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Environmental pollution by anthropogenic activity is still a highly relevant global problem. Aquatic animals are a specifically endangered group of organisms due to their continuous direct contact with the contaminated environment. Concentrations of selected trace elements in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (n = 36) blood serum/clot were monitored. Possible effects of the elements on selected biochemical and oxidative markers were evaluated. The concentrations of trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn) were analysed in the fish blood serum and blood clot by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A general scheme of decreasing concentrations of trace elements in the blood serum samples was: Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Sr ˃ Ba ˃ Ni ˃ Al ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb, Tl; and in the case of the blood clot, the scheme was as follows: Fe ˃ Zn ˃ Sr ˃ Al ˃ Ni ˃ Ba ˃ Cu ˃ Be ˃ Co ˃ Mn; < LOQ (below limit of quantification): Bi, Cd, Cr, Ga, Mo, Pb, Tl. Significant differences among the seasons were detected. The Spearman R correlation coefficients and linear or non-linear regression were used to evaluate direct relationships between trace elements and selected blood biomarkers. The correlation analysis between biochemical parameters (Na, K, P, Mg, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, TAG, TP, urea, glucose) and trace elements (Al, Ba, Be, Cu, Fe, Ni, Sr, and Zn) concentrations confirmed statistically significant interactions in both seasons (summer and autumn). The regression analysis between oxidative stress markers (ROS, GPx, creatinine, uric acid, and bilirubin) and elements (Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Sr) content confirmed statistically significant interactions. The results point to numerous connections between the observed elements and the physiological parameters of freshwater fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems are normally used for in vitro experiments. These systems have some drawbacks which affect results of in vitro experiments because cultured cells have different morphology and physiological properties comparing to in vivo models. Therefore, there are current technique to develop three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems which are closer to the environment in real tissues. In our study, we used polycaprolactone fiber scaffold for culture of bovine monocytes to develop dendritic cells (DCs) from those cells. Cultured monocytes in the polycaprolactone nanofiber scaffold differentiated to DCs. The differentiated DCs showed a 3D structure in the scaffold. These results suggest that this method is suitable for the development of DCs in a manner of three-dimension. These methods are perspective for bovine cell culture and has advantages compare to conventional 2D culture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of bioactive compounds with potential medical applications are produced by members of the genus Streptomyces. A new actinomycete producer of the antibiotic γ-rubromycin, designated TA 36, was isolated from an alpine soil sample collected in Peru (Machu Picchu). Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain, together with data obtained via phylogenetic analysis and MALDI-TOF MS, were used for the correct identification of the isolate. The isolate TA 36 showed morphological characteristics that were consistent with its classification within the genus Streptomyces. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the TA 36 strain was most similar to S. iakyrus and S. violaceochromogenes with 99% similarity. Phylogenetic analysis together with the profile of whole cell proteins indicated that the strain tested could be identified as S. iakyrus TA 36. The crude extract Ext.5333.TA 36 showed various effects against the tested organisms with strong antimicrobial activity in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Newman) (MIC value of 0.00195 µg/µL). HPLC fractionation and LC/MS analysis of the crude extract led to the identification of the quinone antibiotic γ-rubromycin, a promising antitumour and antibacterial antibiotic. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no report on the production of γ-rubromycin by S. iakyrus. Therefore, this study suggests S. iakyrus TA 36 as the first-reported source of this unique bioactive secondary metabolite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid identification of beta-lactamase-producing strains of Haemophilus influenzae plays key role in diagnostics in clinical microbiology. Therefore, the aim of this study was the rapid determination of beta-lactamase's presence in H. influenzae isolates via indirect detection of degradation ampicillin products using MALDI-TOF MS. H. influenzae isolates were subjected to antibiotic resistance testing using disk diffusion and MIC methodologies. Beta-lactamase activity was tested using MALDI-TOF MS, and results were compared to spectral analysis of alkaline hydrolysis. Resistant and susceptible strains of H. influenzae were distinguished, and strains with a high MIC level were identified as beta-lactamase-producing. Results indicate that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is also suitable for the rapid identification of beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae. This observation and confirmation can accelerate identification of beta-lactamase strains of H. influenzae in clinical microbiology, which can have an impact on health in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic substances are natural organic substances resulting from the decomposition of mainly plant but also animal residues. The objective of our study was to test if the humic acids can negatively/positively affect brown hares health status. As the main indicators for this evaluation, we chose haematological and biochemical blood tests. In this study, we used 24 brown hares (12 males and 12 females) in the age of 12-24 months. As part of the 6-month experiment, we planned three blood samplings (at the beginning of the experiment and then after three and six months). Animals were divided into three groups at the beginning of the experiment (n = 8/group): CG (control group, 0-11KKZ standard diet without additives), EG1 group (experimental group 1, received 0-10KK/D standard feed + 1% of Humac Natur AFM - humic acids), and EG2 group (experimental group 2, received 0-10KK/D standard feed + 1% of Humac Natur AFM - humic acids, enriched with green feed - clover-grass mixture). We found a statistically significant difference between the control group and the EG2 group in the RBC parameter (P < 0.05) after three months of consumption. We found a statistically significant decrease in urea levels in both experimental groups compared to the control group (P < 0.001), as well as a decrease in urea concentration in the EG2 group compared to the EG1 group (P < 0.01); decrease in cholesterol levels in the experimental groups compared to the control, and between EG1 and the control group, this decrease was statistically significant (P < 0.05); and we recorded a statistically significant increase of triglycerides in the EG2 group compared to the other groups (P < 0.01). Based on the obtained results, we can evaluate the use of 1% humic acid as a feed additive as safe for feeding hares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins. One of the producers of AFB1 is Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, its rapid identification plays a key role in various sectors of the food and feed industry. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is one of the fastest and most accurate methods today. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop the rapid identification of producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus based on the entire mass spectrum. To accomplish the main goal a different confirmatory MALDI-TOF MS and TLC procedures such as direct AFB1 identification by scraping from TLC plates, A. flavus mycelium, nutrient media around A. flavus growth, and finally direct AFB1 identification from infected wheat and barley grains had to be conducted. In this experiment, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with various modifications was the main supporting technology. All confirmatory methods confirmed the presence of AFB1 in the samples of aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus and vice versa; AFB1 was not detected in the case of non-producing strains. Entire mass spectra (from 2 to 20 kDa) of aflatoxin-producing and non-producing A. flavus strains were collected, statistically analyzed and clustered. An in-depth analysis of the obtained entire mass spectra showed differences between AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus. Statistical and cluster analysis divided AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus into two monasteries. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish between AFB1 producers and non-producers by comparing the entire mass spectra using MALDI-TOF MS. Finally, we demonstrated that if there are established local AFB1-producing and non-producing strains of A. flavus, the entire mass spectrum database identification of aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains can be even faster and cheaper, without the need to identify the toxin itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to determine the antioxidant, antibacterial properties and chemical profile of the essential oil (EO) of Lavandula multifida (LM) at the flowering stage collected in northwestern Morocco. So far, information on essential oils of L. multifida remains limited. The extraction yield of the essential oil was 0.46%. The composition was determined by GC-MS-FID. Twenty compounds were identified and the major phytochemicals were carvacrol, ß-bisabolene, and careophyllene oxide (44.3%, 31.9%, and 5.8% respectively). In addition, information on the essential oil of L. multifida collected in the Rabat region is reported for the first time in this study. DPPH and FRAP tests were used to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activities were also studied. Indeed, the essential oil of L. multifida exhibited inhibition effects on the growth of various microorganisms, including S. aureus where the MIC and MBC were equal to 0.5 and 2µg/ml, respectively. Therefore, the use of Lavandula multifida essential oil shows great promise in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is one of the main disease causing big economic losses to dairy farmers. This disease is caused mainly by bacteria. Because of not efficient vaccines, there are necessary to develop new immunotherapy of vaccination strategy to reduce this disease in dairy farms. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells which are able to present antigen to lymphocytes. They are able to induce activation of T naïve lymphocytes. Dendritic cells were used for development of dendritic cell-based anti-tumor vaccines. Development of vaccines against bovine mastitis has many limitations as high number of various pathogens that are able to cause inflammation of mammary gland in cattle; absence of mucus barrier in mammary gland; reduced phagocytic efficiency because of casein and fat globules etc. To this day, it is not available vaccine against bovine mastitis with high efficiency. Development of new immunotherapy or vaccine against mastitis would be very desirable. In this mini review, we are considering possibilities for development of new dendritic cell-based vaccine against bovine mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in vitro study was aimed to assess the effects of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. essential oils (EOs) on cell viability and enzymatic antioxidative system in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeasts were cultivated with different concentrations of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (0.05 - 1.00 µl/ml) and oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) (0.05 - 0.70 µl/ml) EOs for 24 hours. For the present study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to quantify chemical composition of EOs. The main components of thyme essential oil were caryophyllene (7.94%), p-cymene (18.55%), and thymol (46.55%). In essential oil of oregano, there was found p-cymene (8.43%) and carvacrol (69.99%) mainly. The antimicrobial activity of selected EOs was investigated by the microbroth dilution method using 96 well microtiter plates. The most potent essential oil able to inhibit growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was oregano EO with the values of MIC50 0.468845 µl/ml and MIC90 0.501845 µl/ml. Also, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed. According to our results, Thymus vulgaris L. significantly increased the SOD levels at 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 to 0.9 µl/ml and GPx production at 0.05 to 0.7 µl/ml (P<0.001). In case of Origanum vulgare L., significant increase of SOD production at 0.05 - 0.2 µl/ml (P<0.001) was observed. This essential oil also elevated GPx concentration in all experimental groups (P<0.001) significantly. Data from this study suggest that selected EOs have significant effects on enzymatic antioxidants that may affect the firstline cell defense system against oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the antifungal activity of twenty–five essential oils (EOs) and the potential synergistic activity of the most effective EOs against significant indoor fungi of the genus Aspergillus [A. fumigatus (KBio–122), A. flavus (KBio–134), A. terreus (KBio–145) and A. niger (KBio–202)]. The chemical composition of all EOs was evaluated by the gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC–FID) analysis. The antifungal susceptibility of EOs was evaluated by using the broth microdilution method. The most effective EOs were selected to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) at a concentration range from 256 to 0.125 μg/mL. For the synergistic activities, the most effective EOs were tested using the chessboard pattern. The most sensitive strain to treatments with essential oils alone and in the combination of EOs was A. flavus (KBio–134). The chessboard assay showed that combinations of lemongrass and thyme EOs proved the most potent synergistic antifungal activity (FICI = 0.1875) against A. fumigatus (KBio–122). The synergy displayed by a combination of some EOs may be used to control fungal growth or increasing resistance to available synthetic antifungals, consequently permitting the reduction of their most active doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of substituting soy milk with a malted yellow corn-based beverage were evaluated. The mixture of soy milk and malted yellow corn was formulated. 100% soy milk, 0% malted yellow corn as sample A, 90% soy milk, 10% malted yellow corn as sample B, 80% soy milk, 20% malted yellow corn as sample C, 70% soy milk, 30% malted yellow corn as sample D, and 60% soy milk, 40% malted yellow corn as sample E. The blends were evaluated for proximal, functional, microbial, and sensory attributes and compared with the control made from 100% soy milk using standard methods. The proximal composition of the blend showed that the moisture content of the blended beverage ranged from (80-85.8) %, protein from (3.80-4.28) %, ash content from (1.15-1.80) %, crude fat from (1.63-2.93) %, and carbohydrate from (2.48-13.01) %. Total titratable acidity ranged from (0.030-0.65). The viscosity of the slurry beverage mixture ranged from 1.75 to 11.00. PH values ranged from 5.0 to 9.66. The microbial load ranged from (3.36x104-5.33x106). For total fungi, sample B has the highest fungal count. There is no significant difference (p<0.05) in the number of fungi in all samples. Similarly, significant differences (p<0.05) existed in the sensory scores of flavor/aroma, texture, taste, and overall acceptability, except (p<0.05) for appearance. All samples were generally acceptable in terms of sensory quality. Malted corn-based beverage replaced with soy milk could be used to alleviate hidden hunger, especially in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of bread produced from wheat, cashew nut flour and pro-vitamin –A- cassava flour blends were evaluated. Pro-vitamin -A - cassava flour and Cashew nut flour were prepared. Wheat, pro-vitamin A cassava flour and cashew nut flour were made into blends ration of 100%:0%:0% sample A, 90%:5%:5% sample B, 80%:15%:5% sample C, 85%:10%:5% Sample D and sample E, 75% 20%:5% respectively. Result analysis revealed increase in physiochemical properties as blending increased. The moisture content, Protein content, Fat content, Carbohydrate and Pro-vitamin A contents increased constantly with increase in blending. The oil