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In view of the security problems of image encryption algorithms encoded by single DNA or RNA, to increase the randomness of the diffusion process and the uncertainty of the coding rules, we propose a combining dynamic RNA and DNA computing based chaotic image encryption algorithm, which has a more complicated encryption process for improving the security of the encryption algorithm and increases the difficulty of decoding. First, a new three-dimensional hyperchaotic map is proposed, which exhibits a rich set of dynamic behaviors. Second, the sequences generated by the proposed map are passed to NIST test with good randomness and implemented by digital signal processing hardware, which shows the feasibility of the proposed chaotic map for industrial applications. Second, the K-means algorithm is used to split the plaintext into two parts. Third, the chaotic sequence is used to displace and diffuse the two parts of the plaintext, respectively. Then, chaotic sequences were used to encode using dynamic DNA and RNA of these two parts, respectively. Then, the chaotic sequences were used to compute the dynamic DNA and RNA computing of these two parts, respectively. Finally, the cipher text is decoded accordingly. The experimental results show that compared with some related encryption algorithms, our method has higher security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of chlorine substitution on the valence orbitals and electronic states of 3-chloropyridine (3-CP) were investigated utilizing high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization (VUV-MATI) spectroscopy and computational methods. High-quality vibrational spectra were obtained from the VUV-MATI spectra of 3-CP isotopomers (35Cl and 37Cl), revealing high-quality vibrational spectra for the lowest cationic states. The adiabatic ionization energies (AIEs) of these isotopomers were accurately determined, providing detailed information about the electronic structure and ionization dynamics. Intense spectra peaks were linked with the D1 excited state of the 3-CP cation, with vibronic transitions in this state closely matching those predicted by Franck–Condon simulations. This provided insights into the cationic structure and the roles of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the HOMO-1. The HOMO was primarily a π orbital of the pyridine ring, while the HOMO-1 consisted of nonbonding orbitals. The AIEs suggested that meta-chlorine substitution stabilizes nonbonding orbitals less effectively than ortho substitution, indicating closely spaced electronic states in the 3-CP cation. Minor discrepancies in vibrational frequencies and intensities, particularly above 800 cm−1, suggested the presence of vibronic coupling, warranting further investigation. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of the vibronic and ionization properties of 3-CP, emphasizing the influence of the position of the chlorine substitution on molecular orbitals and the value of advanced theoretical and experimental approaches for analyzing the vibrational spectra of complex molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruptions often call for rapid innovation at scale. Open innovation (OI) is critical in such contexts because it allows organizations to access resources beyond the firm's boundaries. Yet, many OI projects fail, posing significant risks during disruptions. This article examines 12 ventilator development projects during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which only seven succeeded. Fifty-five interviews were analyzed to understand how organizational roles influence the outcomes of OI projects in times of disruption. The key finding is that projects that succeeded involved an organizational role largely absent in those that failed: namely, a catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the terminologies used to describe sport phenomena in the digital realm. The integration of technology into sport has led to new forms of physical activity, transforming traditional sport into unique experiences. This shift has sparked debates on whether these new activities can be categorized as traditional sport. Terms like eSports, cybersport, digital sport, and virtual sport have been proposed, but a scoping review of literature reveals a lack of consensus and clarity in their definitions. After screening 12,959 articles and analyzing 229 published between 2005 and 2022, it was found that terminology use is inconsistent, with multiple terms describing the same phenomena (e.g., eSports, or competitive video gaming). This inconsistency undermines a comprehensive study of sport in the digital realm. The study lays the groundwork for further debate and discussion, fostering a better understanding of the intersection of sport and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomaly detection is a frequently discussed topic in manufacturing. However, the issues of anomaly detection are typically attributed to the manufacturing process or equipment itself. In practice, the sensor responsible for collecting data and monitoring values may fail, leading to a biased detection result – false alarm. In such cases, replacing the sensor is necessary instead of performing equipment maintenance. This study proposes an effective framework embedded with autoencoder-based control limits that can dynamically distinguish sensor anomaly from process anomaly in real-time. We conduct a simulation numerical study and an empirical study of semiconductor assembling manufacturers to validate the proposed framework. The results show that the proposed model outperforms other benchmark methods and can successfully identify sensor failures, even under conditions of (1) large variations in process values or sensor values and (2) heteroscedasticity effect. This is particularly beneficial in various practical applications where sensors are used for numerical measurements and support equipment maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether food texture affects chewing side preference (CSP) and to investigate the relationship between CSP and masticatory factors, such as occlusal contact area, bite force, and masticatory performance. Materials and Methods: Forty-seven adults (20 women and 27 men; mean age: 24 years) participated in this study. Three types of food (chewing gum, beef jerky, and peanuts) were provided to assess CSP. Occlusal contact area was measured at various ranges of interocclusal distance, and the bite force was measured. Masticatory performance was assessed according to the median particle size. Asymmetry indices of each measurement were calculated and analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient (a = .05). Results: The CSP for beef jerky and peanuts were significantly correlated with each other, whereas the CSP for chewing gum was not correlated with other food. The proportion of participants who chewed equally on both sides was higher for chewing gum than for beef jerky. There was a significant correlation between the CSP for beef jerky and occlusal contact area, especially at interocclusal distance ranges of 0 to 89 µm and 0 to 109 µm (r = 0.41). Bite force and masticatory performance were not significantly correlated with CSP. Conclusions: Food texture seemed to affect CSP, and masticatory laterality was greater for tough foods. Moreover, CSP for tough food was closely related to the occlusal contact area at an interocclusal distance level of about 