Search

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is considered the basis of serious clinical symptoms, especially for low back pain (LBP). Therefore, it is essential to explore the regulatory role and diagnostic performance of dysregulated genes and potential drugs in IDD. Through WGCNA co-expression analysis, 36 co-expression modules were obtained. Among them, MidnightBlue and Red modules were the most related to IDD. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the Red module was mainly related to neutrophil activation and regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway and apoptosis, whereas the MidnightBlue module was mainly related to extracellular matrix organization, bone development, extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix component, and other extracellular matrices. Furthermore, 356 genes highly related to the module were screened to construct a protein interaction network. Network degree distribution analysis showed that the known IDD-related genes had a higher degree of distribution. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that these genes were enriched in MAPK_SIGNALING_PATHWAY (FDR = 0.012), CHEMOKINE_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, and some other pathways. By constructing a disease-gene interaction network, three disease-specific genes were finally identified. Through combining with the drug-target gene interaction network, two potential therapeutic drugs, entrectinib and larotrectinib, were determined. Finally, based on these genes, the diagnostic model in the training dataset, test dataset, and verification dataset all showed a high diagnostic performance. The findings of this study contributed to the diagnosis of IDD and personalized treatment of IDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Co, Ni together with W addition on the precipitation sequence, amount, and composition of carbides and FCC matrix in Fe–C–V–Cr–Mo based alloys are investigated with the help of Partial Equilibrium (PE) approximation and thermodynamic calculations as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) ‐ energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analyses. Results show that, individually, Co and Ni elements strengthen the matrix by their great solubility in FCC matrix; W element enlarges the hardness of the alloy through benefiting the formation of M6C carbide. Mutually, the addition of Co and Ni together with W increases the precipitation temperature of the eutectic carbides, although the addition of Co and Ni itself exerts little influence on the nature (type, amount, and composition) of the carbides. These predictions combined with the experimental verifications provide potentials for the alloy design and the property control in high speed steels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift of the Kirkendall marker at the interface of Cu–Ni diffusion couples was examined under the influence of high magnetic fields up to 12 T. The shift distance of the marker increased remarkably with increasing magnetic flux density (B) in the case of the direction of diffusion parallel to B. However, if the direction of the magnetic field was perpendicular to that of diffusion, there was a negligible effect of the magnetic field on diffusion behavior. A calculation of intrinsic diffusivities of both components showed that the interdiffusion rates (∥B) are increased by high magnetic fields. These effects can be attributed to an increase in the chemical potential gradient induced by magnetic free energy in a high magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of high magnetic field annealing on the morphology, microstructure, and properties of pulsed-electrodeposited Co-Ni-P films was investigated. The as-deposited film with a rough surface changed into uniform nanocrystalline during the magnetic field annealing process. In particular, the formation of intestine-like appearance with spherical clusters vanishing is favored from a moderate magnetic field strength of 6 T, due to the polarized effects. Meantime, the diffraction peak (111) of α (fcc) phase shifts to the right direction, which is attributed to the fact that more Co atoms from phosphide phase are incorporated into the Ni lattice, in comparison with the case of annealing under 0 T and 12 T magnetic fields. The mechanical and magnetic properties of the films reach relative optimum values at B=6 T. The evolution of magneto-induced modification in the Co-Ni-P morphology, structure, and properties can be explained by the polarized effect and the diffusion-acceleration effect under a high magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of Ag atomic segregation from the inner (100) or (111) planes on the melting of Ag-Pd clusters with different sizes by a molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that Ag segregation leads to the atomic energy decreases with increasing the temperature. Furthermore, the effect of the (100) segregation is larger than that of the (111) segregation. Meanwhile, the influence of segregation on the energy decreases with increasing the cluster size. The melting points of the clusters without segregation are the largest, followed by the clusters with a (111) and (100) segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preceding work, the inclusion behavior in a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and mold induced by using a swirl flow has been investigated. The results showed that a swirl