absorption capacity decreased with blending. Other functional properties such as Water absorption capacity, Bulk density, swelling index, loaf height, and loaf volume increased as blends ration increases. Sensory characteristic reflected a down turn progression as blending was increased. Increase in cashew nut flour led to increase in chemical and functional quality values of the bread samples hence cheap bio functional ingredient which could also alleviate hidden hunger in rural populations with supplies of macro and micro nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice stands out as the most consumed cereal in the world because it is a source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, bioactive compounds, and unsaturated fatty acids. Based on this assumption, the objective of this work was to qualify and quantify fatty acids, in samples consisting of raw, integral, parboiled, and white rice marketed in southern Brazil (Vale do Itajaí) and the Vale do Pó region in northern Italy. The results of this work demonstrate that 95% of the total lipid content, in the respective rice typologies of both countries, is represented by palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid. These results indicate that the technological processes influence the nutritional and functional quality of the rice grain in these countries. Regarding the content of total polyphenols, the maximum average value obtained was 477 g Eq g-1 for rice from both countries and the best results for antioxidant activity, using the Photoquem® method with methanolic extract, was 3.43 μM Eq Trolox g-1 for the Italian rice samples. These results indicate that the technological processes influence the nutritional and functional quality of rice grain from these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a review of the scientific literature on the nutritional value of topinambur (Jerusalem artichoke) and its potential use in the formulation of food products. The scientific review covers the chemical, amino-acid, vitamin, mineral composition of topinambur, its pharmacological and therapeutic and prophylactic effect on the human organism. The distinctive features of topinambur are the content of more than 20% of dry substances, among which up to 80% contains a polymeric homologue of fructose - inulin. The content of pectin substances varies up to 11% of dry weight. Consumption of topinambur as a part of foodstuffs has a beneficial effect on absolutely all the chains and causes of diseases of the digestive system, cardiovascular system and liver. A number of findings about the use of topinambur roots in the process of preparation of meat, milk, confectionary and bread products are presented, its positive effect on the nutritional value and consumer properties of the final product is characterized. Utilization of Jerusalem artichoke in formulation of various food products is a good way to increase the alternative usage area of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemics are regarded as large-scale outbreaks of infectious disease that has the potential to significantly increase morbidity and mortality over a wide geographical area, which is accompanied by economic, social and political disruption. The likelihood of pandemic, especially caused by viral infectious diseases has increased over the past few years. The 21st century is just two decades old but it has already witnessed some of the deadliest viral pandemics having far-reaching consequences. These include Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (2002), Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (H1N1) (2009), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (2012) and Ebola virus (2013) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2019-present). The viruses may adopt various mechanisms to invade and hijack the cellular machinery of the host cell, followed by infection-mediated immunomodulation and progressive inflammation, which in turn, may affect the functioning of different organ systems of the body. Although effective commercial vaccines are unavailable for most of these viruses, those against SARS-CoV- 2 are being developed at an unprecedented speed with few of the vaccines already being approved for commercial distribution. Significant policy attention is required to limit the outbreak of such pandemics and to expand and sustain investment to build preparedness and health capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminoglycoside antibiotics have been used for treating serious but also routine infections in veterinary and human medicine for many years. The basic aim of this work is to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dihydrostreptomycin and neomycin in vitro on three cell cultures - BHK-21 (Syrian golden hamster kidney fibroblast), VERO (African green monkey kidney fibroblast) and FEA (feline embryonic fibroblast) cells. The morphological changes were examined by Giemsa staining. Cells were dried and visualized under fluorescence microscope. After the exposure to different experimental doses of dihydrostreptomycin (812.5-20000 µg/mL) and neomycin (1000-20000 µg/mL) during 24 h, the viability of BHK-21, FEA and VERO cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. Viability of BHK-21 cells significantly (P < 0.001) decreased after treatment with 3500; 5500 and 7500 µg/mL of dihydrostreptomycin and 9000; 10000 and 20000 µg/mL of neomycin. The FEA cell viability decreased significantly (P < 0.001; P < 0.01) at 2500 and 3000 µg/mL dihydrostreptomycin and at 3000 µg/mL of neomycin treatment. Only the highest concentration of dihydrostreptomycin (20000 