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National guidelines for monitoring bacterial contamination of blood components were introduced in Germany in 1997. Between 1998 and 2002, numerous measures were implemented to prevent bacterial contamination. This study investigates their impact on contamination rates. Culture-based testing for bacterial detection on a random sample of blood components is part of routine quality control in German blood establishments. Using standardized questionnaires, data from the production periods 1998, 2001 and 2005/2006 were collected and analysed. The bacterial contamination rate of RBCs was reduced from 0·157% in 1998 to 0·029% in 2005/2006 ( P < 0·001). While the contamination rate of apheresis PCs remained nearly unchanged over the years, it dramatically decreased for pooled PCs by 70% to a contamination rate of 0·158% ( P = 0·001) within the last observation period, similar to that of apheresis PCs. The contamination rate of plasma decreased from 0·100% in 1998 to 0·019% in 2005/2006 ( P = 0·002). Precautionary measures significantly reduced bacterial contamination rates of blood components. Long-term monitoring with standardized methods is appropriate to evaluate the cumulative effect of contamination-preventing measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives National guidelines for monitoring the bacterial contamination rate of blood components were introduced in Germany in 1997. The objective of this study was to present and evaluate the results of sterility testing of platelet concentrates (PCs) prepared by different methods. Materials and Methods The analysis of results of sterility testing of blood component production from transfusion medicine centres in Germany in 1998 and 2001 was based on information collected using standardized questionnaires. Results The bacterial contamination rates for single-donor PCs derived from whole blood and apheresis (0·210% vs. 0·156%) were comparable and showed no significant difference. However, pooled PCs produced from four buffy coats using the sterile docking procedure showed a significantly higher bacterial contamination rate compared with single-donor PCs derived from whole blood and apheresis (0·184% vs. 0·604%). Conclusions Use of standardized methods for sterility monitoring is sufficient to assess collection and production processes in terms of hygiene and yields reliable data on bacterial contamination rates of blood components. The methods described are suitable for using to analyse the efficiency of newly introduced methods to reduce bacterial contamination rates of blood components (e.g. diversion, bacteria screening and pathogen inactivation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. The exact intracellular site of hepatitis A virus (HAV) production is unknown, possibly due to its usually slow and inefficient replication. Using immunocytochemistry and in-situ RT-PCR, we show that in cells infected with the rapidly replicating HAV strain HAS-15, viral proteins and RNA are scattered throughout the cytoplasm and accumulate in the perinuclear cytoplasmic area. Various ultrastructural alterations were found in infected cells, such as large polyribosomes, swelling of the perinuclear space and the ER, and dilatation of Golgi cisternae. In addition, HAV infection induced the formation of large arrays of annulate lamellae. Direct visualization of HAV particles was scarce. The various ultrastructural alterations described here might represent different phases of the replicative cycle of HAV that is asynchronous in the infected cell layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]