0.1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of sentiment and specific emotion analysis in forecasting donation behaviour within the context of social networking services (SNSs). The study empirically examines the influence of sentiment and specific emotion analysis on donation behaviour for two non-profit organizations (NPOs): The Fred Hollows Foundation (The Foundation) in both Australia and New Zealand, and The University of Auckland (UOA) in New Zealand. We collected and analysed 298,569 tweets from 106,349 users mentioning these NPOs, along with 5,175,359 tweets mentioning the top 20 US brands from 1,623,113 users. We found that NPOs are often associated with brands that induce joy. Furthermore, sadness expressed by marketers and joy expressed by users positively affected donations to The Foundation, while user-expressed anger positively influenced donations to UOA within the same month. A two-month rolling average analysis highlighted the significant effect of lingering negative emotions on monthly donations over time. Specific emotion analysis outperforms sentiment analysis by demonstrating a higher effect size (R 2 ). We advocate for the application of the transformer-transfer learning method for specific emotion analysis when scrutinizing large-scale social media data and devising fundraising strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study illustrates the successful achievement of tunable defect bands in one-dimensional defective phononic crystals (PnCs) through the incorporation of piezoelectric defects with synthetic negative capacitances (SNCs) for the first time. The efficacy of SNCs in creating tunable bandpass filters across a broad frequency range is thoroughly examined using the proposed analytical and numerical models. A newly developed electroelastically coupled transfer matrix that incorporates SNCs is presented, considering either series or parallel connection between bimorph piezoelectric elements. Defect band and transmittance analyses are conducted using the transfer matrix and S-parameter methods. Two key findings emerge from this investigation. First, when the total equivalent capacitance of the bimorph piezoelectric elements and SNC becomes zero, the defect band representing the point-symmetric defect-mode shape can be customized throughout the entire phononic bandgap. Second, the constant transmittance value, resembling short-circuit conditions, highlights the remarkable ability of SNCs to tune defect bands without energy dissipation, paving the way for fully tunable bandpass filters. To propel this research forward, future investigations could explore expanding the design space with double defects, adopting enhanced modeling techniques to account for lateral and shear effects, developing a control algorithm for the automatic optimization of SNC values in actively tunable bandpass filters, and incorporating artificial intelligence into design methods for piezoelectric defects with electrical connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) has garnered significant attention due to its pivotal role in biological and chemical processes. The diverse array of conformations exhibited by THF profoundly impacts its reactivity and interactions with other molecules. Understanding these conformational preferences is crucial for comprehending its molecular behavior. In this study, we utilize infrared (IR) resonant vacuum ultraviolet photoionization/mass-analyzed threshold ionization (VUV-PI/MATI) mass spectroscopies to capture distinctive vibrational spectra of individual conformers, namely, "twisted" and "bent," within THF. Our conformer-specific vibrational spectra provide valuable insights into the relative populations of these two conformers. The analysis reveals that the twisted (C2) conformer is more stable than the bent (CS) conformer by 17 ± 15 cm−1. By precisely tuning the VUV photon energy to coincide with vibrational excitation via IR absorption, we selectively ionize specific conformers, yielding two-photon IR + VUV-PI/MATI spectra corresponding to the twisted and bent conformers. This investigation conclusively affirms that both the twisted and bent conformers coexist in the neutral state, while only the twisted conformer exists in the cationic state. These findings not only bridge gaps in existing knowledge but also provide profound insights into the behavior of this pivotal molecule in the realms of biology and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of Ni-rich layered LiNixCoyMn1--x--yO2 (NCM, x > 0.6) cathodes in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) holds great promise due to their high practical capacities. However, these cathodes suffer from a rapid capacity degradation due to unwanted interface side reactions with solid electrolyte. To mitigate this issue, an ultrathin (~0.9 nm) and amorphous Al2O3 coating layer is applied to the Ni-rich NCM cathodes using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Remarkably, this nanoscale coating leads to minimal changes in the initial capacity while significantly improving the cycle retention. Through a variety of analytical techniques, we demonstrate that the Al2O3-coated NCM cathode exhibits high cycle stability by reducing the formation of insulating by-products on the surface and suppressing the irreversible phase transition during cycling. This work demonstrates the potential of employing a thin oxide coating to address the key degradation factors in Ni-rich NCM cathodes, advancing the prospects for future ASSBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The early microbiota of neonates is crucial for developing the postnatal immune system and establishing normal physiological, metabolic, and neurological functions. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the diversity of the neonatal oral microbiome, including mother-to-newborn microbial transmission. The study includes a prospective cohort comprising 73 mothers and 87 neonates and a retrospective cohort comprising 991 mothers and 1,121 neonates. Samples from the maternal cervix and neonatal gastric, bronchial, and oral cavities were analyzed using culture-based methods. Neonatal oral swab samples were also analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize microbial diversity and composition. Similar genera were detected in the neonatal gastric, bronchial, and oral samples, and the neonatal gastric culture was the most similar to the maternal cervical culture. In addition to mother-to-newborn microbial transmission, various natal factors including birth type, birth weight, delivery mode, maternal chorioamnionitis, maternal diabetes and the presence of microbes in other sites influenced neonatal oral microbiome diversity. Among these factors, the birth type was the most significant, and preterm neonates exhibited decreased oral microbiome diversity, with fewer beneficial bacteria and more pathogens. These findings could serve as a baseline for research on the establishment of the oral microbiota in preterm neonates and its health implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Optimal glycaemic control has well‐established health benefits in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is uncertain whether optimal glycaemic control can benefit liver‐related outcomes. Aims: To examine the association of optimal glycaemic control with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver‐related mortality. Methods: In a population‐based cohort, we identified patients with newly diagnosed DM between 2001 and 2016 in