µg/mL) reduced VERO cell viability significantly (P < 0.01). Based on or results we can assume the effect of different antibiotics in different concentrations on cell lines is various. Detection of antibiotic toxicity to animal cells is very important because of the increasing resistance of bacteria. One of the solutions is drug dose increasing, but only to a certain concentration, since the toxic effect over the therapeutic one will prevail, which we have also shown in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to analyze the presence or absence of common adulterants in milk and milk products from six different regions of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Purposely, 54 samples from six different regions of Faisalabad were collected. Results revealed that milk of Faisalabad's regions was adulterated with water, starch, urea, glucose, cane sugar, soap, synthetic milk and neutralizers. The results for starch, formalin, vegetable fat, artificial color, nitrates, sodium chloride, coal tar dyes, hydrogen peroxide, annatto, detergent, sulphate adulteration was found to be non-significant. The results for soap, synthetic milk, urea, sugar cane, neutralizers and glucose were significant. It was noted that R2 milk samples had more bacterial load (3.92x108 CFU/mL) followed by R1 (3.38x108 CFU/mL). Among milk products, cream samples collected from R6 had the maximum bacterial count (1.74x108 CFU/mL). The milk samples were also analyzed for the presence of added urea by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study designed to obtain, execute and test a freeze-drying protocol for the preparation and a better storage conservation of the live attenuate Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Moreau-Finlay, fundamental element for the immunotherapy against bladder carcinoma, passed successfully all trials. The new lyophilized formulation also reduces the in vivo toxicity compared to present BCG liquid preparation by means of lowering dose needed for the treatment. The second re-seeding of the Moreau Rio de Janeiro sub-strain of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (pBCG Moreau); was sub-cultured in the Sauton Synthetic Medium (SSMII), previously maintained in Seed Lot Systems and harvested during the logarithmic growth phase. Basic Bacterial Suspension (BBS) was then prepared, homogenized and stabilized by freeze-drying in vehicle A, compare to vehicle B. By means of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was realized the comparative quality control of the (BBS) preparation before and after lyophilisation procedure of the final product. A high (%) colony count measure in Ogawa medium and average survival of 50.4% (Heat stability over the time). Additional values as (0.75 - 0.95 %) were obtained for the ranks of dispersion using Zieln Nielsen and the Dubos Methods. The integrity/vitality oscillated from 67.8 to 68.5 (%) measured by oxygen consumption, the residual humidity indicators from 73 to 74 (%)[BBS] and the accepts organoleptic properties designed all aftermaths concern the in vitro assays required by World Health Organization (WHO) standards for BCG intra-Vesical final product. A freeze-dried "Onco BCG Moreau - Finlay" formulation was successfully produced and has many "in vitro and in vivo test" practical and theoretical advantages when it compared to the current liquid preparation, such as the best preserving BCG biological properties and reducing the dose of product required for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality evaluation of blends of tomato, onion and pepper powder were studied using standard methods. Blends of tomato, onion and pepper were formulated at different ratio. Sample A (TOP100/0/0), sample B (TOP 70/25/5), Sample C (TOP 70/20/10), sample D TOP70/15/15 and Sample E (TOP 70/10/20). The functional chemical and sensory properties of the sample were evaluated. Result showed decrease in moisture content from 11.70 -9.15 % as the ration of the onion and pepper varies, also wettability of the sample decreases as the ration of onion and pepper were alternated from 2.5 -2.00 g/ml but density of samples increases from 0.80-0.78g/ml, reconstitution index shows that sample A has the highest value of 8.95g/ml while sample D has the least value of 6.00g/ml, water absorption capacity of sample B has the highest oil absorption capacity value of 2.10% while sample B and E has the least oil absorption capacity of 1.61%.Vitamin C content of sample increases as the ration of onion and pepper were varied with sample E having the highest value of 16.06mg/100g while sample A has the least value of 11.25mg/100g PH of sample decreases with sample E having the highest value of 7.20 while sample A has the least value of 6.95. Sensory evaluation scores of the sample indicates that all sample were moderately liked based on appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability. Based on the functional, chemical and sensory properties sample E is preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger nut oil was extracted from (black, brown and yellow) cultivars using n-hexane. Physiochemical properties (refractive index, specific gravity, acid value, free fatty acid, peroxide, saponification and iodine values of the oil samples were determined. Storage studies on the tiger nut oils were done by monitoring changes in the thiobarbituric acid, peroxide value, free fatty acid and moisture content for twelve (12) weeks. The refractive index, specific gravity, acid value and free fatty acid value ranged between 1.46-1.47, 0.89-0.90, 0.4-1.40mg/g, and 0.20-0.75% respectively. The peroxide, saponification