated carriers. The hydrogen evolution output remains stable after 42 h, and the photocorrosion problem is effectively suppressed. In this work, we provide an effective and simple method to improve photocatalytic activity and stability, which is beneficial to the practical development of photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic Ag0 intercalated CoAl-layered double hydroxides (CoAl LDHs) have been successfully synthesized in situ through a simple redox process with ethylene glycol (EG) and triethanolamine (TEOA). The Ag(CN)2− anion-exchanged precursor was reduced by EG to form metallic Ag0. Furthermore, the effect of TEOA on confining the particle size of Ag0 was demonstrated. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) property of metallic Ag0 intercalated CoAl LDHs was examined in alkaline aqueous solution. A typical sample synthesized by the addition of TEOA for 180 min exhibited excellent ORR catalytic activity with a high current density of 5.5 mA cm−2 at 0.2 V (vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and good stability. Koutecky–Levich (K–L) calculations and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements further revealed that the ORR of the as-prepared catalyst proceeded mainly via an almost ideal four-electron transfer process. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity was ascribed to the intercalated Ag0, confined nanoparticle size and the expanded interlayer space, which effectively facilitate the reactant transfer and electron migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Portal venous system thrombosis (PVST) is a common and potentially life-threatening complication of splenectomy for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis.Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted to study the necessity of pharmacologic prophylaxis of PVST after splenectomy and how to select the feasible treatment method. Articles were searched through the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, and CNKI.Results: Overall, 404 articles were initially identified, and 11 of them were eligible. Among these selected articles, 7 articles were associated with the necessity of anticoagulation for prevention of PVST, while 5 were about the drug selection. We first demonstrated that the incidence of PVST after splenectomy was significantly lower in patients who received the preventive measures than in those who did not (odds ratio [OR]: 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13-0.39, P < .00001). Then, we compared the new-style treatment with the conventional treatment and found that patients with new therapy method had lower incidence of PVST than those who received conventional treatment (OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.51, P < .00001). Also, some studies (n = 4) reported that early and combination use of anticoagulation drugs can lead to better outcome for patients with splenectomy and devascularization.Conclusion: Preventative use of anticoagulant drugs might decrease the incidence of PVST after splenectomy in patients with portal hypertension, new anticoagulant drugs such as low-molecular-weight heparin should be used, and early or combination use of anticoagulation drugs might lead to lower PVST incidence for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanorods and ZnO@CdS heterostructures have been fabricated on carbon fiber cloth substrates via hydrothermal and electrochemical deposition. Their photocatalytic properties were investigated by measuring the degradation of methylene blue under ultraviolet light irradiation. The result illustrated that the photodegradation efficiency of ZnO@CdS heterostructures was better than that of pure ZnO nanorods, in which the rate constants were about 0.04629 and 0.02617 min. Furthermore, the photocurrent of ZnO@CdS heterostructures achieved 10 times enhancement than pure ZnO nanorods, indicating that more free carriers could be generated and transferred in ZnO@CdS heterostructures, which could be responsible for the increased photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of biophotonics, biophoton detection technology has been appropriately used. In this paper, the main features and fundamental conceptions of biophotonics were introduced basically. Then the coherence theory of biophoton emission was reviewed. Furthermore, based on this coherence concept, the quantum theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and properties of Chinese medicinal herbs were presented. To show the nature of biophoton emission in living systems and clarify its basic detection mechanism, high sensitive detection system which allows non-invasive and non-destructive (or less) recording was finally presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on the resonator model and exciplex model of electromagnetic radiation within the human body, mathematical model of biological order state, also referred to as syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine, was established and expressed as: ' $$ {\text{Sy}} = \nu /\ln (6I + 1) $$'. This model provides the theoretical foundation for experimental research addressing the order state of living system, especially the quantitative research syndrome in traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO@NiO core-shell heterostructures with high photocatalytic efficiency and reusability were prepared via electrochemical deposition on carbon fiber cloth substrates. Their photocatalytic properties were investigated by measuring the degradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange (MO) under ultraviolet light irradiation. The photodegradation efficiency of the ZnO@NiO heterostructures toward both dyes was better than those of the pure ZnO nanorods and NiO nanosheets. The higher performance could be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunction between ZnO and NiO. Especially, the ZnO@NiO heterostructure formed upon deposition of NiO for 10 min degraded 95% of MO under ultraviolet light irradiation for 180 min. The high photodegradation efficiency of the ZnO@NiO heterostructures was also attributed to the high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers, as confirmed by the higher photocurrent of the ZnO@NiO heterostructures (eightfold) when compared with that of the pure ZnO nanorods. Moreover, the high photodegradation efficiency of the ZnO@NiO heterostructures was maintained over three successive degradation experiments and decreased to 90% after the third cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of SnO2 nanospheres was transformed into ultrathin nanosheets assembled architectures after Zn doping by one-step hydrothermal route. The as-prepared samples were characterized in detail by various analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique. The Zn-doped SnO2 nanostructures proved to be the efficient gas sensing materials for a series of flammable and explosive gases detection, and photocatalysts for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV irradiation. It was observed that both of the undoped and Zn-doped SnO2 after calcination exhibited tremendous gas sensing performance toward glycol. The response (S = Ra/Rg) of Zn-doped SnO2 can reach to 90 when the glycol concentration is 100 ppm, which is about 2 times and 3 times higher than that of undoped SnO2 sensor with and without calcinations, respectively. The result of photocatalytic activities demonstrated that MO dye was almost completely degraded (~92%) by Zn-doped SnO2 in 150 min, which is higher than that of others (MO without photocatalyst was 23%, undoped SnO2 without and with calcination were 55% and 75%, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]