flow can effectively promote the inclusions removal to the meniscus as well as reduce the inclusions entrapment at the solidified shell wall. Moreover, that the swirl flow was generated by using a full type electromagnetic swirl flow generator (EMSFG). In the present work, a kind of a half type EMSFG was investigated, since it is easier to implement in a production scale. The influence of the stirrer on the fluid flow, heat transfer, and inclusion behavior in the SEN and mold was studied. Furthermore, a comparison between these two types of EMSFG from the aspects of flow field, temperature field, and inclusion behavior was done. In addition, the effect of different magnetomotive forces, inclusion sizes, densities as well as boundary conditions on the inclusion behavior was studied. The results show that the effect of a half type EMSFG (88000 AT) on the molten steel is very close to a full type case (44000 AT). More specifically, the flow pattern, temperature distribution as well as inclusion behavior in the SEN and mold look very similar. Also, it was found that from the viewpoints of the inclusions separation to the mold meniscus and the inclusions trapping at the solidified shell wall, better results could be obtained for a 'Trap' boundary condition when using half type EMSFGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of silicide formation on the surface structure and magnetic properties of Co thin films on Si (100) were investigated. Annealing temperature significantly changed the formation of silicide. CoSi phase was formed during annealing at 600 °C and 700 °C. CoSi2 phase was formed during annealing at 800 °C. The anisotropy of Co/Si (100) films changed due to the formation of silicide. In addition, both the particle size and the surface roughness increased with the increase of annealing temperature, which led to the increase of coercivity up to 700 °C. However, the better crystallinity HC decreased at 800 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of bcc and fcc during the coalescence of free and supported Fe and Ni clusters has been studied by molecular dynamics simulation using an embedded atom method. Structural evolution of the clusters, coalesced under varying temperature, Ni content and substrate conditions, was explored by interatomic energy, snapshots, pair distribution functions and bond order parameters. The results show that the formation of bcc and fcc is strongly related to Ni content, substrate and coalescence temperature. Free clusters coalesced at 1200 K form bcc at lower Ni contents with fcc forming at higher Ni concentrations and no observable coexistence of bcc and fcc. Differences in coalescence at 1000 K result from the coexistence of bcc and fcc within the Ni range of 50–70%. Free clusters supported on disordered Ni substrates were shown to transform from spherical morphology to islands of supported clusters with preferred epitaxial orientation. The Ni content required to form bcc and fcc coexistence on supported clusters at 1000 K decreased to 30–50% Ni. Free clusters possessing bcc and fcc generally stacked along the bcc (110) and fcc (111) facets, whereas supported clusters stacked along the (111) bcc and (100) fcc planes. Structural transformation was induced by clusters containing greater numbers of atoms. Spread over the substrate enhanced interatomic energy, order substrates affect the epitaxial growth direction and increase the melting points of the supported clusters. This study can be used to predict the nature of fcc and bcc formation in Fe–Ni films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several samples of Zn-Sb alloys, composed with β-ZnSb and Zn phases, were prepared by solidification under high magnetic fields (HMFs). The microstructure evolution and thermoelectric (TE) properties of the alloys were then investigated. Zn phase precipitated as strip and presented reticulation structure in the samples without HMFs. When the HMFs were imposed, Zn became disperse and the strip of Zn became thinner and shorter. In addition, the c-axis of Zn crystals showed a tendency to orientate toward the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. The samples prepared under HMFs had higher resistivity and Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivity. When compared to the solidified samples without HMFs, the application of 8.8 T of HMF increased the maximum figure of merit 3.7 times. In addition, the relationship between microstructure and TE properties was also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanocrystalline FeNi thin films were prepared by molecular-beam-vapor deposition under different magnetic flux densities. The microstructure and magnetic properties of thin films were examined by AFM, TEM, HRTEM and VSM. The results show that with the increase of magnetic flux densities, the changing trend of the average particle size is the same as the coercive force except 6 T. Under 6 T condition, the thin film became the mixture of bcc and fcc phases, which leads to slight increase of the coercive force. In addition, the HRTEM result shows the short-range ordered clusters (embryos) or nucleation rate of thin films increase with increasing magnetic flux densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the placement of an electromagnetic swirl flow generator (EMSFG) around a submerged entry nozzle (SEN) was proposed as a method for generating a rotating electromagnetic field in a continuous casting (CC) process of steel. First, two