and iodine values ranged between 3.9 9-4.43meq/kg, 183.25-202.87mg/kOH/g and 29.69-31.74g/l2/g respectively. The major fatty acids (FAs) of the tiger nut oil were oleic (77.71%), palmitic (16.17%), and stearic (5.08%) acids for the black cultivar, oleic (64.12%), palmitic (11.86%), linoleic (11.87%) and dihum-g-linolenic (1.71%) for the brown cultivar while the yellow cultivar had oleic (68.89%), linoleic (12.77%), palmitic (13.33%) and stearic (4.46%). During storage peroxide value, free fatty acid, moisture content and thiobarbituric acid of the oil were within the maximum limits as recommended by CODEX Alimentarius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Physicochemical, Functional and Sensory Properties of Acha-tamba based Ogi Enriched with hydrolyzed Soy Peptides were investigated. The proximate value moisture content increased with percentage inclusion of acha tamba and peptides additions (10.1-11.5) % Similar trend were observed in protein values (2.15-8.02) %, Ash (3.05-3.34) %, crude, fiber (7.05-10.6) % and carbohydrate content 65.9-69.2) % which had down tail trends on acha, tamba and peptides percentage inclusions. Water absorption capacity (1.07-1.24) g/ml oil absorption capacity (1.10-1.91) g/ml and swelling index (3.06-3.50) g/ml revealed increased content with material inclusions. The chemical properties of PH (4.27-4.6), Titratable acidity (0.88-0.97) and Total soluble solids were favored with material percentage inclusion. The sensory results revealed that sample Band sample C with moderate percentage inclusion of 10% and 20 % acha, tamba and soypeptides were more acceptable by panelists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger nut flour extracted from (black, brown and yellow) cultivars using attrition milling process was investigated. Tiger nut flours labeled Ab, Bb and Cy for black, brown and yellow cultivars were produced respectively. Proximate composition, mineral elements contents, functional properties of the tiger nut flours were determined. There was significant (p<0.05) difference between the moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein and carbohydrate content of the flour samples which ranged 4.77 - 4.99%, 1.95 - 2.05%, (5.62 - 8.16%, 19.03 - 22.06%, 5.62 - 6.23%, 58.94 - 62.94% respectively. The least and the most moisture content of tiger nut were related to brown color (4.47%) and black color (4.99%) respectively. Flour crude protein value from brown Bb colored tiger nut flour 6.23% was higher than the black 6.28%. There was also significance (p<0.05) differences in the bulk density, water and oil absorption capacity and foam capacity which ranged from (0.76 - 0.79) g/ml, (1.76 - 1.79) ml/g, (1.43 - 1.79) ml/g, (4.72 - 9.9.0) % among cultivars; However, flour from brown color had better swell ability index and water absorption capacity. The flours from black color sample indicated high values in oil absorption and foaming capacities. There were no significant (p<0.05) difference in the swelling index of the flour samples which ranged between 2.22 - 2.57 g/ml. The mineral content of the tiger nut flours differed (p<0.05) significantly. Flour from black color tiger nut had excellent mineralization, Zn (2.14), Ca (93.75), P (10.14), K (121.95), Na (105.6) and Fe (4.04). This work revealed that tiger nut flour is a potential source of food ingredient for supplementation, in particular, local cereal food for all age groups and could be an excellent source of raw material for our growing functional food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the results salted, smoked vacuum package pork meat during short maturation time. Samples were as fresh meat before salting, after salting and curing (7th days), and after 28 days of maturation in vacuum package. The average fat content of the fresh semimembranosus muscle (SM) was 1.10 g.100g-1 and in the fresh longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) 5.58 g.100g-1. The SAFA content in fresh SM was 35.58 g.100g-1 FAME and similar in the LDM was 35.08 g.100g-1 FAME. The MUFA content in fresh SM was 50.18 g.100g-1 and in LDM was higher 51.29 g.100g-1 FAME. The PUFA content in fresh SM was 13.28 g.100g-1 FAME and in LDM and was 13.56 g.100g-1 FAME. The TVB-N content in fresh SM was 6.35 mg.100g-1, after 7 days of salting and curing was similar 6.61 mg.100g-1 and after 28 days maturing increased to 19.65 mg.100g-1. The TVB-N content in the fresh LDM was 7.22 mg.100g-1, after 7 days of salting 7.58 mg.100g-1 and after 28 days of maturing increase to 22.09 mg.100g-1. The content of MDA in fresh SM was 0.056 mg.kg-1 after 7 days of salting and curing was similar 0.06 mg.kg-1 and after 28 days of maturation increased to 0.11 mg.kg-1. The content of MDA in the fresh LDM was 0.046 mg.kg-1 after 7 days of salting 0.05 mg.kg-1 and after 28 days of maturation process 0.09 mg.kg-1. The acid number in the fresh SM was 0.88 mg.KOH.g-1, after 7 days of salting 2.15 mg.KOH.g-1 and after 28 days of ripening 2.26 mg.KOH.g-1. The acid number of fresh LDM was 1.13 mgKOH.g-1, after 7 days salting and curing 2.04 mgKOH.g-1 and after 28 days maturation 2.61 mgKOH.g-1. The peroxide number in the fresh SM was 0.58 mekvO2.kg-1, after 7 day salting 1.03 mekvO2.kg-1, and after 28 days maturation 2.23 mekvO2.kg-1. The peroxide number of fresh LDM was 0.59 mekvO2.kg-1, after 7 days salting 0.98 mekvO2.kg-1, and after 28 days maturation 5.31 mekvO2.kg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of pretreatments on the phytochemical properties of Balanites aeqyptiaca seed meal were investigated. Balanites aegyptiaca, belongs to the family Balaniteceae, that grows in