Search

The practices of response, which are considered an important part of Public Speaking at the second year of the undergraduate program of the Rhetoric Section at University of Copenhagen, are based on a close dialogue between written and oral rhetoric. This essay unveils how research on revision techniques in Composition has helped establish a response culture of both oral and written utterances that is carefully prepared already at the first year including receiving as well as giving feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Environmental assessment of residue disposal needs to account for long-term changes in leaching conditions. Leaching of heavy metals from incineration residues are highly affected by the leachate pH; the overall environmental consequences of disposing of these residues are therefore greatly influenced by changes in pH over time. The paper presents an approach for assessing pH changes in leachate from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) air-pollution-control (APC) residues. Residue samples were subjected to a stepwise batch extraction method in order to obtain residue samples at a range of pH values (similar to common pH-dependence tests), and then on these samples to determine leaching of alkalinity as well as remaining solid phase alkalinity. On a range of APC residues covering various pretreatment and disposal options, this procedure was used to determine leachable and residual alkalinity as a function of pH. Mass balance calculations for typical disposal scenarios were used to provide data on pH as a function of the liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio in the leaching system. Regardless of residue type and pretreatment, pH was found to stay above 7 for L/S ratios up to about 2000 L kg-1 corresponding to about 100 000 years in typical landfill scenarios. It was found that pH changes were mainly governed by alkalinity decreases from leaching processes rather than neutralization reactions. The results suggest that leaching testing for assessment purposes should be carried out in the alkaline range, for example, at pH 9. The paper offers a thorough basis for further modelling of incineration residue leaching and for modelling the environmental consequences of landfilling and utilization of these residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents guiding principles teachers can utilize in their own planning and student training for effective peer response. As the principles illustrate, teacher planning and student training are ongoing processes that must be addressed before, during, and after peer response, although the majority should be carried out before peer response commences. Planning and training encompass students' responding to and revising their papers based on peers' comments. The principles are listed chronologically,from before to during and after peer response, and for each, concrete and practical suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the acquisition of English syllable codas by two native speakers of Vietnamese. Data were collected at three intervals over 1 year. Results indicate that a developmental sequence may exist and that this sequence may not be linear, with some longer (i.e., two and three member) codas emerging before some singleton codas. Furthermore, it was found that production type (e.g., with epenthesis or feature change) differed significantly by coda type and was indicative of acquisition processes. Finally, linguistic environment (preceding and following) and grammatical conditioning were found to significantly affect coda production and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic progression from orality to literacy is embodied in the notation of the prologues to the first court operas. This transition is influenced by the proliferation of printed scores at the beginning of the 17th century and has profound rhetorical consequences for vocal performance. In the first prologues, where the written arie are formulaic, the singer is the creator and authority; s/he controls the musical performance and makes the connection between words and music by means of variation, ornamentation, and improvisation as part of a persuasive dialogue with listeners. In the later prologues, however, the composer rather than the singer is in control of the discourse. Because of a new and more elaborate way of writing out the prologues, where all stanzas are set to music, the singer is now turned into an interpreter of the composer's rhetorical realization of the words, a realization fixed in the score by musical notation and capable of being brought to life in performance. The prologue can profitably be discussed as a genre in the context of the oral tradition of the later Renaissance, and is illuminated by a number of 16th- and 17th-century Italian sources dealing with lyric poetry, linguistic theory, vocal performance, sound, and listening. In this regard, the edition of Jacopo peri's Euridice by Howard Mayer Brown (1981) is open to criticism, because all stanzas of the prologue are written out, which is not in accordance with Peri's original score (Florence, 1600). The editorial realization of the strophes, therefore, seems to run contrary to the principles of orality according to which the prologue was originally composed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluates care plans documented in two different ways, using controlled and randomised studies of consecutive acutely admitted medical patients. Within 24 hours after admission, a care plan was made for the hospital stay, specifying active problems, a plan of action and a time-schedule. In study 1, patients had care plans written directly into their medical records during the intervention period, while the normal admittance procedure was followed in the control period. In study 2, all patients had a care plan made on a planning form and in the medical record. Patients were randomised either to have the form stay in the medical record or to have it removed. Study 1 results showed that care plans were associated with earlier recognition of patients' active problems, whereas the tendency to initiate solutions to active problems earlier was insignificant. Length of stay (LOS) and risk of readmission remained unchanged. In study 2, planning forms were associated with a 1.5-day lower LOS and higher accuracy of planned LOS. Risk of readmission and accomplishment of plans of action were unaltered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the acquisition of English syllable codas by speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Three participants' naturalistic production of syllable codas were studied and analyzed through VARBRUL and descriptive statistics to determine accuracy orders and production modifications of codas by length (single, double, and triple codas) at two data collection times with a time span of six months. Data were categorized as accurately produced, produced with modifications (epenthesis or feature change), or absent, which meant that one or more of the consonants in the coda were not produced. Analysis of the codas also focused on which linguistic constraints operated on development of syllable codas, and how these linguistic constraints affected production modifications by length. Results indicate that these learners of English employ different production strategies based on the length of the coda, with feature change favoured for single codas, epenthesis for two-member codas, and absence for three-member codas. These modifications can be explained by several linguistic constraints, including L1 transfer, markedness, and sonority, as well as by natural phonological processes, the latter of which appear especially salient if the coda segments have been acquired. These findings illustrate that coda modification is reflective of acquisition processes, and requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a study which examined the conflicts among audience, purpose, and content of knowledge in the acquisition of academic literacy in an English for academic purposes (EAP). Methodology; Results; Discussion.

Provides an overview of social identity research from a theoretical viewpoint while criticizing theories and methodologies employed in social identity research. Findings of studies conducted; Reference to some of the theories made in relation to the issue.

The distribution of nitrification potential (NP) with depth in sediment and season was investigated in a shallow sandy sediment (0.5 m water) and a deeper muddy sediment (17m water). In both sediments, nitrifying bacteria were present in the anoxic strata (oxygen penetration was 5 mm below the surface). The NP at 6-8 cm depth in the sediment was 50% and 10% of the surface NP at the sandy and muddy sediment, respectively. It is suggested that bioturbation and physical disturbance of the sediment were the most likely reasons for this distribution. The NP increased as sediment temperature decreased. This effect was less marked in the muddy sediment. It is concluded that during the summer, the numbers or specific activity of nitrifying bacteria diminished for the following reasons: There was decreased O penetration into the sediment and increased competition for O by heterotrophs; there was increased competition for NH and there was inhibition by HS. These effects counteracted the potentially higher growth rates and increased rates of NH production at the elevated summer temperatures. The potential nitrification rates in the upper 1 cm, which were measured at 22°C, were converted to calculated rates at the in situ temperature (Q=2.5) and in situ oxygen penetration. These calculated rates were shown to closely resemble the measured in situ rates of nitrification. The relationship between the in situ rates of nitrification and the nitrification potential is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]