Hong Kong. Optimal glycaemic control was defined as mean haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) <7% during the 3‐year lead‐in period after DM diagnosis. By applying propensity score matching to balance covariates, we analysed glycaemic control via competing risk models with outcomes of interest being HCC and liver‐related mortality. Results: We identified 146,430 patients (52.2% males, mean age 61.4 ± 11.8 years). During a median follow‐up duration of 7.0 years, 1099 (0.8%) and 978 (0.7%) patients developed HCC and liver‐related deaths. Optimal glycaemic control, when compared to suboptimal glycaemic control, was associated with reduced risk of HCC (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.79). The risk of HCC increased with incremental HbA1c increases beyond >7% (SHR 1.29–1.71). Significant associations with HCC were also found irrespective of age (SHR 0.54–0.80), sex (SHR 0.68–0.69), BMI <25 or ≥25 kg/m2 (SHR 0.63–0.75), smoking (SHR 0.61–0.72), hepatic steatosis (SHR 0.67–0.68) and aspirin/statin/metformin use (SHR 0.67–0.75). A lower risk of liver‐related mortality in relation to optimal glycaemic control was also observed (SHR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61–0.80). Conclusions: Glycaemic control is an independent risk factor for HCC and liver‐related mortality, and should be incorporated into oncoprotective strategies in the general DM population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite noteworthy advances in cancer immunotherapy, the understanding of effective strategies to harness eosinophils in anti‐cancer immunity, which is critical for cytotoxic T‐cell recruitment, remains limited. In particular, interleukin‐33, which is essential for eosinophil activation, is chromatin‐bound and lacks efficient extracellular release mechanisms for its intact form. Here, a nanobubble‐based acoustical cancer cell‐bursting strategy (NanoBurst) is reported to elicit eosinophil‐mediated cancer immunity by releasing damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). NanoBurst consists of polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating a gas precursor, designed to effectively disrupt cancer cell membranes upon exposure to ultrasound. This process triggers the efficient release of both nucleus‐derived (e.g., high‐mobility group nucleosome‐binding domain‐1, gasdermin E, interleukin‐33) and cytoplasm‐derived DAMPs, initiating the eosinophil‐mediated immune cascade. Consequently, NanoBurst induces direct tumoricidal effects by activating eosinophils and enhances anti‐cancer immunity by recruiting NK cells and cytotoxic T‐cells in vivo. When combined with a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4) inhibitor, an inducer of eosinophil‐mediated chemotaxis, NanoBurst effectively inhibits the growth of primary tumors and the metastasis to the lung in a CT26 tumor‐bearing mouse model. Notably, boosting eosinophil‐mediated anti‐cancer immunity with NanoBurst‐DPP4 inhibitor shows superior efficacy for tumor suppression compared to immune checkpoint inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali-free aluminoborosilicate glasses without (GDMC-Si) and with La2O3 addition (GDMC-La) were fabricated with an aim to develop low dielectric glass fibers for use in printed circuit boards (PCBs) as a reinforcing material in high-speed 5G/6G telecommunications application. This study presents the structural, thermo-physical, and dielectric properties of the glasses. The decrease in glass transition temperature (Tg) and the increase in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were found by the addition of SiO2 and La2O3 in the present glass system, which are due to the depolymerization of the glass networks confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The dielectric constants (Dk) and the dissipation factors (Df) of the glasses were investigated at a high frequency of 10 GHz. The Dk values of the GDMC-Si and GDMC-La glass systems reached a minimum of 4.50 and 4.75, while their Df values reached a minimum of 2.86 × 10−3 and 3.01 × 10−3, respectively. Notably, the Dk and Df values of the present glasses were lower than the commercial E-glass (Dk: 6.9, Df: 7.0 × 10−3 at 10 GHz) and L-glass (Dk: 4.8, Df: 3.0 × 10−3 at 10 GHz). Glass fibers with a diameter of 10 μm were successfully drawn by the continuous melt-spinning process and their mechanical properties were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a mindfulness-based family psychoeducation (MBFPE) intervention on caregivers and the young adults with first-episode psychosis in mental health care. Methods: Sixty-five caregivers were randomly assigned to the MBFPE program (n = 33) or an ordinary family psychoeducation (FPE) program (n = 32). Eighteen young adults in recovery (YAIR) also participated in the study. All of the participants completed the assessments before participating in the intervention (T1), after the intervention (T2), and at 9-month follow-up (T3). Results: Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted. The caregivers reported a significant and large effect size on positive caregiving experiences based on a Time × Group analysis (g = 0.862, p = 0.006). Among the YAIR participants, between-group differences were significant in their perceptions of caregivers' expressed emotions, including large effect sizes of perceived criticism (g = 1.396, p = 0.049) and hostility (g = 1.444, p = 0.043). Caregiver demographics, including age, education level, socioeconomic status, and number of family members, were found to moderate the effect sizes of the variables studied. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the effects of MBFPE programs on the outcomes of caregivers and the young adults with first-episode psychosis in their care. Specifically, the MBFPE program in this study played a greater role in promoting positive caregiving experiences and changing caregivers' expressed emotions, especially their expressed criticism of YAIR, compared with the regular FPE program. Therefore, the application of mindfulness training to promote family care and YAIR recovery should be encouraged. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT03688009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence-guided surgery has emerged as an innovative technique with promising applications in the treatment of various tumors, including colon cancer. Tumor-initiating probe yellow (TiY) has been discovered for identifying tumorigenic cells by unbiased phenotypic screening with thousands of diversity-oriented fluorescence library (DOFL) compounds in a patient-derived lung cancer cell model. This study demonstrated the clinical feasibility of TiY for tumor-specific fluorescence imaging in the tissues of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). To evaluate the efficacy of TiY in tumor imaging, surgical specimens were obtained, consisting of 36 tissues from 18 patients with CRC, for ex vivo molecular fluorescence imaging, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Orthotopic and chemically induced CRC mice models were administered TiY topically, and distinct tumor lesions were observed in 10 min by real-time fluorescence colonoscopy and ex vivo imaging. In a hepatic metastasis mouse model using splenic injection, TiY accumulation was detected in metastatic liver lesions through fluorescence imaging. Correlation analysis between TiY intensity and protein expression, assessed via immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, revealed a