kinds of a full type EMSFG and a half type EMSFG were designed based on mathematical modeling. Then, distributions of magnetic flux intensity in an EMSFG as well as distributions of Lorentz force in molten steel were simulated. It was found that the EMSFG structure and electromagnetic parameters have an important effect on magnetic flux intensity and Lorentz force distributions. For both a full type and a half type EMSFG, the magnetic flux intensity and Lorentz force increases as the magnetomotive force increases. Especially, for a full type EMSFG, the magnetic flux intensity is distributed evenly in molten steel. Moreover, the Lorentz force increases along a radial direction in the molten steel in the SEN. However, for a half type EMSFG, the magnetic flux intensity and Lorentz force decreases gradually towards the region without an EMSFG. Consequently, a full type EMSFG with a 44 000 AT magnetomotive force and a 50 Hz frequency is more suitable to apply in the operation of an EMSFG under actual production conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of a high magnetic field on the structural evolution and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline films prepared on quartz substrates by a molecular beam vapor deposition (MBVD) method. Atomic force microscope, X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope and vibrating sample magnetometer were used to study the microstructures and magnetic properties of the films. The results indicate that high magnetic field has no obvious influence on crystal structures except changing the lattice constant of the films. However, the high magnetic field can refine particle size. The film deposited under magnetic field tends to grow through columnar mode because of the magnetized particles aligning along the direction of magnetic field. Furthermore, the ordered and dense arrangement of atoms results in more spins contained in per unit volume and improves the saturation magnetization (Ms). Ms of the 6 T film increases by 70% (578 emu/cm3) than that of the film without magnetic field (341 emu/cm3), and the coercivity is also slightly increased for the 6 T film. Nanocrystalline magnetic Ni films were prepared under high magnetic field. It is found that a high magnetic field changes the growth mode and increases the saturation magnetization of Ni film. The high magnetic field also improves the ordered and dense arrangement of Ni atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of static magnetic field of 4 T on electroless Ni-P deposition process and post-annealing was investigated in this study. The results from differential scanning calorimeter have shown that the imposed high magnetic field during electroless deposition had a further beneficial effect on defects migration and annihilation after Ni-P alloys heated at around 250 °C. Furthermore, it is found that some metastable phases were presented after magnetic annealing at 300 °C (below crystallization temperature), and the hardness of magnetic-annealed Ni-P alloys was greater than that of conventionally annealed Ni-P alloys. The morphology of the Ni-P alloys was characterized by scanning electron microscope, and shows typical spherical nodular structure for the as-deposited Ni-P alloys. The boundaries of these spherical nodular crystals blurred after annealing; however, the boundaries were apparently observed after magnetic annealing at 300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the melting of Ag-Pd bimetallic clusters with different Ag concentrations and atomic distributions by using molecular dynamics simulation with a general embedded-atom method. The melting of a cluster with 45 % Ag atoms distributing in the core was compared with that of 45 %, 15 % Ag on the surface and 15 % Ag in the core. It is found that the energy variation with the increasing temperature is strongly related to the Ag atomic segregation, due to the reason that there is a competition between the decreased energy induced by the atomic segregation and the increased energy as the temperature increases. The melting of the Ag-core clusters with different Ag concentrations from 5 to 55 % Ag was further explored. It is found that the irregular variation of energy occurred that the atomic energy increases, keeps unchanged or decreases with the increase of the temperature. Furthermore, the irregular phenomena of the melting were induced by the Ag concentrations. This gives a new method to tune the melting in bimetallic clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of an 11.5 T high magnetic field on the growth behavior of compounds layers during reactive diffusion in solid Al/solid Mg diffusion couples have been investigated. After annealing with and without a magnetic field, the interfacial zone was still composed of two layers of stable compounds β (MgAl) and γ (MgAl), but the thicknesses of the layers were increased by the magnetic field. Data analysis of the thicknesses of compound layers showed that the growth of the γ layer was controlled by grain boundary diffusion as well as volume diffusion at B=0 T, but only controlled by volume diffusion when an 11.5 T high magnetic field was applied. The interdiffusion coefficients for the samples annealed at 643-693 K were calculated from the parabolic relationship between the migration of the interface and the annealing time. The results show that the diffusion constant increased due to the high magnetic field, increasing the chemical potential