tropical zones and is employed as animal forage. Its leaves are cooked and the seeds contains high quality oil and protein content. In this experiment, Balanites aeqyptiaca seeds were subjected to three treatments: First was toasting just before milling, oil extraction and finally meal cake production. Second was boiling, drying, toasting, milling, oil extracting and finally meal cake production. The third one was soaking overnight at ambient temperature, toasting, oil extraction and ultimately production of meal cake. In addition, raw seeds were marked as control. The main constituents were reported as 13.3-24.01% for water, 14.4-24% for lipid, 1.43-4.02% for crude fiber, 7.36-8.97% for moisture content and 43.79-52.50% for carbohydrates. Further experiments also were performed to evaluate photo-chemicals like saponnins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins in pretreated samples. These compounds were ranged between 5.81-8.63 mg/g in saponnins, 0.65-1.42 mg/g in alkaloids, 9.28-11.17 mg/g in flavonoids, 2.00-4.00 mg/g in phenols and 0.00-2.40 mg/g in tannins. To characterize deeply the pre-treated samples, some of the functional properties like bulk density, least gelation capacity, oil and water absorption were also examined. The results indicated that foaming capacity ranged between 16.06-67.3%, bulk density value ranged from 60-75 g/ml, Least gelation capacity was 11.03-12.74 g/ml, oil absorption and water absorption capacity values ranged between 0.00-0.01g/ml and 0.08-0.26g/ml respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barley is a widely used foodstuff and it is the most important component in malting and brewing. Purity of barley grains in malting and brewing is important in relation to technological processing. Therefore, an effective analysis of barley purity has high priority. The aim of this study was the discrimination of barley varieties using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Eight barley varieties, Kangoo, Laudis, Malz, Marthe, Odyssey, Overture, Sebastian and Wintmalt were investigated. Several protein extraction methods, barley samples preparation for MALDI-TOF MS, reproducibility, influence of time on the hordein quality spectrum and groups of hordeins mass spectrum suitable for barley discrimination were tested. The results showed that removal of albumins and globulins does not affect the resulting hordein spectrum, but time decreases the hordein spectrum intensity. Preparation of barley samples has the highest priority. The most important factor is the selection of the right matrix and its use. B hordeins should be used for the discrimination of Barley varieties. Local Barley database based on B hordeins can be created but the protein spectra must be obtained with the highest purity and the highest reproducibility. The right set up of MALDI Biotyper software can lead to local Barley database establishment. Also, Barley’s B hordeins were used for the creation of a relatedness dendrogram. These obtained results showed that MALDI-TOF MS is a very usefull and powefull method for Barley varieties discrimination with a high reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between trace metals, serum biochemical parameters, and oxidative status markers were observed. Freshwater fish Cyprinuscarpio blood samples (n = 38) were collected at the beginning of May (n = 19) and at the end of July (n = 19) of 2015. The concentrations of metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) were analyzed in blood serum samples of fishes by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Hg was determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). The general scheme of descending concentrations of metals in blood serum samples was as follows: Zn > Fe > Cu > Sr > Cr > Ni > Mn > Pb > Se > As > Cd > Hg. Zn was the most accumulated element (4.42-119.64 mg/L) in both seasons. Overall, the trace element content was higher in spring season, except Hg, Ni, Se, and Sr. The seasonal effect was confirmed for Mn, Zn, Mg, Glu, AST, and Chol levels and for most oxidative status markers. The gender effect was confirmed for Sr, GPx, PC, Chol, and CK concentrations. Trace metals (especially Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn, As) significantly affected some blood serum chemistry parameters. The correlation analysis between oxidative status markers (ROS, TAC, MDA, SOD, GSH, UA, BHB, and Alb) and trace metal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Sr, Hg, Pb, Fe, Mn) content confirmed statistically significant interactions in both seasons. Obtained results indicate specific actions of trace metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study was using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for assembling of DSM (German Collection of Microorganisms) Streptomyces spectral database and identification of wild Streptomyces cultures, which were clustered by MALDI-TOF Biotyper OC software as well as for teracycline detection by observing of obtained spectra using flexAnalysis software. Production of tetracycline was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography. Presence of tetracycline mass spectrum was verified by several tetracycline producers (Streptomyces aureofaciens LMG 5968, S. aureofaciens 84/25, and S. aureofaciens BMK) and by pure tetracycline mass. Our results showed that it is possible to use MALDI-TOF MS for identification of tetracycline producers within Streptomyces genera by several easy steps. The purpose of this study was to establish cheap and quick detection of tetracycline producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of selected essential oils thyme chemotype linalool (Thymus zygis L.), thyme chemotype tymol (Thymus vulgaris L.