positive correlation between TiY and vimentin and Zeb1, which are known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers of cancers. A comparative analysis of TiY with other FDA-approved fluorescence probes such as ICG revealed greater quantitative differences in TiY fluorescence intensity between tumor and normal tissues than those observed with ICG. Altogether, these results demonstrated that TiY has a strong potential for visualizing CRC by fluorescence imaging in various preclinical models, which can be further translated for clinical use such as fluorescence-guided surgery. Furthermore, our data indicate that TiY is preferentially uptaken by cells with EMT induction and progression, and overexpressing vimentin and Zeb1 in patients with CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, also known as the Korean halibut, is an economically important flatfish in East Asian countries. Here, we provided four fully phased genome assemblies of two different olive flounder individuals using high-fidelity long-read sequencing and their parental short-read sequencing data. We obtained 42–44 Gb of ~15-kb and ~Q30 high-fidelity long reads, and their assembly quality values were ~53. We annotated ~30 K genes, ~170-Mb repetitive sequences, and ~3 M 5-methylcytosine positions for each genome assembly, and established a graph-based draft pan-genome of the olive flounder. We identified 5 M single-nucleotide variants and 100 K structural variants with their genotype information, where ~13% of the variants were possibly fixed in the two Korean individuals. Based on our chromosome-level genome assembly, we also explored chromosome evolution in the Pleuronectiformes family, as reported earlier. Our high-quality genomic resources will contribute to future genomic selection for accelerating the breeding process of the olive flounder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromorphic hardware enables energy-efficient computing, which is essential for a sustainable system. Recently, significant progress has been reported in neuromorphic hardware based on two-dimensional materials. However, traditional planar-integrated architectures still suffer from high energy consumption. This review systematically explores recent advances in the three-dimensional integration of two-dimensional material-based neuromorphic hardware to address these challenges. The materials, process, device physics, array, and integration levels are discussed, highlighting challenges and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The optimal treatment strategy for newly diagnosed primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has yet to be established, especially in the elderly. In the current study, we conducted a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab plus high‐dose MTX followed by rituximab plus cytarabine in patients aged ≥60 years newly diagnosed with PCNSL. Patients received an induction treatment of high‐dose methotrexate plus rituximab followed by two cycles of a consolidation treatment of cytarabine plus rituximab. The primary end‐point was a 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rate. A total of 35 patients were recruited, and their median age was 73 (range: 60–81). After induction treatment, the complete and partial responses (PRs) were 56% and 20% respectively. Twenty‐six patients proceeded to the consolidation treatment; the complete and PRs were 59% and 9% respectively. After a median follow‐up duration of 36.0 months, the 2‐year PFS rate was 58.7%. Treatment was generally well‐tolerated as only three patients were withdrawn from the study due to toxicity, and no treatment‐related mortality was reported. The 2‐year overall survival rate was 77.9%. The current study may suggest the feasibility of administering high‐dose MTX plus cytarabine in PCNSL patients aged ≥60 years and the potential role of additive rituximab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Combi-elastography is a B-mode ultrasound-based method in which two elastography modalities are utilized simultaneously to assess metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the performance of combi-elastography for diagnosing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and determining fibrosis severity is unclear. This study compared the diagnostic performances of combi-elastography and vibrationcontrolled transient elastography (VCTE) for identifying hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and high-risk MASH. Methods: Participants who underwent combi-elastography, VCTE, and liver biopsy were selected from a prospective cohort of patients with clinically suspected MASLD. Combi-elastographyrelated parameters were acquired, and their performances were evaluated using area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis. Results: A total of 212 participants were included. The diagnostic performance for hepatic steatosis of the attenuation coefficient adjusted by covariates from combi-elastography was comparable to that of the controlled attenuation parameter measured by VCTE (AUROC, 0.85 vs 0.85; p=0.925). The performance of the combi-elastography-derived fibrosis index adjusted by covariates for diagnosing significant fibrosis was comparable to that of liver stiffness measured by VCTE (AUROC, 0.77 vs 0.80; p=0.573). The activity index from combi-elastography adjusted by covariates was equivalent to the FibroScan-aspartate aminotransferase score in diagnosing high-risk MASH among participants with MASLD (AUROC, 0.72 vs 0.74; p=0.792). Conclusions: The performance of combi-elastography is similar to that of VCTE when evaluating histology of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Dysregulated interleukin (IL)-17/IL-23 signalling contributes to psoriasis pathogenesis. Cedirogant is an inverse agonist of nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 2 (RORyt), a key transcription factor responsible for IL-17 synthesis and a regulator of the T helper 17 cell lineage programme. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and safety of cedirogant to treat moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Methods In this phase IIb, multicentre, double-blind, 16-week study (NCT05044234), adults aged 18–65 years were randomized 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 to once-daily oral cedirogant 75 mg, 150 mg, 375 mg or placebo. Assessments included: ≥ 50%/75%/90%/100% improvement from baseline in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 50/75/90/100), static Physician's Global Assessment 0/1, Psoriasis Symptoms Scale 0 and improvements in itch; adverse events (AEs); pharmacokinetics; and IL-17A/F biomarker levels. Efficacy results based on observed cases were summarized descriptively. Results Of 156 enrolled patients, most were male (70.5%); 39 patients were randomized to each treatment. Only 47 patients completed the study; the study was terminated early owing to preclinical findings. At week 16, PASI 75 achievement rates (primary endpoint) were 29%, 8% and 42% in the cedirogant 75-mg, 150-mg and 375-mg groups, respectively, and 0% in the placebo group. AE rates were similar in the cedirogant 75-mg, 150-mg and placebo groups, and higher in the cedirogant 375-mg group; most AEs were mild or moderate. Conclusions Patients with psoriasis who received cedirogant showed PASI improvement, and cedirogant was generally well tolerated. The results should be interpreted in the context of early study termination. Cedirogant development has been