gradient, and in turn it caused the interdiffusion coefficient to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of the reactive diffusion at the liquid Al/solid Cu interface was investigated at T = 973 K, 1023 K, and 1073 K in a high magnetic field of 11.5 T. During the annealing process, three stable compounds (δ, ξ2, and η2) layers were formed at the interface of the couples, and a power function relationship between the mean thickness of the diffusion layers and the annealing time kept stable. Without magnetic field, the exponent of the power function for each compound layer was higher than 0.5, but it was close to or even smaller than 0.5 with a magnetic field. Compared with the field-free environment, the migration of the liquid/solid interface due to interdiffusion decreased in the presence of a magnetic field. A considerable decrease in the effective diffusion coefficient under a magnetic field provided a likely explanation for the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The size segregation of sintering materials in a chute flow is utilized to prepare well-bedded feedstock for sintering quality improving, and magnets are installed below the chute to enhance size segregation. By the braking role of magnetic force, the particles of different sizes which poured down to sloping chute are separated:the coarse particles drop to the far-side of the sloping chute and the fine particles drop near the sloping chute. As the sintering pallet is continuously moving, the coarse particles are distributed into the lower portions and the fine particles are aggregated on the top of the layer..By using the non-contacting magnetic force,the technique of magnetic segregation feeding overcomes a series of defects such as adhering and wearing in the existing segregation feeding devices. and the device is characterized by simple structure, easy operation, no need of energy,and safety, etc. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations are carried out to explore the optimal arrangement of the magnets.The simulations show that proper magnetic field can significantly enhance the segregation,and the simulation results are in good agreement with the experiments and industrial systems designed with consultation to the results.Depend on those,the technique of magnetic segregation feeding have been developed and applied in the three sintering line of Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd..The results of industrial application show that the distributions of particles, carbon and FeO in sintering layer have been remarkably improved. In guaranteeing to the quality of sintering ore materials, the productivity of sintering strand raised 2.1% and the fuel ratio decreased 1.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mechanical analysis is done to find the evolution of the interface profile between binary immiscible fluids induced by a three-dimensional orthogonal magnetic field gradient. In the experiments, the changes of the interface profile between four groups of binary immiscible fluids are investigated under the same horizontal magnetic field gradients. The binary immiscible fluids are made of benzene and other liquids, like CuSO, Fecl, FeSO or Cucl aqueous solutions. In addition, the interface profile between the benzene and CuSO aqueous solution is examined under different horizontal magnetic field gradients. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. This study explains the enhanced Moses effect from a mechanics standpoint. Furthermore, a new method for susceptibility measurement is proposed based on this enhanced Moses effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics simulation with the embedded atom method was applied to study the melting and coalescence in the mixed Cu-Ni nanoclusters. The validity of the model was tested by examining the consistency of the phase diagrams of the (CuNi) and (CuNi) clusters with the Cu-Ni bulk. The coalescences of two mixed Cu-Ni clusters and a pure Cu cluster with a pure Ni cluster were simulated. The coalesced temperature T forming a liquid complex and melting temperature T of the cluster with the same size were compared. The results indicate that T is higher than T for the coalescences of both (CuNi) and (CuNi) clusters. The analysis of the relationship between the Cu-Ni bond content and T indicates that the formation of the Cu-Ni bonds contributes a lot to the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of a magnetic force on creating an aligned two-phase microstructure in a Fe-0.25wt%C alloy under magnetic field gradients has been investigated. Through the changes in the heating temperature, both dipolar interactions and magnetic forces work together during the austenite to ferrite transformation. The results showed that the aligned two-phase microstructure is not observed under the influence of the magnetic force alone. The ferrite grains are elongated due to dipole interactions at the early stages of their nucleation and growth and then the magnetic force turns the elongated ferrite grains, whose major axis is not parallel to the direction of magnetic force, to the direction of the field in the presence of magnetic field gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn-90.8 wt%Sb alloys were solidified without and with high magnetic fields to investigate the effects of high magnetic fields on the structure evolution of the alloys. It was found that there were only MnSb/Sb eutectics without any primary phase in the