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), mint (Mentha piperita L.), almond (Prunbus dulcis Mill.), cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees), litsea (Litsea cubeba Lour. Pers), lemongrass (Cympogon citrati L. Stapf), and ginger (Zingiber officinalis Rosc.) in the vapor phase on growth, sporulation, and mycotoxins production of two Aspergillus strains (Aspergillus parasiticus CGC34 and Aspergillus ochraceus CGC87), important postharvest pathogens of green and roasted coffee beans. Moreover, the effect of the essential oils (EOs) on the sensory profile of the coffee samples treated with EOs was evaluated. The major components of tested EOs were determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results showed that almond, cinnamon bark, lemongrass, and litsea EOs are able to significantly inhibit the growth, sporulation, and mycotoxins production by toxigenic fungi. Sensory evaluation of coffee beans treated with EOs before and after roasting showed that some EOs (except lemongrass and litsea) do not adversely affect the taste and aroma of coffee beverages. Thus, application of the vapors of almond and cinnamon EOs appears to be an effective way that could serve to protect coffee during its transport and storage from toxigenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen and antibiotic-related diarrhea in health-care facilities. Over the last few years, there was an increase in the incidence rate of C. difficile infection cases in Slovakia. In this study, the phenotypic (toxigenicity, antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic (PCR ribotypes, genes for binary toxins) patterns of C. difficile isolates from patients with CDI were analyzed, from July to August 2016, taken from hospitals in the Horne Povazie region of northern Slovakia. The aim of the study was also to identify hypervirulent strains (e.g., the presence of RT027 or RT176). Methods: The retrospective analysis of biological samples suspected of CDI were analyzed by GDH, anaerobic culture, enzyme immunoassay on toxins A/B, multiplex "real-time" PCR and PCR capillary-based electrophoresis ribotyping, and by MALDI TOF MS. Results: C. difficile isolates (n = 44) were identified by PCR ribotyping, which revealed five different ribotypes (RT001, 011, 017, 081, 176). The presence of hypervirulent RT027 was not identified. The C. difficile isolates (RT001, 011, 081, 176) were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. One isolate RT017 had reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. A statistically significant difference between the most prevalent PCR ribotypes, RT001 and RT176, regarding variables such as albumin, CRP, creatinine, the length of hospitalization (p = 0.175), and glomerular filtration (p = 0.05) was not found. Conclusion: The results of PCR capillary-based electrophoresis ribotyping in the studied samples showed a high prevalence of RT176 and 001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male subfertility is a global issue in human reproduction as well as in animal reproduction. Bacterial infection and semen contamination are still widely overlooked. As the collection of ejaculates is not a sterile process, it is necessary to add antimicrobial agents to avoid a possible depreciation of semen samples. As traditionally used antibiotics have been questioned because of an ever-increasing bacterial resistance, natural bioactive molecules could offer an alternative because of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As such, we decided to compare the effects of selected natural biomolecules (resveratrol-RES, quercetin-QUE and curcumin-CUR) with routinely used antibiotics in animal biotechnologies (penicillin-PEN, gentamicin-GEN and kanamycin-KAN) on the rabbit sperm vitality in the presence of Enterococcus faecalis. Changes in the sperm structural integrity and functional activity were monitored at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) was used for the assessment of spermatozoa motility. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated using chemiluminiscence, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was examined using the JC-1 dye. Finally, the sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was used to assess DNA fragmentation, and changes to the membrane integrity were evaluated with the help of annexin V/propidium iodide. The motility assessment revealed a significant sperm motility preservation following treatment with GEN (p < 0.001), followed by PEN and CUR (p < 0.01). QUE was the most capable substance to scavenge excessive ROS (p < 0.001) and to maintain ΔΨm (p < 0.01). The SCD assay revealed that the presence of bacteria and antibiotics significantly (p < 0.05) increased the DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, all bioactive compounds readily preserved the DNA integrity (p < 0.05). In contrast to the antibiotics, the natural biomolecules significantly maintained the sperm membrane integrity (p < 0.05). The microbiological analysis showed that GEN (p < 0.001), KAN (p < 0.001), PEN (p < 0.01) and CUR (p < 0.01) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. In conclusion, all selected biomolecules provided protection to rabbit spermatozoa against deleterious changes to their structure and function as a result of Enterococcus faecalis contamination. Therefore, administration of RES, QUE and/or CUR to rabbit semen extenders in combination with a carefully selected antibacterial substance may be desirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]