discontinued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of e-commerce has significantly increased demands on logistics providers, particularly in the areas of product handling and shipment. One of the most challenging and critical aspects of this process is the handling of dangerous goods (DG). This is a complex and time-intensive operation that requires safety measures and proper packaging and labelling, because mishandling DG can lead to severe injuries, property loss, and legal liability. This puts additional pressure on logistics providers to efficiently manage DG while maintaining speed and safety in the context of e-commerce. To meet this challenge, there is an urgent need to advance training programs and enhance the operational efficiency for DG handling. The use of mixed reality (MR) technology offers a promising solution. By seamlessly integrating virtual elements with real-world environments, MR has the potential to greatly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the training of DG handling. Earlier research has examined MR in various fields, while there is still a research gap in applying MR specifically to the training of DG handling. This paper seeks to address the current research gap by presenting a novel MR model, named "MRSafe," for a training program on the safe handling of DG. The model offers users virtual experiences and comprehensive guidance to provide operational decision support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease, primarily associated with aging, that results from decreased bone density and bone volume. This reduction significantly increases the risk of fractures in osteoporosis patients compared to individuals with normal bone density. Additionally, the bone regeneration process in these patients is slow, making complete healing difficult. Along with the decline in bone volume and density, osteoporosis is characterized by an increase in marrow adipose tissue (MAT), which is fat within the bone. In this altered bone microenvironment, osteoblasts are influenced by various factors secreted by adipocytes. Notably, saturated fatty acids promote osteoclast activity, inhibit osteoblast differentiation, and induce apoptosis, further reducing osteoblast formation. In contrast, monounsaturated fatty acids inhibit osteoclast formation and mitigate the apoptosis caused by saturated fatty acids. Leveraging these properties, we aimed to investigate the effects of overexpressing stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), an enzyme that converts saturated fatty acids into monounsaturated fatty acids, on osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration in both in vivo and in vitro models. Through this novel approach, we seek to develop a stem cell-based therapeutic strategy that harnesses SCD1 to improve bone regeneration in the adipocyte-rich osteoporotic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungi and bacteria on the human scalp play important roles in both health and disease. Scalp biofilms have pathogenic effects on cutaneous tissues, such as seborrheic dermatitis. However, investigations into scalp biofilms and their physiological effects on scalp skin are limited. In this study, we suggest an evaluation method through which the scalp is stained a reddish color using erythrosine to visualize scalp biofilms, which strongly depends on the presence of bacteria and fungi. We found that the physiological properties of the scalp significantly differed between high and low levels of stained red areas (sRAs) on the scalp. The sRA levels showed a strong positive correlation with IL-8 levels and sebum production. It is worth noting that the production of sebum has a dominant effect on the scalp microbiome via the growth of microbes, leading to the formation of a biofilm, as evidenced by changes in the sRA levels. Furthermore, the sRA levels could be reduced through the use of antimicrobial agents, such as climbazole and hexamidine diisethionate (HD), as well as the manipulation of the physical properties of the scrubs used in scalp care products. These scalp care products could potentially disrupt the formation and accumulation of a biofilm on the scalp, providing strong evidence for the importance of considering the scalp microbiome and its interactions with sebum in the development of biofilms. Consequently, we suggested that the administration of anti-microbial agents, such as climbazole and HD, could be an effective strategy to alleviate biofilm accumulation for the maintenance of scalp health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Alnustone (Aln) is an effective compound of Alpinia katsumadae Hayata. Aln possesses various pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. However, the inhibitory effect of Aln on colorectal cancer (CRC) has not yet been identified. Thus, research was conducted to clarify whether Aln can suppress the proliferative and metastatic ability of CRC cells. Methods: A cell viability assay was performed to confirm the decrease in CRC cell viability following Aln treatment. Flow cytometry was carried out to evaluate the effects of Aln on cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis in CRC cells. In addition, a lung metastasis animal model was used to check the inhibitory effect of Aln on the metastasis of CRC cells. Results: Aln remarkably diminished the viability and colony-forming ability of several CRC cell lines. In addition, Aln led to a halt at the G0/G1 phase through downregulating cyclin D1-CDK4 in CRC cells. The upregulation of LC3B and p62 expression by Aln triggered autophagy of CRC cells. Moreover, Aln promoted mitochondrial depolarization, resulting in apoptosis of CRC cells. Oral administration of Aln significantly restrained the metastasized lung tumor nodules. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Aln can suppress the survival and lung metastasis of CRC cells by promoting cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity occurs in approximately half of patients treated with cisplatin, and pediatric patients are more likely to be affected than adults. The oxidative stress elicited by cisplatin is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of ototoxicity. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), the main bioactive compound of Panax notoginseng saponins, has antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. This study investigated the ability of NGR1 to protect against cisplatin-induced damage in auditory HEI-OC1 cells and neonatal murine cochlear explants. The viability of HEI-OC1 cells treated with NGR1 and cisplatin was greater than that of cells treated with cisplatin alone. The results of Western blots and immunostaining for cleaved caspase-3 revealed that the level of cleaved caspase-3 in the cells treated with cisplatin was repressed by NGR1. NGR1 attenuated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected with a DCFDA assay and immunostaining for 4-HNE. The result revealed that its expression was induced by cisplatin and was significantly reduced by NGR1. Moreover, NGR1 can promote heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. ZNPPIX, an HO-1 inhibitor, was administered to cisplatin-treated cells to investigate the role of HO-1 in the protective effect of NGR1. The suppression of HO-1 activity by ZNPPIX markedly abolished the protective effect of NGR1 on cisplatin-treated cells. Therefore, NGR1 protects cells from cisplatin-induced damage by activating HO-1 and its antioxidative activity. In cochlear explants, NGR1 protects