alloy at 0 T, whereas a small amount of primary MnSb dendrites appeared in the MnSb/Sb eutectic matrix when the magnetic flux density was 4.4 T. In magnetic fields of 6.6, 8.8, and 11.5 T, both of two primary phases, i.e., MnSb and Sb, occurred in the matrix. In addition, the volume fraction of these two primary phases increased with increasing magnetic flux density. In magnetic fields of 8.8 and 11.5 T, primary MnSb dendrites aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction and gathered at the edge of the specimens. In contrast, primary Sb dendrites gathered in the center region of the specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with the investigation of the structural evolution occurring during isothermal annealing of an Mn-89.7 wt%Sb alloy in a high magnetic field in the semisolid state. The alloy specimens were isothermally annealed without and with an 11.5-T magnetic field for various annealing times. With the application of the magnetic field, the average characteristic radius of the primary MnSb particles increased with increasing annealing time. The primary MnSb particles were oriented with their c-plane parallel to the imposed field direction. Furthermore, the primary MnSb particles were found to align along the field direction and form chainlike structures eventually. These phenomena were attributed to the attraction and coalescence of the particles induced by the dipole–dipole interactions among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Ni hypereutectic alloys with various compositions were solidified under various magnetic field conditions to investigate the alignment of primary Al3Ni phases. The results showed that the application of high magnetic fields could improve the homogeneity of the primary Al3Ni phase distribution and induce the alignment of primary Al3Ni phases in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field direction to form chain-like structures. However, the alignment was different from the orientation of the Al3Ni phases. Furthermore, the degree of the alignment decreased with the increasing concentration of Ni element. This can be attributed to the combination effects of high magnetic field and alloy composition on the concentration field around the crystallized primary Al3Ni crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mn-90.4wt% Sb alloy specimens were solidified under both uniform magnetic field and magnetic field gradient conditions. The solidification behavior was examined to elucidate the effects of high magnetic fields on the solidified structure evolution of this hypoeutectic alloy. The macrostructures on the longitudinal section of the alloys were investigated by optical microscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were measured by metallographic analysis. It was found that the segregation of the primary MnSb particles at the certain regions of the specimens occurred under the influence of high magnetic field gradients. The MnSb phases obtained under magnetic fields were oriented with their (h0 l) planes along the direction of the magnetic field. Both the volume fraction of primary MnSb phases and the interrod spacing of the eutectic were decreased upon the application of the high magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using five well-replicated Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) tree-ring width index series, monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of grassland, and climatic data from 1982 to 2001, the relationships between tree-ring width index, NDVI of grassland, and climatic data were analyzed firstly. Then, the relationship between tree-ring width index and NDVI of grassland was explored. The results showed that: (1) Temperature and precipitation in June influenced tree-ring width index and NDVI of grassland deeply in Delingha. (2) There were significant relationships between five tree-ring width index series (DLH1-DLH5) and monthly NDVI of grassland from June to September, with the most significant relationship being between tree-ring width index series and NDVI of grassland in August. (3) The PC1 (the first principal component derived from DLH1-DLH5 series) exhibited good agreement with monthly NDVI of grassland in the grass growth season (from June to September) and the averaged NDVI in the growth season, which was attributed to their common responses to water-supply limit in Delingha. This study may allow an increase in studying the past dynamics of grassland in Delingha in that the variation of grassland NDVI during the last millennium has been reconstructed from PC1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical analysis for momentum and heat transfer characteristics in a steady narrow axisymmetric laminar jet is made based on the assumption of boundary layer. The types of potential flows necessary for having the similar solutions to boundary layer equations are determined and the analytical solutions are presented for both momentum and energy boundary layer equations. Some transport properties of the jets are investigated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical power law non-Newtonian fluids energy boundary layer equation is proved improper to describe the self-similar heat transfer. A theoretical analysis for momentum and energy boundary layer transfer behavior is made and the full similarity heat boundary layer equation is developed, which may be characterized by a power law relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient with the Falkner-Skan equation as a special case. Both analytical and numerical solutions are presented for momentum and energy boundary layer equations by using the similarity transformation and shooting technique and the associated transfer characteristics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical and numerical solutions are established for momentum and energy laminar boundary layer induced by a shock wave. The results indicated that skin friction σ decreases with increasing in velocity ratio ξ (1≤ξ<6). For each specified ξ (1≤ξ <6), temperature w( t) increases with increasing of T w but decreases with T e, and for a range of t ε [1, ξ], w( t) decreases with the increasing of t. Thermal diffusion increases with increasing of u w but decreases with increasing u e. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior for a class of initial, boundary value problems of generalized diffusion equations was studied utilizing the similarity transformation and shooting technique. Numerical solutions are presented for k(s)=s M, exponent M=1.0 to 5.0, and power law parameter N ( N=0.3 to 3.0). The results shown that for each fixed M, the temperature distribution θ decreases with increasing in power law parameter N, and for each fixed N, the temperature distribution θ increases with the decreasing of M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Mn–Sb alloy was isothermally annealed in a semisolid state without and with a high magnetic field. The effect of the high magnetic field on the evolution of the crystal orientation of ferromagnetic Mn–Sb particles during their coarsening process was investigated. The effect of the high magnetic field on the magnetic property of the treated alloys was studied. With the application of the high magnetic field, the Mn–Sb particles were orientated with their \boldsymbol c -axes perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The orientation degree of the particles increased with increasing annealing time. The magnetic field-treated alloys showed a magnetically anisotropic behavior. A processing route for producing magnetic particle-reinforced compounds is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance comparisons are composed of two parts: the first part contains the systematically investigation of six difference schemes including CDS, FUDS, HDS, PLDS, SUDS and QUICK for convection terms in numerical fluid flow and heat transfer based on the finite volume method using staggered and Rhie-Chow’s momentum interpolation collocated grids, the second part contains the comparative computations being conducted on Rhie-Chow’s momentum interpolation collocated grid and Thiart’s finite difference scheme based nonstaggered grid. Three 3-D cases that have analytical or benchmark solutions are adopted. For the first part, the results of computations indicate that, all the six schemes have the same numerical accuracy when the diffusion term is predominant. With the increase of convection, the FUDS, HDS and PLDS almost have the same accuracy in two of those grid systems, while the SUDS and QUICK have higher accuracy than the former. The accuracy of CDS is something in between. For the same under-relaxation factors and convergence criterion, the convergence rate of each scheme on those two grid systems are nearly equal with that on the staggered grid being a little bit faster. For QUICK and CDS, smooth, non-oscillating solutions can be obtained even when local Peclet number may be as large as 31.2–31.3. For the second part, it is concluded that simplified collocated grid system is preferable from numerical accuracy, grid Peclet number limit, sensitivity to the under-relaxation factor and the freedom in choosing finite difference scheme for convection term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-15 vol. % Fe composites produced by cold deformation were annealed at various temperatures for 1 h. The electrical resistivity, tensile strength, and microstructure were investigated by four-probe technique, electronic universal testing machine, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The Fe solubility in Cu-matrix was estimated from the saturation magnetization of the composites. The results reveal that the resistivity of impurity scattering ρimp is the main contributor to the resistivity of the Cu-Fe composites if the phonon and dislocation scattering contributions to the electrical resistivity are considered to be constants. At annealing temperatures below 500 °C, an increase of filament spacing and reduction of interface area in unit volume result in a marginal decrease of the resistivity with temperatures. Above 500 °C, the Fe solubility in Cu-matrix rapidly increases with temperature, which directly causes the increase of composites resistivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of a high magnetic field on the magnetostriction of TbFe2-based alloy during a semi-solid state process. With the application of a high magnetic field, magnetostrictions under free and compressive prestress conditions remarkably increased. Obvious magnetically anisotropic behavior of the TbFe2-based alloy was observed. A high <111> orientation of TbFe2 phase along the magnetic-field direction was produced. The increase in magnetostriction and the magnetically anisotropic behavior were attributed to the <111> orientation of TbFe2 phase during the treatment in the semi-solid state induced by the magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]