cochlear hair cells and attenuates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inhibiting ROS generation. In the group treated with cisplatin alone, prominent loss of outer hair cells and severe damage to the structure of the stereociliary bundles of inner and outer hair cells were observed. Compared with the group treated with cisplatin alone, less loss of outer hair cells (p = 0.009) and better preservation of the stereociliary bundles of hair cells were observed in the group treated with cisplatin and NGR1. In conclusion, these findings indicate that NGR1 can protect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by inducing HO-1 expression and suppressing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate a co-designed intervention using digital resources "Vietnam Cancer Caring Coping" (V-CCC) on the health literacy, depression, and quality of life of caregivers supporting a cancer patient in oncology hospitals in Vietnam. Methods: A pre-post quantitative evaluation with adult cancer caregivers across regional Oncology hospitals in Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Can Tho, and Hue). Participants completed baseline and follow-up measures of health literacy (HLS-SF12) depression (PHQ-9) and Health-related Quality of Life (5Q-5D-5L). Participants accessed and reviewed V-CCC for a 2-week period. Results: Two hundred and thirty-four caregivers completed pre and post-tests. Most participants were female (n = 143, 61%), married (n = 165, 70%), aged 18–44 (n = 155, 66%), lived rurally (n = 157, 67%). All health literacy scores of participants in post-intervention were significantly higher than that in pre-intervention across all domain's healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion as well as the total score (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in the proportion of caregivers reporting PHQ-9 moderately severe/severe depression post-intervention was demonstrated (10.2 vs. 6.1%, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). No significant differences were observed pre and post-intervention across four 5Q-5D-5L health dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort. Regarding anxiety/depression as measured by 5Q-5D-5L the proportion of participants who reported having moderate, severe, and extreme problems in pre- and post-intervention was statistically significant (32 vs. 24%), respectively (p = 0.0028). Conclusion: Co-designed digital resources can reduce health literacy inequities and improve psychological outcomes for cancer caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherited cardiovascular conditions are significant causes of sudden cardiac death in the young (SCDY), making their investigation using molecular autopsy and prevention a public health priority. However, the molecular autopsy data in Chinese population is lacking. The 5‐year result (2017–2021) of molecular autopsy services provided for victims of SCDY (age 1–40 years) was reviewed. The outcome of family cascade genetic screening and clinical evaluation was reviewed. A literature review of case series reporting results of molecular autopsy on SCDY in 2016–2023 was conducted. Among the 41 decedents, 11 were found to carry 13 sudden cardiac death (SCD)‐causative genetic variants. Likely pathogenic (LP) variants were identified in the DSP, TPM1, TTN, and SCN5A genes. Cascade genetic testing identified four family members with LP variants. One family member with familial TPM1 variant was found to have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy upon clinical evaluation. This study provided insight into the genetic profile of molecular autopsy in a Chinese cohort of SCDY. The detection of important SCD‐causative variants through molecular autopsy has facilitated family cascade screening by targeted genetic testing and clinical evaluation of at‐risk family members. A literature review of the current landscape of molecular autopsy in the investigation of SCDY was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-neuronal accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To prevent the aggregation of phosphorylated tau in neurons, decreasing the phosphorylated tau protein levels is important. Here, we examined the biological effects of rottlerin, a phytochemical compound extracted from the Kamala tree, Mallotus philippinensis, on phosphorylated tau levels. Notably, rottlerin decreased the levels of intracellular phosphorylated and total tau. A marked increase in the LC3-II, a hallmark of autophagy, was observed in these cells, indicating that rottlerin strongly induced autophagy. Interestingly, rottlerin induced the phosphorylation of Raptor at S792 through the activation of adenosine-monophosphate activated-protein kinase (AMPK), which likely inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), thus resulting in the activation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagy. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity increased in the presence of rottlerin. The decrease of phosphorylated tau levels in the presence of rottlerin was ameliorated by the knockdown of TFEB and partially attenuated by the knockout of the Nrf2 gene. Taken together, rottlerin likely enhances the degradation of phosphorylated tau through autophagy activated by TFEB and Nrf2. Thus, our results suggest that a natural compound rottlerin could be used as a preventive and therapeutic drug for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A shake table test using a full-scale 2-story steel moment frame was conducted to investigate the peak floor acceleration (PFA) and the peak component acceleration (PCA), which directly affect the seismic demand on nonstructural elements. The main focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of structural and component nonlinearity on the nonstructural seismic demand. The PFA reduction suggested by ASCE 7-22 to account for structural nonlinearity was shown to be larger than the experimental results for low-to-moderate ductility levels. The analysis on the resonant PCA showed the importance of structural nonlinearity on the elastic CAR (=PCA/PFA). The high resonant PCA around the fundamental period of the elastic test frame (7 times PFA) was effectively decreased as the test frame experienced a moderate level of ductility; PCA was lowered by 36% and 25% on the 2nd and roof floors, respectively. The effect of component yielding on the PCA was evaluated based on the test results of steel racks mounted on flexible and rigid access floors. The PCA reduction depending on the component ductility level was less than the relevant provisions of ASCE 7-22, and the reason was discussed from the perspective of the pinched hysteretic behavior of the tested specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a deep neural network for the detection of inflammatory spine in short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Methods: A total 330 patients with axSpA were recruited. STIR MRI of the whole spine and clinical data were obtained. Regions of interests (ROIs) were drawn outlining the active inflammatory lesion consisting of bone marrow edema (BME). Spinal inflammation was defined by the presence of an active inflammatory lesion on the STIR sequence. The 'fake-color' images were constructed. Images from 270 and 60 patients were randomly separated into the training/validation and testing sets, respectively. Deep neural network was developed using attention UNet. The neural network performance was compared to the image interpretation by a radiologist blinded to the ground truth. Results: Active inflammatory lesions were identified in 2891 MR images and were absent in 14,590 MR images. The sensitivity and specificity of the derived deep neural network were 0.80 ± 0.03 and 0.88 ± 0.02, respectively. The Dice coefficient of the true positive lesions was 0.55 ± 0.02. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve of the deep neural network was 0.87 ± 0.02. The performance of the developed deep neural network was comparable to the interpretation of a radiologist with similar sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: The developed deep neural network showed similar sensitivity and specificity to a radiologist with four years of experience. The results indicated that the network can provide a reliable and straightforward way of interpreting spinal MRI. The use of this deep neural network has the potential to expand the use of spinal MRI in managing axSpA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Inactivating mutations in SMARCB1 confer an oncogenic dependency on EZH2 in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs), but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We found that the sensitivity of ATRTs to EZH2 inhibition (EZH2i) is associated with the viral mimicry response. Unlike other epigenetic therapies targeting transcriptional repressors, EZH2i-induced viral mimicry is not triggered by cryptic transcription of endogenous retroelements, but rather mediated by increased expression of genes enriched for intronic inverted-repeat Alu (IR-Alu) elements. Interestingly, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are highly enriched for dsRNA-forming intronic IR-Alu elements, suggesting a feedforward loop whereby these activated ISGs may reinforce dsRNA formation and viral mimicry. EZH2i also upregulates the expression of full-length LINE-1s, leading to genomic instability and cGAS/STING signaling in a process dependent on reverse transcriptase activity. Co-depletion of dsRNA sensing and cytoplasmic DNA sensing completely rescues the viral mimicry response to EZH2i in SMARCB1-deficient tumors. Here the authors suggest that in Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumors, EZH2 inhibition triggers a viral mimicry response via the activation of genes with intronic IR-Alu elements. This response also involves enhanced LINE-1 expression, leading to activation of cGAS/STING signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surveys on Patient Safety Culture™ Hospital Survey (HSOPSC) developed by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has been adopted worldwide. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) version 2.0 was released in 2019, but there have been no publications to date of its translation and validation for use in Malaysia. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the revised HSOPSC 2.0 into the Malay language and determine its psychometric properties including the content, face, and construct validity, and reliability analyses. Methods: This study was conducted from April – June 2023 and divided into three stages: translation and cultural adaptation; content and face validation; and construct validation using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability testing among 319 healthcare personnel from a public university hospital in Malaysia. Results: The translated instrument demonstrated excellent content validity (I-CVI = 0.80 ~ 1.0, SCVI-average = 0.96) and face validity (I-FVI = 0.80 ~ 1.0, SFVI-average = 0.98). Reliability testing was acceptable (Cronbach's α = 0.60 ~ 0.80) but indicated that reverse-coded items were poorly perceived. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory model fit for the translated instrument (RMSEA = 0.08, GFI = 0.80, CFI = 0.80, and χ2/df = 2.96). Six items had very low factor loadings (< 0.40), with two constructs "Staffing and Work Pace" and "Response to Error" having AVE < 0.4, but acceptable CR ≥ 0.6. No items were removed from the questionnaire despite low factor loadings following a consensus from an expert panel. Conclusion: The Malay version of the HSOPSC 2.0 containing ten domains and 32 items demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties following expert consensus, with acceptable reliability and construct validity for measuring patient safety culture. Given factor loadings smaller than 0.40 in six items, broader validation is suggested to support the use of the translated instrument in the Malaysian healthcare setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of supplements on mortality risk in patients with cancer remains uncertain and has scarcely been investigated in subgroups of patients with varying characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the association between two popular supplements, fish oil and glucosamine, and mortality risk in a large population-based cohort and determine whether cardiovascular health and clinical prognosis influence these associations. Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzed the data of UK Biobank participants who were diagnosed with cancer. The associations of fish oil and glucosamine consumption with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the effects of Life Essential 8 [LE8] scores (a measure of cardiovascular health) and cancer prognosis (grouped according to the survival rates of specific cancer types) on the associations between supplement use and mortality. Results: This analysis included 14,920 participants (mean age = 59.9 years; 60.2% female). One third (34.1%) of the participants reported using fish oil, and one fifth (20.5%) reported using glucosamine. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 2,708 all-cause deaths were registered. The use of fish oil was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.81–0.97) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81–0.98). Similarly, glucosamine use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74–0.92) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74–0.93) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of fish oil and glucosamine against mortality risk were only observed in patients with LE8 scores lower than the mean score or a poor cancer prognosis. Additionally, the association between glucosamine use and a reduced risk of CVD-related mortality was only observed in patients with lower LE8 scores. Conclusions: This large cohort study identified the potential differential impact of LE8 scores and cancer prognosis on the associations of fish oil and glucosamine supplementation with survival in patients with cancer. This suggests the importance of considering these factors in future research on supplements and in the provision of personalized integrative cancer care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of supplements on mortality risk in patients with cancer remains uncertain and has scarcely been investigated in subgroups of patients with varying characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the association between two popular supplements, fish oil and glucosamine, and mortality risk in a large population-based cohort and determine whether cardiovascular health and clinical prognosis influence these associations. Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzed the data of UK Biobank participants who were diagnosed with cancer. The associations of fish oil and glucosamine consumption with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the effects of Life Essential 8 [LE8] scores (a measure of cardiovascular health) and cancer prognosis (grouped according to the survival rates of specific cancer types) on the associations between supplement use and mortality. Results: This analysis included 14,920 participants (mean age = 59.9 years; 60.2% female). One third (34.1%) of the participants reported using fish oil, and one fifth (20.5%) reported using glucosamine. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 2,708 all-cause deaths were registered. The use of fish oil was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.81–0.97) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81–0.98). Similarly, glucosamine use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74–0.92) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74–0.93) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of fish oil and glucosamine against mortality risk were only observed in patients with LE8 scores lower than the mean score or a poor cancer prognosis. Additionally, the association between glucosamine use and a reduced risk of CVD-related mortality was only observed in patients with lower LE8 scores. Conclusions: This large cohort study identified the potential differential impact of LE8 scores and cancer prognosis on the associations of fish oil and glucosamine supplementation with survival in patients with cancer. This suggests the importance of considering these factors in future research on supplements and in the provision of personalized integrative cancer care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a mindfulness-based family psychoeducation (MBFPE) intervention on caregivers and the young adults with first-episode psychosis in mental health care. Methods: Sixty-five caregivers were randomly assigned to the MBFPE program (n = 33) or an ordinary family psychoeducation (FPE) program (n = 32). Eighteen young adults in recovery (YAIR) also participated in the study. All of the participants completed the assessments before participating in the intervention (T1), after the intervention (T2), and at 9-month follow-up (T3). Results: Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted. The caregivers reported a significant and large effect size on positive caregiving experiences based on a Time × Group analysis (g = 0.862, p = 0.006). Among the YAIR participants, between-group differences were significant in their perceptions of caregivers' expressed emotions, including large effect sizes of perceived criticism (g = 1.396, p = 0.049) and hostility (g = 1.444, p = 0.043). Caregiver demographics, including age, education level, socioeconomic status, and number of family members, were found to moderate the effect sizes of the variables studied. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of the effects of MBFPE programs on the outcomes of caregivers and the young adults with first-episode psychosis in their care. Specifically, the MBFPE program in this study played a greater role in promoting positive caregiving experiences and changing caregivers' expressed emotions, especially their expressed criticism of YAIR, compared with the regular FPE program. Therefore, the application of mindfulness training to promote family care and YAIR recovery should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing significance of hydrogen (H2) gas as a clean energy source has prompted the development of high-performance H2 gas sensors. Palladium (Pd)-based sensors, with their advantages of selectivity, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, have shown promise in this regard. However, the long-term stability and reliability of Pd-based sensors remain a challenge. This study not only identifies the exact cause for performance degradation in palladium (Pd) nanowire H2 sensors, but also implements and optimizes a cost-effective recovery method. The results from density functional theory (DFT) calculations and material analysis confirm the presence of C = O bonds, indicating performance degradation due to carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation on the Pd surface. Based on the molecular behavior calculation in high temperatures, we optimized the thermal treatment method of 200 °C for 10 minutes to remove the C = O contaminants, resulting in nearly 100% recovery of the sensor's initial performance even after 2 months of contamination. Retaining sensor performance with long-term use is highly challenging. Here, the authors refined the thermal recovery method in Pd nanowire H2 sensors, effectively removing C = O surface contaminants to ensure long-term stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cosmic rays (E ≳ 1 GeV) are well coupled to a galaxy's interstellar medium (ISM) at scales of L > 100 pc, adjusting stratification and driving outflows, their impact on small scales is less clear. Based on calculations of the cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient from observations of the grammage in the Milky Way, cosmic rays have little time to dynamically impact the ISM on those small scales. Using numerical simulations, we explore how more complex cosmic-ray transport could allow cosmic rays to couple to the ISM on small scales. We create a two-zone model of cosmic-ray transport, with the cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient set at the estimated Milky Way value in cold gas but smaller in warm gas. We compare this model to simulations with a constant diffusion coefficient. Quicker diffusion through cold gas allows more cold gas to form compared to a simulation with a constant, small diffusion coefficient. However, slower diffusion in warm gas allows cosmic rays to take energy from the turbulent cascade anisotropically. This cosmic-ray energization comes at the expense of turbulent energy which would otherwise be lost during radiative cooling. Finally, we show our two-zone model is capable of matching observational estimates of the grammage for some transport paths through the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a p–n heterojunction allows the modulation of the interfacial electronic structure and boosts electron transfer, leading to enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Herein, an organic–inorganic heterojunction electrocatalyst made of Ni(OH)2, a triazine-based covalent organic framework (COF), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), denoted as Ni(OH)2/COF/CNT, is reported to exhibit significantly enhanced electrocatalytic performance for urea oxidation in comparison with its single- and double-component counterparts (Ni(OH)2, COF/CNT, Ni(OH)2/CNT, and Ni(OH)2/COF). As revealed by its band structure analysis, the constructed Ni(OH)2-COF (p–n) heterojunction enables a built-in electric field to boost charge transfer across the heterointerface (from the inorganic Ni(OH)2 to the organic COF), resulting in significantly improved catalytic activity. The mass activity is 363 A gNi(OH)2−1 at 1.5 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) for the Ni(OH)2/COF/CNT heterojunction electrocatalyst, showing 322 and 72% enhancement in comparison with Ni(OH)2 and Ni(OH)2/CNT, respectively. Moreover, Ni(OH)2/COF/CNT exhibits a considerable turnover frequency (TOF, 0.11 s−1 at 1.5 V), large reaction rate constant (k = 1.9 × 106 cm3 mol−1 s−1), high coulombic efficiency (∼98%), and meritorious catalytic stability (24 hours at 20 mA cm−2) for urea oxidation. The present work enriches the design strategies for developing advanced electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]